Este estudo avaliou clínica e radiograficamente dentes com lesões profundas de cárie submetidos ao selamento de dentina cariada por 10 anos. Trinta e dois dentes permanentes foram submetidos à remoção parcial de dentina cariada da parede pulpar da cavidade, remoção completa da dentina cariada das paredes laterais (critério de dureza clínica), forramento com cimento à base de hidróxido de cálcio, selamento provisório por 6-7 meses, reabertura da cavidade (finalidades metodológicas: avaliação clínica da dentina e coleta de uma amostra para análise microbiológica) e restauração. Os pacientes foram avaliados clínica e radiograficamente na consulta inicial, após 6-7 meses, 1 ano e meio, 3, 5 e 10 anos. Análises radiográficas qualitativas (deposição de dentina terciária e profundidade da lesão cariosa) e quantitativas (alterações na densidade radiográfica da zona radiolúcida abaixo da restauração através da subtração radiográfica digital) foram realizadas comparando-se as radiografias bitewings de 6-7 meses, 3 e 10 anos com a radiografia inicial. Dos 32 dentes, um sofreu exposição pulpar durante a remoção do material provisório e foi excluído da amostra. Ao final de 10 anos, um paciente teve sua restauração substituída e quatro desistiram de participar da pesquisa. Dos 26 dentes restantes, 16 apresentaram sucesso da terapia (vitalidade pulpar) e 10 apresentaram insucesso da terapia (5 necroses e 5 fraturas). As taxas de sucesso após 1 ano e meio, 3, 5 e 10 anos foram 97%, 90%, 82% e 63% respectivamente. Dos 16 dentes vitais, 13 foram incluídos nas análises radiográficas. Na maioria dos casos, a profundidade da lesão cariosa reduziu ou permaneceu inalterada (12/13) e foi observada a deposição de dentina terciária (10/13). Não houve alteração na densidade radiográfica da zona radiolúcida nos exames de 6-7 meses e 3 anos, porém observou-se seu aumento significativo na reavaliação de 10 anos. O selamento de dentina cariada mostrou-se uma terapia efetiva para o tratamento de lesões profundas de cárie, sendo capaz de paralisar o processo carioso, promover reações dentino-pulpares e induzir ganho mineral na dentina cariada. / This study assessed clinically and radiographically teeth with deep caries lesions submitted to the sealing of carious dentine over a 10-year period. Thirty-two permanent teeth were submitted to partial caries removal from the pulpal cavity wall, complete removal of carious dentine from the surrounding walls (clinical hardness criteria), capping with a calcium hydroxide cement, temporary sealing for 6-7 months, cavity reopening (methodological purposes: clinical assessment of dentine and collection of a sample for microbiological analysis) and filling. Patients were clinically and radiographically assessed at the initial session and after 1.5; 3; 5 and 10 years. Radiographic assessments were performed comparing bitewing radiographs taken after 6-7 months, 3 and 10 years to the baseline one, both qualitatively (tertiary dentine deposition and lesion depth) and quantitatively (radiographic density changes in the radiolucent zone beneath the restoration using digital subtraction radiography). One tooth had its pulp exposed during temporary sealing removal and was excluded from the sample. Over 10 years, one tooth had its restoration replaced and four quitted the trial. Of the remaining 26 teeth, 16 had therapy success (tooth vitality) and 10 had therapy failure (5 necroses and 5 fractures). Therapy success rates were 97%, 90%, 82% and 63% at 1.5-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year follow-ups, respectively. Of the 16 vital teeth, 13 were included in the radiographic analysis. In most cases, lesion depth remained unchanged or decreased (12/13) and tertiary dentine formation was observed (10/13) at the 10-year follow-up. There were no radiographic density changes at 6-7 months and 3-year follow-ups; however, it was observed its increase at the 10-year assessment. Partial carious dentine removal is an effective therapy for deep caries lesions on a long-term basis, being able to arrest carious process, promote pulp-dentin reactions and induce mineral gain in the carious dentine.

