A dinâmica de populações trata das variações, no tempo e no espaço, das densidades e tamanhos de populações. Estudos sobre a dinâmica de espécies arbóreas tropicais, mais especificamente, só ganharam notoriedade a partir da década de 1970, quando o risco de extinção de espécies de interesse econômico tornou-se premente. Como a destruição dos biomas brasileiros vem sendo progressiva e contínua, uma parcela significativa da diversidade encontra-se sob ameaça de extinção, particularmente na Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica, cujos remanescentes correspondem a menos de 7,5 % de sua cobertura original. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: (1) descrever as dinâmicas populacionais de Schefflera angustissima (Araliaceae) e de Andira anthelmia (Fabaceae), (2) estabelecer suas relações com o clima e a vegetação e (3) investigar se existe risco de extinção local. As populações foram amostradas em 4 áreas de 0,25ha, em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica na região de São Paulo. Investigaram-se as relações de suas estruturas verticais e espaciais com a estrutura e a dinâmica da cobertura da vegetação. Seus ciclos de vida foram estudados e modelados. Foi investigada a influência de processos regulatórios. Suas dinâmicas foram estudadas com base em projeções de modelos matriciais determinísticos e estocásticos ambientais. Os riscos de extinção foram inferidos dos resultados destas projeções. Áreas com vegetação menos densa e sujeitas a maior influxo de energia luminosa parecem favorecer mais S. angustissima do que A. anthelmia. Ambas as populações estão sujeitas a processos regulatórios, mas estes pouco influenciam suas dinâmicas atuais. Em geral, S. angustissima apresentou desempenho superior ao de A. anthelmia. As duas populações mostraram-se sob risco de extinção segundo os modelos determinísticos, mas apenas A. anthelmia segundo os modelos estocásticos. Nos dois casos, sobrevivência e crescimento mostraram-se mais importantes do que a fecundidade, e os principais fatores responsáveis por mortes e retardo no crescimento das plantas foram o ataque de lianas lenhosas e a queda de galhos e de árvores mortas. Foram ainda encontradas evidências da presença de um “gargalo" no ciclo de vida de A. anthelmia, onde o crescimento de infantes está sendo tão restringido que estas plantas não estão conseguindo avançar em sua ontogenia. Aparentemente, esse gargalo resulta do ataque de insetos formadores de galhas. Incrementos plausíveis nas taxas de sobrevivência e de crescimento das plantas mostraram–se suficientes para reverter os riscos de extinção. / Population dynamics deals with variation in time and space in the density and abundance of populations. The studies about the dynamics of tropical rain forest tree species, in particular, have become popular only about 1970, when the extinction risks for species of economic interest became pressing. Because the Brazilian biomes are being destroyed progressive and continuously, a significant portion of their diversity is threatened, specially in the Atlantic Rain Forest; whose remnants enclose less than 7,5 % of its original cover. The objectives of this thesis are: (1) to describe the population dynamics of Schefflera angustissima (Araliaceae) and Andira anthelmia (Fabaceae), (2) to expose their relation to the climate and the vegetation and (3) to investigate whether they are under local extinction risks. The populations were sampled in four 0,25ha areas, within an Atlantic Rain Forest remnant in São Paulo region. The relations between the populations’ vertical and spatial structures and the vegetation structure and cover dynamics were investigated. Their life cycles were studied and modeled. The influences of regulatory processes were also investigated. Their dynamics were studied trough projections of deterministic and environmental stochastic matrix models. The extinction risks were inferred from these projections’ results. Sites where the vegetation is less dense and subject to a higher influx of luminous energy seem to favor more S. angustissima than A. anthelmia. Both populations are subject to regulatory processes, but these processes have little influence on their present dynamics. In general, S. angustissima showed a higher fitness than A. anthelmia. According to the deterministic models, both populations are under extiction risk, though only A. anthelmia is, according to the stochastic models. In both populations, survivorship and growth rates were more important than fecundity rates, and the major factors responsible for death and retardation of plants’ growth were the woody lianas attack and the fall down of dead trees and branches over the plants. There are also evidence of a “bottle neck" effect in the A. anthelmia’s life cycle, where the infants growth is being so restricted that these plants are not succeeding at advancing along their ontogeny. Apparently, this “bottle neck" effect results from the attack of gall forming insects. Reasonable increments in the plants’ survivorship and growth rates are enough to revert the populations’ extiction risks.

