Les catalyseurs supportés sur des dendrimères et nanoparticules magnétiques acquièrent actuellement une importance accrue dans le contexte de la chimie verte et du développement durable car ils sont séparés facilement des produits de réaction par filtration ou à l’aide d’un aimant et recyclables. Dans cet esprit, la thèse a été dédiée à la synthèse, à la caractérisation et aux applications catalytiques de catalyseurs moléculaires, nano-et dendritiques immobilisés impliquant le ruthénium, le cuivre et le palladium. Les catalyseurs magnétiquement recyclables de ruthenium (II), de cuivre (I) et des nanoparticules de palladium ont produit d’excellentes performances en terme d’activité, de stabilité et de recyclabilité pour les réactions de cycloaddition entre les alcynes et les azotures et les réactions de couplage croisé carbone-carbone. Enfin, la synthèse de complexes mono-et polymétalliques du palladium contenant les ligands 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole a également été réalisée et leurs proprietiés catalytiques ont été étudiées. / Catalysts based on dendrimers and magnetic nanoparticles are becoming increasing utilized in the context of green and sustainable chemistry, because they are easily separated by precipitation or by using asimple magnet respectively, and they are recyclable. In this spirit, the thesis has been devoted to the synthesis, characterization and catalytic applications of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles-immobilized molecular, nano-and dendritic catalysts involving Ru, Cu and Pd. Magnetically recyclable ruthenium(II) and Cu(I) complexes and Pd nanoparticles have provided excellent catalytic performances in terms of activity, stability and recyclability, using alkyne-azide cycloaddition and carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions. The synthesis of mono-and polymetallic palladium complexes containing the 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligand or nonabranch-derived ligands has also been carried out, and their catalytic properties in coupling reactions has been studied

Förfrågan efter nya och mer avancerade applikationer är en pågående process vilket leder till en konstant utveckling av nya material. För att förstå relationen mellan en applikations egenskaper och dess sammansättning krävs full förståelse och kontroll över materialets uppbyggnad. En sådan kontroll över uppbyggnaden hos material hittas i en undergrupp till dendritiska polymerer som kallas dendrimerer. I den här doktorsavhandlingen belyses nya metoder för att framställa dendrimer med hjälp av selektiva kemiska reaktioner. Sådana selektiva reaktioner kan hittas inom konceptet klickkemi och har i detta arbete kombinerats med traditionell anhydrid- och karbodiimidmedierad kemi. Denna avhandling diskuterar en accelererad tillväxtmetod, dendrimerer med inre och yttre reaktiva grupper, simultana reaktioner och applikationer baserade på dessa dendritiska material. En accelererad tillväxtmetod har utvecklats baserad på AB2- och CD2-monomerer. Dessa monomerer tillåter tillväxt av dendrimerer utan att använda sig av skyddsgruppkemi eller aktivering av ändgrupper. Detta gjordes genom att kombinera kemoselektiviteten hos klickkemi tillsammans med traditionell syraklorid kopplingar. Dendrimerer med inre alkyn- eller azidfunktionalitet syntetiserades genom att använda AB2C-monomerer. Den dendritiska tillväxten skedde med hjälp av karbodiimidmedierad kemi. Monomererna som användes bär på en C-funktionalitet, alkyn eller azid, och på så sätt byggs får interiören i de syntetiserade dendrimeren en inneburen aktiv funktionell grupp. Ortogonaliteten hos klickkemi användes för att sammanfoga monomerer till en dendritisk struktur. Traditionell anhydridkemi- och klickemireaktioner utfördes samtidigt och på så sätt kunde dendritiska strukturer erhållas med färre antal uppreningssteg. En ljusemitterande dendrimer syntetiserades genom att koppla azidfunktionella dendroner till en alkynfunktionell cyclenkärna. Europiumjoner inkorporerades i kärnan varpå dendrimerens fotofysiska egenskaper analyserades. Mätningarna visade att den bildade triazolen hade en sensibiliserande effekt på europiumjonen. Termiska studier på några av de syntetiserade dendrimerer utfördes för att se om några av dem kunde fungera som templat vid framställning av isoporösa filmer. / The need for new improved materials in cutting edge applications is constantly inspiring researchers to developing novel advanced macromolecular structures. A research area within advanced and complex macromolecular