Este estudo avaliou clínica e radiograficamente dentes com lesões profundas de cárie submetidos ao selamento de dentina cariada por 10 anos. Trinta e dois dentes permanentes foram submetidos à remoção parcial de dentina cariada da parede pulpar da cavidade, remoção completa da dentina cariada das paredes laterais (critério de dureza clínica), forramento com cimento à base de hidróxido de cálcio, selamento provisório por 6-7 meses, reabertura da cavidade (finalidades metodológicas: avaliação clínica da dentina e coleta de uma amostra para análise microbiológica) e restauração. Os pacientes foram avaliados clínica e radiograficamente na consulta inicial, após 6-7 meses, 1 ano e meio, 3, 5 e 10 anos. Análises radiográficas qualitativas (deposição de dentina terciária e profundidade da lesão cariosa) e quantitativas (alterações na densidade radiográfica da zona radiolúcida abaixo da restauração através da subtração radiográfica digital) foram realizadas comparando-se as radiografias bitewings de 6-7 meses, 3 e 10 anos com a radiografia inicial. Dos 32 dentes, um sofreu exposição pulpar durante a remoção do material provisório e foi excluído da amostra. Ao final de 10 anos, um paciente teve sua restauração substituída e quatro desistiram de participar da pesquisa. Dos 26 dentes restantes, 16 apresentaram sucesso da terapia (vitalidade pulpar) e 10 apresentaram insucesso da terapia (5 necroses e 5 fraturas). As taxas de sucesso após 1 ano e meio, 3, 5 e 10 anos foram 97%, 90%, 82% e 63% respectivamente. Dos 16 dentes vitais, 13 foram incluídos nas análises radiográficas. Na maioria dos casos, a profundidade da lesão cariosa reduziu ou permaneceu inalterada (12/13) e foi observada a deposição de dentina terciária (10/13). Não houve alteração na densidade radiográfica da zona radiolúcida nos exames de 6-7 meses e 3 anos, porém observou-se seu aumento significativo na reavaliação de 10 anos. O selamento de dentina cariada mostrou-se uma terapia efetiva para o tratamento de lesões profundas de cárie, sendo capaz de paralisar o processo carioso, promover reações dentino-pulpares e induzir ganho mineral na dentina cariada. / This study assessed clinically and radiographically teeth with deep caries lesions submitted to the sealing of carious dentine over a 10-year period. Thirty-two permanent teeth were submitted to partial caries removal from the pulpal cavity wall, complete removal of carious dentine from the surrounding walls (clinical hardness criteria), capping with a calcium hydroxide cement, temporary sealing for 6-7 months, cavity reopening (methodological purposes: clinical assessment of dentine and collection of a sample for microbiological analysis) and filling. Patients were clinically and radiographically assessed at the initial session and after 1.5; 3; 5 and 10 years. Radiographic assessments were performed comparing bitewing radiographs taken after 6-7 months, 3 and 10 years to the baseline one, both qualitatively (tertiary dentine deposition and lesion depth) and quantitatively (radiographic density changes in the radiolucent zone beneath the restoration using digital subtraction radiography). One tooth had its pulp exposed during temporary sealing removal and was excluded from the sample. Over 10 years, one tooth had its restoration replaced and four quitted the trial. Of the remaining 26 teeth, 16 had therapy success (tooth vitality) and 10 had therapy failure (5 necroses and 5 fractures). Therapy success rates were 97%, 90%, 82% and 63% at 1.5-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year follow-ups, respectively. Of the 16 vital teeth, 13 were included in the radiographic analysis. In most cases, lesion depth remained unchanged or decreased (12/13) and tertiary dentine formation was observed (10/13) at the 10-year follow-up. There were no radiographic density changes at 6-7 months and 3-year follow-ups; however, it was observed its increase at the 10-year assessment. Partial carious dentine removal is an effective therapy for deep caries lesions on a long-term basis, being able to arrest carious process, promote pulp-dentin reactions and induce mineral gain in the carious dentine.