Tendo em vista a multiplicidade das ações causada pela interação dos agentes químicos com possíveis danos a biota pelos efluentes, a estratégia mais eficiente é o uso integrado de análises físicas, químicas e ecotóxicológicas para avaliação e previsão do risco ambiental. Nesse sentido, ensaios ecotoxicológicos são importantes meios de monitoramento ambiental a fim de se preservar o meio aquático. Um dos objetivos principais do trabalho foi implementar o método de ensaio com Daphnia similis de acordo com a ABNT NBR 12713: 2009. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade relativa de dois organismos-testes (Daphnia similis e Danio rerio) a efluentes de diversas indústrias tais como: alimentícia, bebidas, farmacêutica, papel, petroquímica, efluente proveniente de decapagem de metais, e chorume proveniente de três aterros diferentes (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul) avaliando os resultados físico-químicos e os limites das legislações vigentes no Rio de Janeiro (NT 213, NT 202 e DZ 205). Dessa forma, pretende-se observar se os limites estabelecidos são suficientes para não conferir ecotoxicidade aguda ao corpo hídrico. Os efluentes tratados da indústria alimentícia, de bebidas, de papel e farmacêutica não apresentaram ecotoxicidade aguda nem a Daphnia similis nem ao Danio rerio. Já o ensaio com o efluente proveniente da decapagem de metais, apresentou-se muito tóxico aos dois organismos, sendo CL(I)50;48h igual 39,99% e CE(I)50;48h igual a 11,87%, respectivamente. Com relação aos efluentes da indústria petroquímica A, foi detectada ecotoxicidade mesmo estando todos os seus parâmetros analisados de acordo com as legislações vigentes. Já os efluentes provenientes de aterro sanitário, o chorume oriundo de aterro da região metropolitana de São Paulo, em geral, apresentou-se como sendo o mais tóxico dos três aterros sanitários. E o chorume tratado oriundo do aterro do Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrou-se ser o menos tóxico dos três, principalmente com relação à Daphnia similis. De modo geral, todos os efluentes que se encontraram dentro dos limites da legislação (DZ 205 e NT 202), não apresentaram ecotoxicidade aos organismos em estudo. / Given the multiplicity of actions caused by the interaction of chemical agents with possible damage to biota by effluent, the most effective strategy is the integrated use of physical, chemical and ecotóxicological assessment and forecast of environmental risk. In this sense, ecotóxicological tests are important means of environmental monitoring in order to preserve the aquatic environment. The main objective of this study was to implement the test method with Daphnia similis according to ABNT NBR 12713: 2009. Moreover, the objective was to evaluate the relative sensitivity of two organisms-tests (Daphnia similis and Danio rerio) effluents from various industries such as industry of food, beverage, pharmaceutical, paper, petrochemical, effluent from the pickling of metals, and slurry from three different landfills (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul) evaluating the results and physical-chemical limits of the in Rio de Janeiro (NT 213, NT 202 and 205 DZ). Thus, we intend to see if the limits are not sufficient to confer acute ecotoxicity to water body. Treated effluent from industry of food, beverage, pharmaceutical and paper, showed no acute ecotoxicity neither Daphnia similis nor the Danio rerio. The test with the effluent from the pickling of metals performed very toxic to both organisms, with LC (I) 50; 48h equals 39.99% and EC (I) 50; 48h equal to 11.87%. The effluent from the petrochemical industry A showed ecotoxicity, even when all its parameters analyzed were in accordance with existing laws. The landfill leachate coming from the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, in general, presented as being the most toxic of the three landfills. And the treated leachate from the landfill that came from Rio Grande do Sul, proved to be the least toxic of the three, particularly when it came to Daphnia similis. In general, all effluent were within the limits of the law (DZ 205 and NT 202), showed no ecotoxicity to organisms under study.