structures is dendrimers and their synthesis. Dendrimers consist of highly dense and branched structures that have promising properties suitable for biomedical and electrical applications and as templating materials. Dendrimers provide full control over the structure and property relationship since they are synthesized with unprecedented control over each reaction step. In this doctoral thesis, new methodologies for dendrimer synthesis are based on the concept of click chemistry in combination with traditional chemical reactions for dendrimer synthesis. This thesis discusses an accelerated growth approach, dendrimers with internal functionality, concurrent reactions and their applications. An accelerated growth approach for dendrimers was developed based on AB2- and CD2-monomers. These allow dendritic growth without the use of activation or deprotection of the peripheral end-groups. This was achieved by combining the chemoselective nature of click chemistry and traditional acid chloride reactions. Dendrimers with internal azide/alkyne functionality were prepared by adding AB2C monomers to a multifunctional core. Dendritic growth was obtained by employing carbodiimide mediated chemistry. The monomers carry a pendant C-functionality (alkyne or azide) that remains available in the dendritic interior resulting in dendrimers with internal and peripheral functionalities. The orthogonal nature of click chemistry was utilized for the simultaneous assembly of monomers into dendritic structures. Traditional anhydride chemistry and click chemistry were carried out concurrently to obtain dendritic structures. This procedure allows synthesis of dendritic structures using fewer purification steps. Thermal analyses on selected dendrimers were carried out to verify their use as templates for the formation of honeycomb membranes. Additionally, a light emitting dendrimer was prepared by coupling of azide functional dendrons to an alkyne functional cyclen core. A Europium ion was incorporated into the dendrimer core, and photophysical measurements on the metal containing dendrimer revealed that the formed triazole linkage possesses a sensitizing effect. / QC 20100629

<p>One of the most powerful aspects of conducting polymers is their ability to be nanostructured through innovative, synthetically manipulated, transformations, such as to tailor-make the polymers for specialized applications. In the exponentially increasing wide field of nanotechnology, some special attention is being paid to innovative hybrid dendrimer-core based polymeric smart materials. Star copolymers are a class of branched macromolecules having a central core with multiple linear polymer chains extending from the core. This intrinsic structural feature yields a unique 3D structure with extended conjugated linear polymer chains, resulting in star copolymers, which have higher ionic conductivities than their corresponding non-star conducting polymer counterparts. In this study an in-depth investigation was carried out into the preparation and characterization of specialized electronic &lsquo / smart materials&rsquo / . In particular, the preparation and characterization of novel conducting dendrimeric star copolymers which have a central poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer core with conducting polypyrrole (PPy) chains extending from the core was carried out. This involved, first, the preparation of a series of dendrimeric polypyrrole poly(propylene imine) star copolymers (PPI-co-PPy), using generations 1 to 4 (G1 to G4) PPI dendrimer precursors. The experimental approach involved the use of both chemical and electrochemical synthesis methods. The basic procedure involved a condensation reaction between the primary amine of a diamino functional PPI dendrimer surface and 2-pyrrole aldehyde, to afford the pyrrole functionalized PPI dendrimer (PPI-2Py). Polymerization of the intrinsically contained monomeric Py units situated within the dendrimer backbone was achieved via two distinctly different routes: the first involved chemical polymerization and the second was based on potentiodynamic oxidative electrochemical polymerization. The star copolymers were then characterized using various sophisticated analytical techniques, in-situ and ex-situ. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology. Themogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the prepared materials. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to study the structural make-up of phases, crystallinity and amorphous content. Hall effect measurements were carried out to determine the electrical conductivity of the chemically prepared star copolymers. The PPI-co-PPy exhibited improved thermal stability compared to PPI-2Py, as confirmed by TGA. SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the functionalized dendrimer and star copolymer differed. The surface morphology of the chemically prepared star copolymers resembled that of a flaky, waxy material, compared to the ordered morphology of the electrochemically grown star copolymers, which resembled that of whelk-like helixes. In the case the electrochemically grown star copolymers, SEM images recorded at higher magnifications showed that the whelk-like helixes of the star copolymers were hollow tubes with openings at their tapered ends, and had an average base diameter of 2.0 &mu / m. X-ray diffraction analysis of the first generation star copolymer G1PPI-co-PPy revealed a broadly amorphous structure associated with PPy, and crystalline peaks for PPI. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study and model the electrochemical reactivity of the star copolymer materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data showed that the G1PPI-co-PPy exhibited slightly higher ionic conductivity than pristine PPy in lithium perchlorate. The second generation star copolymer G2PPI-co-PPy electrochemically deposited on a platinum (Pt) electrode had a lower electrochemical charge transfer resistance compared to electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) on a Pt electrode, and bare Pt. The decrease in charge transfer resistance was attributed to an increase in the conjugation length of the polymer as a result of the linking of the highly conjugated PPy to the PPI dendrimer. Bode impedimetric analysis indicated that G2PPI-co-PPI was a semiconductor, with a maximum phase angle shift of 45.3&deg / at 100 MHz. The star copolymer exhibited a 2- electron electrochemistry and a surface coverage of 99%. Results of Hall effect measurements showed that the star copolymer is a semiconducting material, having a conductivity of 0.7 S cm-1, in comparison to the 1.5 S cm-1 of PPy. To the best of my knowledge, these new star copolymers have not been reported in the open literature. Their properties make them potentially applicable for use in biosensors.</p>

The development of new chemical processes and efficient catalysts for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds is an important topic in organic chemistry. In particular, the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction involving different insaturations mainly alkynes, alkenes and nitriles is a highly efficient synthetic tool that allows polysubstituted benzenic, cyclohexadienic and pyridinic compounds to be obtained in one reaction step and in an atom economy process, resulting in the simultaneous formation of three new bonds in the formed ring. In recent years, research to produce new catalysts that can work effectively in mild reaction conditions has attracted great interest, as has the use of these processes in the synthesis of products of potential biological interest. This doctoral thesis is based on the methodological study of the rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction. / El desenvolupament de nous processos químics i catalitzadors eficients per a la formació d’enllaços C-C és un tema d’especial importància en química orgànica. Concretament, la reacció de cicloaddició [2+2+2] involucrant diferents tipus d’insaturacions, principalment alquins, alquens i nitrils, és una eina sintètica molt eficaç que permet l’obtenció de compostos benzènics, ciclohexadiènics i piridínics polisubstituïts en un sol pas de reacció i en un procés d’economia d’àtoms, generant-se simultàniament els tres nous enllaços de l’anell format. En els darrers anys, la recerca per a aconseguir catalitzadors que permetin treballar eficientment en condicions suaus de reacció ha despertat un gran interès, així com la utilització d’aquests processos en la síntesi de productes amb potencial interès biològic. La present tesi doctoral es basa en l’estudi metodològic de les reaccions de cicloaddició [2+2+2] catalitzades per rodi(I).

Chemische Synthese und Charakterisierung von Sauerstoff- und Schwefel-Heteroporphyrinen und ihren Mn(II)-, Co(II)-, Cu(II)-, Zn(II)- und Pd(II)-Komplexen. Strukturelle und spektroskopische Beschreibung der Liganden und Komplexe durch Röntgendiffraktometrie, EXAFS, NMR, UVVIS, Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, CV unf MS. Darstellung und Beschreibung dendritischer Heteroporphyrinmoleküle.