Objective. To determine the relationship between overall psychological well-being and stress on diet quality among young adult women and to examine the potential confounding influence of season, physical activity and sleep on these relationships. Design/Participants. The study used a cross-sectional design. Three hundred and fifty-one women were recruited to participate in the study. All participants were university students (20.2 ± 1.6 y). Overall psychological well-being was assessed using the General Well-being Schedule (GWB) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Diet intake was measured using three 24-hour recalls over a seven day period. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was calculated to assess diet quality. Physical activity (PA) and sleep were both measured objectively using accelerometers over seven consecutive days. Season of assessment was also included as a covariate. Results. The average HEI score was 59.3 ± 12.5 out of 100 and is classified as "Needs Improvement." The average GWB score was 72.8 ± 13.1 out of 110 which is on the border between "moderate distress" (61 to 72) and "positive wellbeing" (73 to 110). Significant relationships were seen with specific aspects of psychological well-being, however global psychological well-being as measured by the General Well-being schedule was not related to any measure of diet quality. Chronic stress was related to low adherence to dietary guidelines (F = 11.46 and p = 0.0008). Chronic stress was also related to low consumption of fruits and vegetables (F = 5.03, p = 0.0256). Feeling in control of emotions and behaviors was related to low consumption of non-nutrient dense foods (NNDF) (F = 3.33, p = 0.0198). Controlling for PA and sleep time reduced the magnitude of all of these relationships between 11% and 42%. Results from the PSS were positively related to the consumption of NNDF (F = 3.97, p = 0.0472). Controlling for PA and sleep time increased the magnitude of this relationship by 34%. Season had a negligible impact on any of the relationships between psychological well-being and any measure of diet quality. Conclusion. Subscales of psychological well-being such as chronic stress, acute stress, emotional behavioral control, and depression were related to diet quality. While these observed relationships were independent of the influence of season, physical activity and sleep, controlling for these variables had a moderating effect.

Due to increased rates of childhood obesity since 2010, researchers have examined family environmental factors and family influences on children's consumption of healthy foods. While previous research has examined how factors such as food presentation and the food intake of other family members can predict a child's body mass index, there has been little research examining whether parent factors predict the amount of healthy foods children eat. This quantitative survey study examined whether certain parent factors, specifically parents' attitudes about food, parents' feeding styles, and parents' attachment styles, predicted the amount of fruits and vegetables children ate. Understanding the extent to which these factors predict children's actual consumption of healthy foods, rather than predicting their body mass index, will further inform the healthcare field about parents' role in their children's physical development. Family systems theory served as the theoretical foundation. Seventy-four parents of children ages 1 to 7 years completed an online survey containing items from the Caregiver Feeding Styles Questionnaire, the Relationship Structures Attachment Questionnaire, and the Parent Attitudes About Food Questionnaire. As well, they logged the amount of fruits and vegetables their child ate over a 1-week period. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed an overall significance which suggested that the 3 parent factors together predicted the amount of fruits and vegetables that children ate; however, closer examination indicated that only parents' attachment style was a significant prediction of children's consumption of fruits and vegetables. The results of the study add to our understanding of the role that parents play in their children's eating habits and the influence of attachment on children's consumption of a nutrient-dense diet.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des propriétés des oscillations quasi périodiques au kilo Hertz (kHz QPO) dans les systèmes binaires X de faible masse. Pour détecter les kHz QPO, mesurer leurs paramètres et suivre leur évolution dans le temps, j'ai développé des méthodes d'analyse qui s'appliquent aux données acquises par le satellite Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). J'ai validé ces méthodes sur des données simulées. L'analyse des données de sept sources observées pendant 15 ans avec l'instrument Proportional Counter Array a mis en évidence la chute de cohérence des oscillations au-delà de 700-850 Hz pour tous les systèmes étudiés. Ce résultat obtenu par les précédentes études sur les sources 4U 1636-536, 4U 1608-52, 4U 1728-34, 4U 1735-444 et 4U 1820-303 est confirmé en utilisant un ensemble de données plus important. Cette chute de cohérence est observée pour la première fois pour les systèmes 4U 0614+09 et Aquila X-1. Dans l'hypothèse où celle-ci est la signature de la dernière orbite stable prédite par la relativité générale, la masse de l'étoile à neutrons est évaluée à 1.9-2.1 M. Cette masse, quoique élevée, est compatible avec certaines équations d'état de la matière super condensée. J'ai étudié la séparation en fréquence entre les kHz QPO jumeaux dans les systèmes 4U 0614+09 et Aquila X-1. Pour le système Aquila X-1, cette séparation en fréquence est mesurée pour la première fois à 280 Hz, proche de la moitié de la fréquence de rotation de l'étoile à neutrons (\mu_spin/2). Pour 4U 0614+09, la séparation est constante à 320 Hz et très différente de la fréquence à 414 Hz de l'oscillation détectée dans un sursaut X observé avec le BAT de SWIFT et assimilée à \mu_spin. Cette séparation est comparable à celle mesurée à partir d'un ensemble de données moins important. Dans le système 4U 0614+09, la séparation en fréquence ne serait pas liée à la fréquence de rotation de l'objet compact. J'ai étudié la distribution des rapports de fréquences des kHz QPO dans les systèmes Sco X-1, 4U 1636-536 et 4U 0614+09. Ces distributions sont piquées autour de 1.5. Je montre pour la première fois que cette distribution piquée est la conséquence directe de la dépendance en fréquence de la significativité statistique des kHz QPO. Du fait de la sensibilité limitée de l'instrument PCA et bien que toujours présents, les kHz QPO jumeaux sont détectés simultanément sur une bande en fréquence étroite, correspondant à des rapports de fréquence autour de 1.5. Ces distributions ne sont donc pas liées à l'existence de fréquences préférées dans le système; une prédiction forte du modèle de résonance.