Tendo em vista a multiplicidade das ações causada pela interação dos agentes químicos com possíveis danos a biota pelos efluentes, a estratégia mais eficiente é o uso integrado de análises físicas, químicas e ecotóxicológicas para avaliação e previsão do risco ambiental. Nesse sentido, ensaios ecotoxicológicos são importantes meios de monitoramento ambiental a fim de se preservar o meio aquático. Um dos objetivos principais do trabalho foi implementar o método de ensaio com Daphnia similis de acordo com a ABNT NBR 12713: 2009. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade relativa de dois organismos-testes (Daphnia similis e Danio rerio) a efluentes de diversas indústrias tais como: alimentícia, bebidas, farmacêutica, papel, petroquímica, efluente proveniente de decapagem de metais, e chorume proveniente de três aterros diferentes (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul) avaliando os resultados físico-químicos e os limites das legislações vigentes no Rio de Janeiro (NT 213, NT 202 e DZ 205). Dessa forma, pretende-se observar se os limites estabelecidos são suficientes para não conferir ecotoxicidade aguda ao corpo hídrico. Os efluentes tratados da indústria alimentícia, de bebidas, de papel e farmacêutica não apresentaram ecotoxicidade aguda nem a Daphnia similis nem ao Danio rerio. Já o ensaio com o efluente proveniente da decapagem de metais, apresentou-se muito tóxico aos dois organismos, sendo CL(I)50;48h igual 39,99% e CE(I)50;48h igual a 11,87%, respectivamente. Com relação aos efluentes da indústria petroquímica A, foi detectada ecotoxicidade mesmo estando todos os seus parâmetros analisados de acordo com as legislações vigentes. Já os efluentes provenientes de aterro sanitário, o chorume oriundo de aterro da região metropolitana de São Paulo, em geral, apresentou-se como sendo o mais tóxico dos três aterros sanitários. E o chorume tratado oriundo do aterro do Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrou-se ser o menos tóxico dos três, principalmente com relação à Daphnia similis. De modo geral, todos os efluentes que se encontraram dentro dos limites da legislação (DZ 205 e NT 202), não apresentaram ecotoxicidade aos organismos em estudo. / Given the multiplicity of actions caused by the interaction of chemical agents with possible damage to biota by effluent, the most effective strategy is the integrated use of physical, chemical and ecotóxicological assessment and forecast of environmental risk. In this sense, ecotóxicological tests are important means of environmental monitoring in order to preserve the aquatic environment. The main objective of this study was to implement the test method with Daphnia similis according to ABNT NBR 12713: 2009. Moreover, the objective was to evaluate the relative sensitivity of two organisms-tests (Daphnia similis and Danio rerio) effluents from various industries such as industry of food, beverage, pharmaceutical, paper, petrochemical, effluent from the pickling of metals, and slurry from three different landfills (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul) evaluating the results and physical-chemical limits of the in Rio de Janeiro (NT 213, NT 202 and 205 DZ). Thus, we intend to see if the limits are not sufficient to confer acute ecotoxicity to water body. Treated effluent from industry of food, beverage, pharmaceutical and paper, showed no acute ecotoxicity neither Daphnia similis nor the Danio rerio. The test with the effluent from the pickling of metals performed very toxic to both organisms, with LC (I) 50; 48h equals 39.99% and EC (I) 50; 48h equal to 11.87%. The effluent from the petrochemical industry A showed ecotoxicity, even when all its parameters analyzed were in accordance with existing laws. The landfill leachate coming from the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, in general, presented as being the most toxic of the three landfills. And the treated leachate from the landfill that came from Rio Grande do Sul, proved to be the least toxic of the three, particularly when it came to Daphnia similis. In general, all effluent were within the limits of the law (DZ 205 and NT 202), showed no ecotoxicity to organisms under study.

Orientador: José Roberto Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_IzabelaMajor_M.pdf: 2150780 bytes, checksum: 874939a28cdf8546758349402fb228e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A abamectina é uma avermectina amplamente utilizada como antiparasitário na pecuária. Os processos selecionados para degradação do fármaco veterinário foram fotólise (UV), peroxidação (H2O2), peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta (UV/H2O2), reagente de Fenton e foto-Fenton. A concentração inicial de abamectina foi de 500 ?g L-1 e cada ensaio teve duração de 600 segundos... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Abamectin is widely used as a pest control in livestock. Photolysis (UV), peroxidation (H2O2), peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet light (UV/H2O2), Fenton's reagent and photo- Fenton were selected for the degradation of this veterinary drug. The initial concentration of abamectin was 500 ?g L-1 and each test was carried out during 600 seconds....Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Alexandre Nunes Ponezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brota_GiovaniArchanjo_M.pdf: 4346412 bytes, checksum: b44166c5b1e0b8b8123c49c267aa9a87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O tratamento de esgoto doméstico é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da qualidade dos corpos hídricos e da vida aquática assim como para a conservação dos recursos naturais. Neste foco, os sistemas de tratamento como lagoas de estabilização são largamente utilizados no Brasil para tratamento de efluentes sanitários. O uso de efluente sanitário proveniente do pós-tratamento de lagoa de estabilização utilizado na irrigação de culturas agrícolas é recomendado como prática complementar ao tratamento do efluente, fornecendo assim um aporte de nutrientes necessários ao desenvolvimentos de diversas culturas agrícolas. No entanto essa prática deve ser avaliada quanto aos impactos ambientais. Com esse intuito, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa para avaliar os potenciais efeitos tóxicos proveniente da aplicação de efluente tratado por lagoas facultativas na cultura de Eucalyptus urograndis. O local escolhido para a pesquisa foi uma área cedida pela ETE Prof. Carmelino Correa Junior (Colégio Agrícola), no município de Franca-SP. A área foi dividida em 8 tratamentos e irrigada de acordo com a dose de "água'' recomendada para a cultura de eucalipto da seguinte forma: T1 dose de Água, sem adubação química, T2 dose de Água, com adubação química, T3 Efluente - 1/3 da dose, com adubação química, T4 Efluente - 1/2 dose com, adubação química, T5 Efluente - 1 dose, com adubação química, T6 Efluente - 1 dose, sem adubação, T7 Efluente - 1,5 dose, sem adubação química e T8 - sem irrigação e sem adubação química (testemunha). A pesquisa avaliou a presença de elementos e compostos com potencial tóxico em detrimento da aplicação de efluente tratado, por meio de analises físicoquímicas e ecotoxicológicas, correlacionando a concentração de metais, sais e o potencial efeito tóxico causado por compostos alelopáticos liberados pelo eucalipto. Assim foi possível inferir a partir dos resultados obtidos nos testes com Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri, onde foram obtidos valores de CE50 superiores a 75% para a maior parte dos tratamentos, indicando um baixa toxicidade ou em alguns caso sua ausência / Abstract: The domestic wastewater treatment is critical for maintaining the quality of water bodies and aquatic life as well as for the conservation of natural resources. In this focus, treatment systems and stabilization ponds are widely used in Brazil for the treatment of wastewater. The use of sanitary effluent from the post-treatment stabilization pond used for irrigation of agricultural crops is recommended as a complementary practice to the treatment of the effluent, thus providing a supply of nutrients necessary for the development of several crops. However, this practice should be evaluated for environmental impacts. For this purpose, we developed a survey to assess the potential toxic effects from the application of effluent ponds for the culture of Eucalyptus optional urograndis, the site chosen for the research was an area ceded by Prof. ETE. Carmelino Correa Junior (Agricultural College) in the city of Franca-SP. The area was divided into eight treatments and irrigated according to the dose of "water'' recommended for the cultivation of eucalyptus as follows: T1 dose of water, without chemical fertilizer, T2 dose of water with chemical fertilizer, effluent T3 - third dose, with chemical fertilizer, effluent T4 - 1/2 dose, chemical fertilizer, effluent T5 - 1 dose, with chemical fertilizer, effluent T6 - 1 dose, without fertilization, T7 Effluent - 1.5 dose without chemical fertilizer and T8 - without irrigation and without chemical fertilizer. (control). This study evaluated the presence of elements and compounds with toxic potential detriment of the application of treated wastewater through physical-chemical analyzes and ecotoxicological correlating the concentration of metals, salts and the potential toxic effect caused by allelopathic compounds released from eucalyptus. Thus it was possible to conclude from the results obtained in tests on Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri, which were obtained EC50 values higher than 75% for most treatments, indicating a low toxicity and in some cases failing / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: José Roberto Guimarães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T02:45:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DalBosco_SandraMaria_D.pdf: 1640850 bytes, checksum: 320db8502d6cebf6f31820fec9e7739d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação de ivermectina em solução aquosa (500 ?g L-1) pelos processos de peroxidação, fotólise, peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta, reagente de Fenton, foto-Fenton, fotocatálise com TiO2 em suspensão, eletroquímico e fotoeletroquímico. A peroxidação foi ineficaz independentemente da concentração de H2O2 utilizada (0,5 - 10 mmol L-1). A fotólise e a peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta apresentaram eficiências superiores a 98% em 300 s de reação (dose de 1.410 mJ cm-2). No processo de degradação Fenton, quando