<p>This thesis describes strategies for and examples ofcellulose fiber modification.The ability of an engineered biocatalyst, acellulose-binding module fused to the<i>Candida antarctica</i>lipase B, to catalyze ring-openingpolymerization of e-caprolactone in close proximity tocellulose fiber surfaces was explored. The water content in thesystem was found to regulate the polymer molecular weight,whereas the temperature primarily influenced the reaction rate.The hydrophobicity of the cellulose sample increased as aresult of the presence of surface-deposited polyester.</p><p>A two-step enzymatic method was also investigated. Here,Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed the acylation ofxyloglucan oligosaccharides.The modified carbohydrates werethen incorporated into longer xyloglucan molecules through theaction of a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. The modifiedxyloglucan chains were finally deposited on a cellulosesubstrate.</p><p>The action of<i>Candida antarctica</i>lipase B was further investigated inthe copolymerization of e-caprolactone and D,L-lactide.Copolymerizations with different e-caprolactone-to-D,L-lactideratios were carried out. Initially, the polymerization wasslowed by the presence of D,L-lactide. During this stage,D,L-lactide was consumed more rapidly than ε-caprolactoneand the incorporation occurred dimer-wise with regard to thelactic acid units.</p><p>Morphological studies on wood fibers were conducted using asol-gel mineralization method. The replicas produced werestudied, without additional sample preparation, by electronmicroscopy and nitrogen adsorption. Information concerning thestructure and accessibility of the porous fiber wall wasobtained. Studies of never-dried kraft pulp casts revealedmicro-cavities and cellulose fibrils with mean widths of 4.7(±2) and 3.6 (±1) nm, respectively.</p><p>Finally, cationic catalysis by simple carboxylic acids wasstudied. L-Lactic acid was shown to catalyze the ring-openingpolymerization of ε-caprolactone in bulk at 120 °C.The reaction was initiated with methylß-D-glucopyranoside, sucrose or raffinose, which resultedin carbohydrate-functionalized polyesters. The regioselectivityof the acylation was well in agreement with the correspondinglipase-catalyzed reaction. The polymerization was alsoinitiated with a hexahydroxy-functional compound, whichresulted in a dendrimer-like star polymer. The L-lactic acidwas readily recycled, which made consecutive reactions usingthe same catalyst possible.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b><i>Candida antarctica</i>lipase B, cationic catalysis,cellulose-binding module, dendrimer, enzymatic polymerization,fiber modification, silica-cast replica, sol-gelmineralization, organocatalysis, xyloglucanendotransglycosylase</p>

<p>One of the most powerful aspects of conducting polymers is their ability to be nanostructured through innovative, synthetically manipulated, transformations, such as to tailor-make the polymers for specialized applications. In the exponentially increasing wide field of nanotechnology, some special attention is being paid to innovative hybrid dendrimer-core based polymeric smart materials. Star copolymers are a class of branched macromolecules having a central core with multiple linear polymer chains extending from the core. This intrinsic structural feature yields a unique 3D structure with extended conjugated linear polymer chains, resulting in star copolymers, which have higher ionic conductivities than their corresponding non-star conducting polymer counterparts. In this study an in-depth investigation was carried out into the preparation and characterization of specialized electronic &lsquo / smart materials&rsquo / . In particular, the preparation and characterization of novel conducting dendrimeric star copolymers which have a central poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer core with conducting polypyrrole (PPy) chains extending from the core was carried out. This involved, first, the preparation of a series of dendrimeric polypyrrole poly(propylene imine) star copolymers (PPI-co-PPy), using generations 1 to 4 (G1 to G4) PPI dendrimer precursors. The experimental approach involved the use of both chemical and electrochemical synthesis methods. The basic procedure involved a condensation reaction between the primary amine of a diamino functional PPI dendrimer surface and 2-pyrrole aldehyde, to afford the pyrrole functionalized PPI dendrimer (PPI-2Py). Polymerization of the intrinsically contained monomeric Py units situated within the dendrimer backbone was achieved via two distinctly different routes: the first involved chemical polymerization and the second was based on potentiodynamic oxidative electrochemical polymerization. The star copolymers were then characterized using various sophisticated analytical techniques, in-situ and ex-situ. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology. Themogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of the prepared materials. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to study the structural make-up of phases, crystallinity and amorphous content. Hall effect measurements were carried out to determine the electrical conductivity of the chemically prepared star copolymers. The PPI-co-PPy exhibited improved thermal stability compared to PPI-2Py, as confirmed by TGA. SEM results showed that the surface morphology of the functionalized dendrimer and star copolymer differed. The surface morphology of the chemically prepared star copolymers resembled that of a flaky, waxy material, compared to the ordered morphology of the electrochemically grown star copolymers, which resembled that of whelk-like helixes. In the case the electrochemically grown star copolymers, SEM images recorded at higher magnifications showed that the whelk-like helixes of the star copolymers were hollow tubes with openings at their tapered ends, and had an average base diameter of 2.0 &mu / m. X-ray diffraction analysis of the first generation star copolymer G1PPI-co-PPy revealed a broadly amorphous structure associated with PPy, and crystalline peaks for PPI. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to study and model the electrochemical reactivity of the star copolymer materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data showed that the G1PPI-co-PPy exhibited slightly higher ionic conductivity than pristine PPy in lithium perchlorate. The second generation star copolymer G2PPI-co-PPy electrochemically deposited on a platinum (Pt) electrode had a lower electrochemical charge transfer resistance compared to electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy) on a Pt electrode, and bare Pt. The decrease in charge transfer resistance was attributed to an increase in the conjugation length of the polymer as a result of the linking of the highly conjugated PPy to the PPI dendrimer. Bode impedimetric analysis indicated that G2PPI-co-PPI was a semiconductor, with a maximum phase angle shift of 45.3&deg / at 100 MHz. The star copolymer exhibited a 2- electron electrochemistry and a surface coverage of 99%. Results of Hall effect measurements showed that the star copolymer is a semiconducting material, having a conductivity of 0.7 S cm-1, in comparison to the 1.5 S cm-1 of PPy. To the best of my knowledge, these new star copolymers have not been reported in the open literature. Their properties make them potentially applicable for use in biosensors.</p>

Le premier volet de ce travail portera sur l’expérience acquise lors d’un stage d’étude à Tokyo, au Japon, dans le groupe de recherche du Pr. Makoto Fujita, une sommité d’envergure internationale dans le domaine de l’auto-assemblage. En continuité avec les plus récents travaux du Pr. Fujita, des systèmes poreux auto-assemblés présentant des cavités fonctionnalisées ont été développés dans le but d’encapsuler des acides gras afin d’en déterminer la structure cristalline. Ces éponges ont été caractérisées par des techniques courantes telles que la spectroscopie à résonance magnétique nucléaire 1H, 13C{1H} et Cosy, la spectrométrie de masse, l’analyse élémentaire, la microscopie optique infrarouge ainsi que la diffraction des rayons X. Une autre approche employée pour obtenir de meilleures propriétés spectroscopiques fut la synthèse de dendrimères métalliques de génération 0. Un nouveau ligand de type 1,3,5-triazine a été synthétisé par une réaction typique de cyclisation de nitrile en présence catalytique d’hydrure de sodium. Des espèces mono-, bis- et trinucléaire de Ru(II) furent synthétisés ainsi que deux espèces hétérométalliques de Ru(II)/Pt(II) et de Ru(II)/Os(II). Tous les complexes obtenus furent caractérisés par spectroscopie à résonance magnétique nucléaire (1H, 13C{1H} et Cosy) à l’état liquide, par spectroscopie de masse à haute résolution et par analyse élémentaire. La génération de dihydrogène à partir de l’espèce hétérométallique a été étudiée. Les propriétés optiques et électroniques ont été analysées par spectroscopie UV-Vis, par analyse de la luminescence, du temps de vie de luminescence, par des analyses de rendement quantique ainsi que par des analyses de voltampérométrie cyclique à balayage. Finalement, dans le but d’améliorer les propriétés spectroscopiques d’absorption de complexes métalliques, nous avons synthétisé une série de polymères homo- et hétérométalliques, intégrant des ligands de type bis(2,2’:6,2’’-terpyridine). Les complexes générés furent caractérisés par diverses techniques tel que la spectroscopie à résonance magnétique nucléaire (1H, 13C{1H} et Cosy) à l’état liquide, par spectroscopie