En stéréovision, une carte dense des disparités peut être déterminée grâce à des méthodes locales exploitant la mise en correspondance des contenus de voisinages bidimensionnels. Toutefois, dans le contexte d'une application de métrologie 3D, il n'est pas nécessaire que la carte soit dense, mais elle doit être très précise. Par ailleurs, en présence d'un fort eet de perspective, d'importantes variations locales de la disparit é apparaissent et les méthodes locales exploitant des fenêtres 2D ne garantissent plus une précision susante. Dans ce travail, nous proposons une méthode générique de mise en correspondance qui exploite des caractéristiques extraites d'un ensemble de courbes de similarité calculées sur des fenêtres 1D. Nous établissons une notion de conance reliant directement la précision à la densité de la carte des disparités obtenue, entre lesquelles il est alors possible de xer un compromis. La méthode générique proposée est évaluée en comparant ses résultats à ceux obtenus par six autres méthodes locales similaires. Nous montrons ainsi son ecacité, tout particulièrement quand la scène contient un plan fortement incliné. Nous testons nalement notre méthode dans le cadre d'une application de détection d'obstacles à l'avant d'un véhicule routier. Nous montrons qu'en segmentant notre carte des disparités par un procédé assez simple, la détection des obstacles est possible et surtout plus précise qu'avec des cartes des disparités calculées sur des voisinages 2D. Le comportement de la méthode 1D face à diérents défauts de texture ou de calibration est étudié à la fois sur des images de synthèse et des images réelles.

La connaissance de l'équation d'état de systèmes d'hélium, d'hydrogène et de diamant dans le domaine des hautes pressions et températures est un problème ouvert, très controversé et présentant des applications astrophysiques importantes. Les approches théoriques pour cet état de la matière à l'interface de la physique de la matière condensée et de la physique des plasmas, appelé dans la littérature Warm Dense Matter, ne sont pas encore entièrement satisfaisantes. Une des raisons est qu'il n'existe pratiquement pas de données expérimentales pour valider les approximations dans ce domaine du diagramme de phase. En effet les approches statiques ou dynamiques seules ne peuvent atteindre ces états. En 2002, une première démonstration de la possibilité du couplage des compressions statiques et dynamiques, par génération de chocs laser dans des presses à enclumes de diamant, a ouvert la voie de l'étude de l'équation d'état de la matière très dense et chaude. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons optimisé les cibles et développé une nouvelle métrologie basée sur le quartz comme système de référence dans le but de réduire au maximum les barres d'erreur. Des mesures précises de la pression, la température, la densité et la réflectivité peuvent ainsi être obtenues. Cette méthode a ensuite été appliquée à différents systèmes. De nombreux résultats ont alors été obtenus sur le diamant (existence d'un maximum sur le courbe de fusion), sur l'hélium (va! lidation du modèle de Saumon-Chabrier), sur l'hydrogène (passage continue entre un état isolant et un état conducteur) et sur les mélanges hydrogène/hélium (pas de signe évident de séparation de phase).