utilizado 1,0 mmol L-1de Fe(II) e 5,0 mmol L-1 de H2O2, a eficiência máxima foi de 80% em 60 s. No foto-Fenton as degradações atingiram 99 % em 600 s de reação. Na fotocatálise com TiO2 em suspensão houve uma degradação de 90% para uma dose de radiação de 1.410 mJ cm-2, e 97% para 2.820 mJ cm-2. No processo eletroquímico em 60 s de reação a eficiência foi entre 50 e 60%, e em 600 s entre 60 e 70% em todas as condições de densidade de corrente elétrica (13,6 a 40,9 mA cm-2) e concentrações de eletrólito suporte (0,01 a 0,25 mmol L-1 de K2SO4) avaliadas. O processo fotoeletroquímico apresentou eficiência de degradação próxima a 95% em 300 s de reação, independentemente das concentrações de eletrólito suporte e densidades de corrente elétrica empregadas. De forma geral, as reduções da toxicidade aguda, utilizando-se o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis como organismo-teste, foram diretamente proporcionais às eficiências de degradação. Ao final de 600 s não foi observada toxicidade nas soluções submetidas aos processos de fotólise, peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta, reagente de Fenton (1,0 e 5,0 mmol L-1 de Fe(II) e H2O2, respectivamente), foto-Fenton (todas as condições avaliadas) e fotocatálise com TiO2/H2O2 (0,12 e 0,01 mmol L-1 de TiO2 e H2O2, respectivamente) / Abstract: Ivermectin degradation (500 ?g L-1) by peroxidation, photolysis, peroxidation assisted by UV radiation, Fenton's reagent, photo-Fenton, photocatalysis with TiO2 in suspension, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical processes were evaluated. Peroxidation was ineffective regardless of H2O2 concentration used (0.5 - 10 mmol L-1). The photolysis and peroxidation assisted by UV radiation reached 98% of degradation in 300 s of reaction (dose of 1410 mJ cm -2). The maximum efficiency in Fenton process was 80% for 60 s (1.0 mmol L-1 Fe(II) and 5.0 mmol L-1 H2O2. For photo-Fenton the degradation efficiency reached 99% in 600 s reaction. In photocatalysis assays the degradation was 90% for a radiation dose of 1410 mJ cm-2 and 97% for 2820 mJ cm-2. In the electrochemical process the efficiency ranged from 50% to 60% in 60 s of reaction and from 60% to 70% in 600 s when the current density ranged from 13.6 to 40.9 mA cm-2 (supporting electrolyte concentration of 0.01 and 0.25 mmol L-1). The photoelectrochemical process presented 95% of degradation efficiency in 300 s of reaction, regardless of the electrolyte concentrations and electrical current densities employed. In general, the acute toxicity reductions using the micro-organism Daphnia similis as organism-test were directly proportional to the efficiencies of degradation. In 600 s of the reaction, no toxicity was observed in the solution submitted to photolysis, peroxidation assisted by UV radiation, Fenton's reagent (1.0 mmol L-1 of Fe(II) and 5.0 mmol L-1 of H2O2), photo-Fenton (all conditions studied), and photocatalysis with TiO2/H2O2 (0.12 and 0.01 mmol L-1 of TiO2 and H2O2, respectively) processes / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

Thermal adaptation in freshwater planktonic crustacean Daphnia pulex has been investigated by means of heatshock (35°C) experiments using individuals acclimated to different water temperatures (18, 24, and 28°C). Retention of mobility and survival during the heatshock experiments differed among clones and strongly depended on acclimation temperature: clones acclimated to substressful temperature (28°C) survived significantly longer than clones acclimated to lower temperatures. Both retention of mobility and survival correlated with geographic latitude of the clones' origin. There was, on the other hand, no significant correlation between clones' performance in heatshock experiments and hemoglobin content. Clones do not differ in the degree of the effect of acclimation on survival during heatshock but differ with respect to the effect of acclimation on mobility retention.

The original aim of my diploma thesis was examination of fixed samples of cladocerans from the Daphnia longispina species complex from reservoirs Vír and Vranov for the presence of 4 groups of microparasites: microsporidia, oomycetes, the protozoan Caullerya mesnili, and the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata. The next aim was to determine the effect of parasites on Daphnia fecundity, and determination of their spatial and temporal distribution within reservoirs. From the total number 4452 of examined Daphnia females, however, only 56 individuals were infected. This number was not sufficient for the planned analyses. As I recorded for all examined individuals the clutch size, I thus dealt to a large extent with an alternative issue: the temporal and spatial variation of, and the influence of environmental factors on Daphnia fecundity. Both studied reservoirs are characteristic by canyon-shaped profile that allows formation of environmental gradients on the horizontal as well as vertical axis. The results confirm that reservoir identity, season, and location within the reservoir (or gradient of food supply) have all significant effects on fecundity. During my work I have encountered difficulties associated with determining microparazites from fixed zooplankton samples. The appendix section of my thesis...

Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol

Unprecedented rates of anthropogenic environmental change have resulted in dramatic decreases in biodiversity worldwide. In order to persist during changes in both the abiotic and biotic environment resulting from anthropogenic stressors such as climate change and habitat degradation, populations must be able to respond or face extirpation. Predicted population-level responses to environmental change include i) range shifts as individuals disperse into more suitable regions, ii) phenotypic plasticity allowing for shifts in the mean phenotype of the population or iii) microevolution resulting from a genetic change within the population. The goal of this thesis is to assess how species within a community respond to a dramatic change in the environment. This study used the sediment record of a Subarctic pond to investigate the impacts of a rapid increase in salinity on two species of the crustacean zooplankton Daphnia. One species, Daphnia tenebrosa, was unable to persist in the high salinity conditions and is believed to have been extirpated from the system. The other species, Daphnia magna, was tolerant of the new environmental conditions and was present throughout the sediment record. To investigate the changes in life history of D. magna, resting eggs from the sediment were hatched to compare iso-female lines from pre- and post-disturbance time periods. No differences were observed between the clone lines, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity allowed D. magna to persist despite the rapidly changing environmental conditions, and that microevolution in salinity tolerance may not have occurred in this population. This study suggests that, in environments with moderate levels of post environmental change, pre-existing phenotypic plasticity may play a greater role than microevolution in species response to environmental changes. However, not all species from a community display the same response to environmental changes, as seen in this study with the extirpation of D. tenebrosa. To better understand how communities will be affected by future environmental change, further investigations need to be made on what factors influence species response. Identifying species response may allow conservation efforts to focus on species that are unlikely to adapt to environmental change, and are most at risk. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-29 21:54:34.881

Ce travail avait pour objectif d’étudier les effets de l’uranium sur le budget énergétique et la dynamique de population d’un micro-crustacé représentatif des écosystèmes aquatiques d’eau douce, Daphnia magna. L’étude expérimentale de la toxicité de l’uranium sur la physiologie (nutrition, respiration) et l’histoire de vie (survie, croissance, reproduction) deD. magna a été réalisée au travers d’expositions sur une, deux ou trois générations successives(F0, F1, F2), commencées avec des néonates issus de 1ère ou 5ème ponte, à des concentrations de0, 10, 25 et 75 μgU.L-1. Les résultats ont mis en évidence l’aggravation des effets au travers des générations (en partie liée à l’exposition des daphnies pendant l’embryogénèse) et la sensibilité plus forte des individus issus de 1ère ponte. Des réductions significatives des taux d’assimilation mesurés par méthode de marquage-traçage au 14C de la nourriture nous ont permis d’identifier un effet sur l’assimilation comme mode d’action de l’uranium, en accord avec les altérations importantes de la structure de la paroi du tube digestif révélées par microscopie optique.L’intégration des résultats dans un modèle de budget énergétique (DEBtox) a abouti à l’estimation de concentrations seuil sans effet (NEC) de 9.37, 8.21 et 2.31 μgU.L-1 au-delà desquelles le fonctionnement de l’organisme est altéré dans les générations F0, F1 et F2,respectivement. La combinaison du DEBtox avec des modèles matriciels a permis d’extrapoler les conséquences sur le taux de croissance asymptotique de la population (λ), critère plus pertinent dans un contexte écologique. Les simulations ont prédit une augmentation de l’impact de l’uranium au travers des générations avec une réduction de λ dans F0 et une extinction des populations pour des concentrations de 51-59 μgU.L-1 dans F1 et de 39-41 μgU.L-1 dans F2. Les simulations ont souligné l’importance de prendre en considération les individus les plus sensibles dans la détermination de la réponse des populations. / This work aimed to study effects of uranium on energy budget and population dynamicsin Daphnia magna a representative microcrustacean of freshwater ecosystems. An experimentalstudy of uranium toxicity on physiology (nutrition, respiration) and life history (survival, growthand reproduction) of D. magna was carried out, based on exposures over one, two or threesuccessive generations (F0, F1 and F2) started with neonates from 1st or 5th brood, at 0, 10, 25and 75 μgU.L-1. Results showed that toxic effects increased across generations (partially due todaphnid exposure during embryogenesis) and that individuals from 1st brood were moresensitive than individuals from 5th brood. Significant reductions in assimilation rates, measuredusing a radiotracing method with 14C-labelled food, allowed us to identify an effect onassimilation as the mode of action for uranium, in agreement with important damages in theintegrity of intestinal epithelium observed by optic microscopy. Integrating results in a dynamicenergy budget model (DEBtox) yielded estimated no effect concentrations (NEC) of 9.37, 8.21and 2.31 μgU.L-1 above which organism functions were altered in generations F0, F1 and F2,respectively. Combining DEBtox with matrix models allowed us to extrapolate consequences onasymptotic population growth rate (λ), a relevant endpoint in an ecological context. Simulationspredicted an increase in uranium impact across generations with reduction of λ in F0 andpopulation extinctions at 51-59 μgU.L-1 in F1 and 39-41 μgU.L-1 in F2. Simulations emphasizedthe importance of considering the most sensitive individuals while determining populationresponse