de masse à haute résolution ainsi que par analyse élémentaire. Les propriétés optiques et électroniques ont été analysées par spectroscopie UV-Vis, par analyse de la luminescence, du temps de vie de luminescence, par des analyses de rendement quantique ainsi que par des analyses de voltampérométrie cyclique à balayage. / It is well known that the self-assembly of small molecules into macromolecular species gives rise to an amplification and amelioration of their general properties. A first section on self-assembly will emphasize the acquired experience during an internship in Tokyo, Japan, in Pr. Makoto Fujita’s research group, a worldwide Figure in the area of self-assembly. Concomitant with the latest results obtained in Pr. Fujita research group on the self-assembly of molecular sponges, studies on molecular sponges with functionalized cavities will be presented. Such sponges were used to encapsulate fatty acids in order to determine their crystal structure. The sponges were characterized in different ways, such as 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, optical microscopy coupled with infrared detection as well as X-ray diffraction. Another path of investigation to gain good spectroscopic properties is to synthesize metallodendrimers. A new 1,3,5-triazine ligand was synthesized by a typical nitrile cyclization in the presence of sodium hydride. Mono-, bis- and trimetallic Ru(II) species as well as heterometallic Ru(II)/Pt(II) and Ru(II)/Os(II) complexes were synthesized. All the complexes were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C{1H} and Cosy NMR) in the liquid state, high-resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis as well as X-ray diffraction in some cases. Attempts to generate H2 with the heterometallic species as catalysts have been investigated. The optical and electronic properties were also investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, luminescence analysis, excited state lifetimes, quantum yield efficiency and cyclic voltammetry.Finally, with the goal of having enhance light absorption, we synthesized a series of homo- and heterometallic coordination polymers with a ligand of the “back-to-back” terpyridine type. The complexes obtained were characterized by various techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as elementary analysis. The optical as well as the electronic properties were also investigated, using luminescence spectroscopy, excited state lifetime analysis, quantum yield determination and by cyclic voltammetry.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the casein microstructure on the molecular diffusion of probes with different sizes and deformabilities. The mobility of molecular flexible ('PEG') and rigid (dendrimer) probes of various sizes was studied in suspensions and gels of NPC and SC at various protein concentrations. Measurements were carried out by NMR, which makes it possible to probe translational mobilities over a distance of 1.5 microns, as well as local mobilities at the molecular scale (several nanometers) through the relaxation times, T2. A coherent model was used and the same mechanism was proposed to describe the diffusion of small probes in both casein dispersions. It is the combination of different factors that should be considered: the ratio of the probe size to the distance between the obstructing particles or the entanglement points, as well as the flexibility of the probe. The rotational diffusion of PEG and dendrimer probes was less hindered than translational diffusion in both casein systems. Different relaxation behaviors were observed between the two casein systems and retardation in T2 relaxation times was highlighted in rennet and acid casein gels. These results are probably related to the local mobility of the matrix. The overall results of this project led to a better understanding of probe mobility in casein systems and made it possible to propose a new model that challenges the previous one proposed by Le Feunteun et al. to describe the diffusion of probes in casein systems.

Submitted by KELY SILVEIRA BONFIM null (kely_bonfim@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-03T11:29:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO Kely S Bonfim REPOSITÓRIO.pdf: 21420988 bytes, checksum: 96c7e94b56ac3b3bb0da89a1467d1409 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T13:03:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bonfim_ks_me_ilha.pdf: 21420988 bytes, checksum: 96c7e94b56ac3b3bb0da89a1467d1409 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T13:03:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bonfim_ks_me_ilha.pdf: 21420988 bytes, checksum: 96c7e94b56ac3b3bb0da89a1467d1409 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O óxido de grafeno (OG) pertence a uma nova classe