<p>Radiation damage limits the resolution in imaging experiments. Damage is caused by energy deposited into the sample during exposure. Ultrashort and extremely bright X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers (FELs) offer the possibility to outrun key damage processes, and temporarily improve radiation tolerance. Theoretical models indicate that high detail-resolutions could be realized on non-crystalline samples with very short pulses, before plasma expansion.</p><p>Studies presented here describe the interaction of a very intense and ultrashort X-ray pulse with material, and investigate boundary conditions for flash diffractive imaging both theoretically and experimentally. In the hard X-ray regime, predictions are based on particle simulations with a continuum formulation that accounts for screening from free electrons.</p><p>First experimental results from the first soft X-ray free-electron laser, the FLASH facility in Hamburg, confirm the principle of flash imaging, and provide the first validation of our theoretical models. Specifically, experiments on nano-fabricated test objects show that an interpretable image can be obtained to high resolution before the sample is vaporized. Radiation intensity in these experiments reached 10^14 W/cm^2, and the temperature of the sample rose to 60000 Kelvin after the 25 femtosecond pulse left the sample. Further experiments with time-delay X-ray holography follow the explosion dynamics over some picoseconds after illumination.</p><p>Finally, this thesis presents results from biological flash-imaging studies on living cells. The model is based on plasma calculations and fluid-like motions of the sample, supported by the time-delay measurements. This study provides an estimate for the achievable resolutions as function of wavelength and pulse length. The technique was demonstrated by our team in an experiment where living cells were exposed to a single shot from the FLASH soft X-ray laser.</p>

Radiation damage limits the resolution in imaging experiments. Damage is caused by energy deposited into the sample during exposure. Ultrashort and extremely bright X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers (FELs) offer the possibility to outrun key damage processes, and temporarily improve radiation tolerance. Theoretical models indicate that high detail-resolutions could be realized on non-crystalline samples with very short pulses, before plasma expansion. Studies presented here describe the interaction of a very intense and ultrashort X-ray pulse with material, and investigate boundary conditions for flash diffractive imaging both theoretically and experimentally. In the hard X-ray regime, predictions are based on particle simulations with a continuum formulation that accounts for screening from free electrons. First experimental results from the first soft X-ray free-electron laser, the FLASH facility in Hamburg, confirm the principle of flash imaging, and provide the first validation of our theoretical models. Specifically, experiments on nano-fabricated test objects show that an interpretable image can be obtained to high resolution before the sample is vaporized. Radiation intensity in these experiments reached 10^14 W/cm^2, and the temperature of the sample rose to 60000 Kelvin after the 25 femtosecond pulse left the sample. Further experiments with time-delay X-ray holography follow the explosion dynamics over some picoseconds after illumination. Finally, this thesis presents results from biological flash-imaging studies on living cells. The model is based on plasma calculations and fluid-like motions of the sample, supported by the time-delay measurements. This study provides an estimate for the achievable resolutions as function of wavelength and pulse length. The technique was demonstrated by our team in an experiment where living cells were exposed to a single shot from the FLASH soft X-ray laser.

Cette thèse met à profit l'émergence des nouvelles sources de lumière de 4ème génération, les lasers à électrons libres, pour créer et caractériser un état de matière sous conditions extrêmes encore mal connu : la matière dense et tiède (WDM). Une expérience a permis d'étudier les transitions entre les différentes phases solide/WDM/plasma et de caractériser le mécanisme responsable de la thermalisation. L'impulsion laser XUV FLASH, de durée et d'énergie égales à environ 20 femtosecondes et 30 µJ respectivement, est micro-focalisée sur une cible solide et entraîne un chauffage isochore. L'intensité, supérieure à 10^16 W/cm^2, n'a encore jamais été atteinte dans un tel contexte expérimental. Les spectres d'émission d'un plasma d'aluminium sont étudiés pour la première fois à l'aide d'un code couplant un algorithme génétique et un code de physique atomique, afin de remonter à l'évolution temporelle complète de l'interaction entre le laser XUV et la matière solide, et ce malgré l'intégration temporelle des spectres expérimentaux. La première preuve expérimentale de l'importance de l'effet Auger est établie pour le chauffage isochorique d'une cible d'aluminium. La première observation de l'émission X d'une cible de nitrure de bore irradiée sous conditions extrêmes a donné lieu à une étude préliminaire du phénomène. En parallèle, l'effet des électrons supra-thermiques sur la distribution des populations électroniques dans les niveaux d'énergie des ions est analysé et montre une importante similitude avec le processus de photo-ionisation à l'oeuvre dans l'interaction laser XUV-matière.

This thesis is about the designing and constructing a microwave ion source. The ions are generated in a thermal and dense hydrogen plasma by microwave induction. The plasma is generated by using a microwave source with a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 700 W. The generated microwave is pulsing with a frequency of 50 Hz. The designed and constructed microwave system generates hydrogen plasma in a pyrex plasma chamber. Moreover, an ion extraction unit is designed and constructed in order to extract the ions from the generated hydrogen plasma. The ion beam extraction is achieved and ion currents are measured. Th e plasma parameters are determined by a double Langmuir probe and the ion current is measured by a Faraday cup. The designed ion extraction unit is simulated by using the dimensions of the designed and constructed ion extraction unit in order to trace out the trajectories of the extracted ions.