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Early childhood caries (ECC) is considered a serious public health issue among children all over the world. However, many aspects should be explored about the oral microbiota related to the ECC progression and how the bacterial community modifies according to the dentine lesion activity. This thesis, composed by two chapters, aimed to investigate and quantify with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) the following bacteria Actinomyces naeslundii, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, as well as members of the groups Lactobacillus casei and Mitis on biofilm from pre-school children with different stages of early childhood caries progression (Chapter 1) and on active and inactive dentine carious lesions (Chapter 2), and also to verify the association of these microorganisms on the process of health or disease. The sample consisted on preschool children aged between 2 and 5 years from nurseries and public preeschools in Fortaleza-CE. The children were examined for caries diagnosis with ICDAS II index (International Caries Detection Assessment System), and the Nyvad criteria, in order to evaluate prevalence and caries activity. The supragingival biofilm collection was taken from 75 children, who were divided in three groups according to the ICDAS II: CF (caries free) (n=20), ECL (presence of enamel caries lesion) (n=17) and DCL (presence of dentine caries lesion) (n=38). Samples of carious dentine were collected under rubber dam isolation of 56 lesions of dentine affected by caries, being 17 inactive and 39 active. The DNA of all the collected samples was extracted and purified, then tested for the presence of the formerly mentioned bacterial species/groups through qPCR. The quantity of bacteria was compared through the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Besides, the association between the presence of bacteria and ECC was analyzed through the Chi-square test, with a 5% significance level and the multiple logistic regression was applied. Bacteria from the group L. casei and L. acidophilus presented low detection on biofilm of all evaluated groups. The presence of S. mutans and Bifidobacterium spp. showed a strong association with dental caries progression on the biofilm from children with dentine lesions with odds ratio of 21,5 and 5,9; respectively. On active dentine lesions, concentrations of Bifidobacterium spp. and species from the Lactobacillus casei group were significantly higher when compared to the inactive lesions (p<0.05). The levels of Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus gordonni and species from Mitis group were not significantly different among biofilm groups as well as comparing dentine lesions. In conclusion, the microbial profile from biofilm samples presented differences on the proportion of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria with dental caries progression. The presence of Bifidobacterium spp. and S. mutans presented a strong association with the development of the more advanced stages of ECC. Regarding the activity of dentine lesions, higher detection levels of the group L. casei and Bifidobacterium spp. showed an important role of these bacteria in the dentine caries activity. / A cÃrie precoce da infÃncia (CPI) Ã considerada um grave problema de saÃde pÃblica em crianÃas prÃ-escolares em todo mundo. No entanto, muitos aspectos ainda devem ser explorados acerca da microbiota oral relacionada com a progressÃo da CPI e como a comunidade bacteriana se modifica de acordo com a atividade da lesÃo dentinÃria. Esta tese, constituÃda de dois capÃtulos, teve como objetivo identificar e quantificar atravÃs da tÃcnica de reaÃÃo em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) as bactÃrias Actinomyces naeslundii, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, bem como espÃcies dos grupos Lactobacillus casei e Mitis em biofilme de crianÃas prÃ-escolares com diferentes estÃgios de progressÃo da cÃrie precoce da infÃncia (CapÃtulo 1) e em lesÃes cariosas dentinÃrias ativas e inativas (CapÃtulo 2) e ainda verificar a associaÃÃo destes microrganismos ao processo de saÃde ou de doenÃa. A amostra consistiu em prÃ-escolares com idade entre 2 e 5 anos de idade que frequentavam creches e escolas pÃblicas de Fortaleza-CE. As crianÃas foram examinadas com o uso de Ãndices visuais ICDAS II (International Caries Detection Assessment System) e Nyvad, a fim de avaliar a prevalÃncia e atividade de cÃrie. A coleta de biofilme supragengival foi realizada em 75 crianÃas, as quais foram agrupadas de acordo com Ãndice ICDAS II em trÃs grupos: CF (livres de cÃrie) (n=20), ECL (presenÃa de lesÃes de cÃrie em