de materiais cristalinos bidimensionais que tem se destacado no campo científico inter e multidisciplinar, devido a propriedades especiais, que possibilitam a sua aplicação em nanomembranas, supercapacitores, biossensores, liberação controlada de fármacos; entre outros. A sua estrutura consiste em uma camada individual de grafeno ornamentada com grupos funcionais oxigenados que permitem que o óxido de grafeno seja modificado quimicamente com diversas moléculas, átomos ou íons metálicos, podendo resultar em um excelente sensor eletroquímico. Em vista disso, o presente trabalho descreve a modificação química do óxido de grafeno com o dendrímero PAMAM G.0 (OGP) e posterior reação com hexacianoferrato (II) e (III) de potássio e nitrato de cério (III) para aplicação eletroanalítica. Os materiais híbridos formados (OGPH(II)Ce e OGPH(III)Ce) foram caracterizados por diferentes técnicas, tais como: Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons Excitados por Raios-X (XPS), Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDX), Microscopia Eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e Difração de Raios-X (DRX). Como aplicação eletroanalítica, os mesmos foram empregados com sucesso na eletro-oxidação catalítica de Ácido Ascórbico e Dopamina, utilizando para tal finalidade o eletrodo de pasta de grafite e a técnica de voltametria cíclica. O eletrodo de pasta de grafite modificado com OGPH(II)Ce apresentou duas regiões lineares para a eletro-oxidação catalítica do Ácido Ascórbico, sendo que a primeira região apresentou um limite de detecção (LD) de 2,14×10-7 mol L-1 e sensibilidade amperométrica (S) de 43,68 mA/mol L-1; para a segunda região, o LD foi de 2,29×10-6 mol L-1 e a S = 12,73 mA/mol L-1. O mesmo material também apresentou resposta favorável para a Dopamina, com LD = 4,09×10-7 mol L-1 e S = 195,28 mA/mol L-1 para a primeira região; LD = 1,39×10-6 mol L-1 e S = 25,10 mA/mol L-1 para a segunda região. Os resultados obtidos para o segundo material (OGPH(III)Ce) para detecção de Ácido Ascórbico, apresentaram LD = 1,37×10-7 mol L-1 e S = 78,43 mA/mol L-1 para a primeira região, LD = 4,10×10-6 mol L-1 e S = 16,55 mA/mol L-1 para a segunda região; além da detecção de Dopamina com LD = 6,62×10-7 mol L-1 e S = 85,26 mA/mol L-1. Desta forma, os materiais híbridos formados, incluem-se no rol dos materiais obtidos como potenciais candidatos para a construção de sensores eletroquímicos na detecção de Ácido Ascórbico e Dopamina. / Graphene oxide (GO) belongs to a new class of two-dimensional crystalline materials that has excelled in the inter and multidisciplinar scientific field due to special properties that enables its apllication in nanomembranes, supercapacitors, biosensors, drug releaser; among others. Its strutcture consists on an individual layer of ornate graphene with oxygenated functional groups that allow the graphene oxide to be chemically modified with several molecules, atoms or metallic ions, which can result in an excellent electrochemical sensor. Therefore, the present work describes the chemical modification of the graphene oxide with the PAMAM G.0 (GOP) dendrimer and subsequent reaction with potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III) and cerium nitrate (III) for electroanalytical application. The hybrid materials formed (GOPH(II)Ce and GOPH(III)Ce) were characterized by different techniques, such as: X Rays Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X- rays Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). As an electroanalytical application, the same were successfully used in the catalytic electro-oxidation of Ascorbic Acid and Dopamine, using for this purpose the graphite paste electrode and the cyclic voltammetry technique. The graphite paste electrode modified with GOPH(II)Ce presented two linear regions for the catalytic electro-oxidation of Ascorbic Acid, wherein the first region presented a detection limit (DL) of 2,14×10-7 mol L-1 and amperometric sensitivity (S) of 43,68 mA/mol L-1; for the second region the DL was of 2,29×10-6 mol L-1 and the S = 12,73 mA/mol L-1. The same material also presented a favorable response for Dopamine, with DL= 4,09×10-7 mol L-1 and S = 195,28 mA/mol L-1 for the first region; DL = 1,39×10-6 mol L-1 and S = 25,10 mA/mol L-1 for the second region. The results obtained for the second material (GOPH(III)Ce) for ascorbic acid detection, presented DL= 1,37×10-7 mol L-1 and S = 78,43 mA/mol L-1 for the first region, DL = 4,10×10-6 mol L-1 and S = 16,55 mA/mol L-1 for the second region; besides of Dopamine detection with DL = 6,62×10-7 mol L-1 and S = 85,26 mA/mol L-1. In this way, the hybrid materials formed are included in the list of materials obtained as potential candidates for the construction of electrochemical sensors in the ascorbic acid and dopamine detection.