The Swedish civil defense during the Cold War Era was a well-developed and well-planned organization in comparison to many other countries. This caused civil defense ideas to come closer to individual citizens’ everyday lives and influence how they should adapt to the threat of nuclear war, thus creating a culture of civil defense. The purpose of this thesis is to elucidate what this militarization of everyday life looked like in Sweden during the Cold War and how it affected people’s everyday life. This is done through studying a civil defense journal between 1945-1975. The articles in the journal are analyzed by how they are portraying the day-to-day life in the context of civil defense. Partly through articles about propaganda and various civil defense courses and exercises, and partly through articles portraying the physical militarization of society, primarily fallout shelters and bunkers. Of particular interest is the contrast between the dark Cold War narrative and the narrative concerning the security and comfort provided by the welfare state. Finally, the thesis argues that the journal and its work can be seen in the context of militarization of everyday life. It tried to spread its militarizing vision in society, and did – incomparison to other countries – succeed in that pursuit. Militarization played a vital role in reaching out to the public, and in disseminating the idea of a welfare state that takes good care of its citizens, even during the hardest of times.

Use of firearm for the necessity defense This thesis is focused on conditions when a gun can be used for necessity defense under the current Czech legislation. The work is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter a gun legislation that allows citizens of Czech Republic to obtain and keep firearms is briefly mentioned with emphasis on the definition of firearm and overall description of conditions to obtain, carry and use it according to the gun legislation. The second chapter presents a general introduction into problems of circumstances that excludes the illegality. An institute of extreme emergency, a justification of gun use and so called civil detention are there more specified. The third chapter includes a detailed analysis of general characteristics of the necessity defense. This chapter further describes the issues of excess and fail in the necessity defense and some changes in legislation that were proposed in the past. The main part is the chapter four, which is focusing on use of firearms for the necessity defense itself. In the beginning of this chapter the characteristics of firearm use as a mean of ultima ratio defense are defined, with a brief excursion into firearm injuries, followed by the analysis of judicature that relates to the situation of gun use for necessity defense....

The current economic crisis has led the leaders of the European states to decrease their spending on defense. This paper argues that if this reduction in public spending is not offset by the increase in international cooperation than the military capability of the region is going to deteriorate in the near future. The argument that the defense budgets are decreasing is based on the analysis of the data available for the public defense expenditures. Further six case studies of EU states are presented showing that the potential decrease in capability is observable in a wide range of EU countries. The case for greater international cooperation is based on the economic theory of comparative advantage and benefits of competition in the defense market. Furthermore, academic literature supporting this hypothesis is also presented to the reader throughout the paper. The conclusion of this paper is that the current tendency of governmental politicians of EU countries to ignore the need for greater international cooperation in the defense sector is unsustainable and that if European Union wants to maintain its position as one of the world power blocks, systematic reform of the EU defense market will need to be introduced.

After decades in which NATO epitomized the central forum towards the pursuit of European defense, a progressing integration and enlargement process of the European Union’s defense sector has catalyzed a debate about the future of the European defense and security architecture. The implementation of collective EU defense structures like the Permanent Structured Cooperation in 2017 aggravated concerns about a duplication of needs for military and defense capabilities and consequently a diminishing role of NATO, particularly among non-EU NATO states. Taking this background into account, the study aimed to elaborate the influence of both NATO and EU – as institutions commissioned with defense and security endeavors - on their member states’ military sectors. In particular, how member states aligned their military sectors with institutional expectations towards members’ commitment and how these developments could be explained in course of a historical institutionalist approach, in particular by the concept of path dependency. For this matter, the study revisited developments in member states’ military sectors from 1996 – when the European Defense and Security Identity was agreed on – until today in a first step, connected to an analysis on the extent to which the identified developments could be traced back to the states’ membership in both NATO and EU as driving factors. By using path dependency as explanatory variable, the study ultimately aimed to identify dimensions in which a member’s commitment to EU and NATO constituted a “path” that would shape decision-making towards domestic military sectors - e.g. in form of member states’ compliance with norms and guidelines or engagement in institutions’ operations - for years to come. The cases selected for the study were France, Germany and the United Kingdom which after the Brexit is still committed to EU defense structures in course of 3rd state participation.

1 Self-defense and Necessity: Current Issues Abstract This diploma thesis concerns the institutions of self-defense and necessity as circumstances excluding unlawfulness, and current issues related to them. Both institutions entail the possibility of individuals to act in order to protect their interests, as protected by criminal law. These interests can be individual or society-wide. Such conduct may be considered a criminal act, however, upon meeting statutory conditions, the unlawfulness of such conduct is excluded entirely. Therefore, it will not be a criminal act and the individual cannot be punished, neither under criminal law, nor legal rules of other legal areas. The aim of this thesis is to focus on current aspects of these institutions. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether the institutions' conditions are appropriately set for individuals acting within them and whether the legislation gives courts sufficient room for assessing specific situations. The resulting finding is that both institutions are effective at reacting to a large number of situations, including those that have only recently started emerging. The institutions' conditions are set in an accommodating manner, and allow the courts a wide margin of discretion. The first chapter defines the circumstances excluding unlawfulness in...

Defence by the defence counsel in the trial Abstract The thesis provides the reader with practical overview of the exercise of the rights and obligations of the defense counsel during the trial phase. The aim of the thesis is, in addition to a comprehensive definition of the rights and obligations of the defense counsel in relation to the trial phase of the criminal proceedings, to also set out controversial issues of interpretation of norms of the criminal procedure and deficits of the criminal procedure regulations and outline their possible solutions with regard to the right of defense. The thesis is systematically divided into two parts, the first of which deals with a brief and general description of concepts related to the scope of the thesis. These are, in particular, the right of a fair hearing, the institute of a defense counsel and the stages of the criminal proceedings with an emphasis on the concept of trial phase. The second part is designed taking into account the practical nature of the topic and provides a detailed analysis of the exercise of the rights and obligations of a defense counsel in the trial phase. Emphasis is placed primarily on the exercise of such rights and obligations by which the defense counsel has the opportunity to influcence the decision of the court in favor of the...

Diploma work "Deficit of strategic governance in defense policy of the Czech Republic" describes actual situation in the area of strategic governance of defense policy. The unsatisfactory situation is documented mainly by unsteady environment of the department from personnel point of view and also by the situation of the selected modernization projects. Based on the analysis of the main participants and selected cases it is possible to describe the main causes of the deficit of strategic governance as general, common in the politic environment of the Czech Republic. It means that the deficit does not concern only the department of defense. However, this area is very specific, which may cause further complications, e.g. the concealment of the facts due to state security or special regime of the purchase of army equipment. The influence on state governance of the political parties (or groups of power within these parties) may be named as the main negative issue. Based on the analysis of the actual cases it is possible to indicate the key measure for solution of the deficit. The political parties should not interfere into personal policy of public servants and the corruption must be eliminated.

This paper analyzes the fundamental maritime defense mentality that permeated America throughout the early part of the Republic. For fear of economic debt and foreign wars, Thomas Jefferson and his Republican party, opposed the construction of a formidable blue water naval force. Instead, they argued for a small naval force capable of engaging the Barbary pirates and other small similar forces. For protection of the nation and commerce, they wanted a strictly defensive strategy developed around coastal gunboats and harbor fortifications. This research will analyze the naval aspect of this defense mentality from its creation in 1794, through the War of 1812. The coastal defense analysis will begin at the same time and conclude with the end of the American Civil War.

[pt] O presente trabalho trata do orçamento de Defesa no Brasil, analisando o processo de elaboração do orçamento do Ministério da Defesa e das Forças Armadas, bem como os mecanismos políticos e administrativos utilizados para sua consolidação em âmbito federal, e sua aprovação pelo Congresso Nacional. Nesse sentido, evidencia-se o elevado grau de autonomia das Armas no desenvolvimento de seus orçamentos e na definição de sua agenda financeira. A supremacia do poder civil sobre as Forças Armadas é um dos pilares que constituem um regime democrático. Embora tenha havido avanços significativos nas relações civis-militares nos últimos 30 anos, o elevado nível de autonomia das Forças Armadas em questões como orçamento de Defesa, que deveriam ser amplamente discutidas por instituições civis, é um indicativo de que o Ministério da Defesa não é relevante para o controle civil sobre a caserna. Em sua organização enquanto corporação, as Forças Armadas visam a sua manutenção e garantia de seus interesses. Assim, no âmbito das questões orçamentárias, para assegurarem suas demandas, se utilizam de diversos mecanismo, entre eles, um intenso trabalho de assessoria parlamentar dentro do Congresso Nacional. / [en] The present work deals with the Defense budget in Brazil, analyzing the budget elaboration process of the Ministry of Defense and the Armed Forces, as well as the political and administrative mechanisms used for its consolidation at the federal level, and its approval by the Congress. From that point of view, the high degree of autonomy of the Arms in developing their budgets and defining their financial agenda is evident. The supremacy of civil power over the Armed Forces is one of the pillars that constitute a democratic regime. Although there have been significant advances in civil-military relations over the past 30 years, the high level of autonomy of the Armed Forces on issues such as the Defense budget, which should be widely discussed by civilian institutions, is an indication that the Ministry of Defense is not relevant to civil control over the barracks. In its organization as a corporation, the Armed Forces aim to maintain and guarantee its interests. Thus, in the scope of budgetary issues, to ensure their demands, various mechanisms are used, including an intense work of parliamentary advisory within the Congress.

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