esmalte) (n=17) e DCL (presenÃa de lesÃes de cÃrie em dentina) (n=38). Amostras de dentina cariada foram coletadas sob isolamento absoluto de 56 lesÃes cariosas dentinÃrias, sendo 17 inativas e 39 ativas. O DNA de todas as amostras coletadas foi extraÃdo e purificado e, em seguida, testado para a presenÃa das espÃcies/grupos bacterianos acima citados atravÃs de qPCR. A quantidade das bactÃrias foi comparada pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. AlÃm disso, a associaÃÃo da presenÃa de bactÃrias e CPI foi analisada atravÃs do teste Qui-quadrado, com nÃvel de significÃncia de 5% e aplicado a regressÃo logÃstica mÃltipla. BactÃrias L. acidophilus e do grupo L. casei apresentaram baixa detecÃÃo no biofilme de todos os grupos avaliados. A presenÃa de S. mutans e Bifidobacterium spp. mostrou forte associaÃÃo com a progressÃo da doenÃa no biofilme de crianÃas com lesÃes dentinÃrias com âodds ratioâ de 21,5 e 5,9, respectivamente. Em lesÃes dentinÃrias ativas, concentraÃÃes de Bifidobacterium spp. e bactÃrias do grupo L. casei foram significativamente maiores quando comparadas Ãs lesÃes inativas (p<0.05). Os nÃveis de A. naeslundii, bactÃrias do grupo Mitis e S. gordonni nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos de biofilme, assim como nas lesÃes dentinÃrias. Conclui-se que as amostras de biofilme apresentaram alteraÃÃo na proporÃÃo de bactÃrias acidogÃnicas e acidÃricas com a progressÃo da doenÃa cÃrie. A presenÃa de Bifidobacterium spp. e S. mutans apresentou forte associaÃÃo com os estÃgios mais avanÃados da CPI. Em relaÃÃo Ãs lesÃes dentinÃrias, o aumento da concentraÃÃo de bactÃrias Bifidobacterium spp. e do grupo L. casei evidenciou um papel importante destas bactÃrias na atividade de lesÃes dentinÃrias.

Este estudo avaliou clínica e radiograficamente dentes com lesões profundas de cárie submetidos ao selamento de dentina cariada por 10 anos. Trinta e dois dentes permanentes foram submetidos à remoção parcial de dentina cariada da parede pulpar da cavidade, remoção completa da dentina cariada das paredes laterais (critério de dureza clínica), forramento com cimento à base de hidróxido de cálcio, selamento provisório por 6-7 meses, reabertura da cavidade (finalidades metodológicas: avaliação clínica da dentina e coleta de uma amostra para análise microbiológica) e restauração. Os pacientes foram avaliados clínica e radiograficamente na consulta inicial, após 6-7 meses, 1 ano e meio, 3, 5 e 10 anos. Análises radiográficas qualitativas (deposição de dentina terciária e profundidade da lesão cariosa) e quantitativas (alterações na densidade radiográfica da zona radiolúcida abaixo da restauração através da subtração radiográfica digital) foram realizadas comparando-se as radiografias bitewings de 6-7 meses, 3 e 10 anos com a radiografia inicial. Dos 32 dentes, um sofreu exposição pulpar durante a remoção do material provisório e foi excluído da amostra. Ao final de 10 anos, um paciente teve sua restauração substituída e quatro desistiram de participar da pesquisa. Dos 26 dentes restantes, 16 apresentaram sucesso da terapia (vitalidade pulpar) e 10 apresentaram insucesso da terapia (5 necroses e 5 fraturas). As taxas de sucesso após 1 ano e meio, 3, 5 e 10 anos foram 97%, 90%, 82% e 63% respectivamente. Dos 16 dentes vitais, 13 foram incluídos nas análises radiográficas. Na maioria dos casos, a profundidade da lesão cariosa reduziu ou permaneceu inalterada (12/13) e foi observada a deposição de dentina terciária (10/13). Não houve alteração na densidade radiográfica da zona radiolúcida nos exames de 6-7 meses e 3 anos, porém observou-se seu aumento significativo na reavaliação de 10 anos. O selamento de dentina cariada mostrou-se uma terapia efetiva para o tratamento de lesões profundas de cárie, sendo capaz de paralisar o processo carioso, promover reações dentino-pulpares e induzir ganho mineral na dentina cariada. / This study assessed clinically and radiographically teeth with deep caries lesions submitted to the sealing of carious dentine over a 10-year period. Thirty-two permanent teeth were submitted to partial caries removal from the pulpal cavity wall, complete removal of carious dentine from the surrounding walls (clinical hardness criteria), capping with a calcium hydroxide cement, temporary sealing for 6-7 months, cavity reopening (methodological purposes: clinical assessment of dentine and collection of a sample for microbiological analysis) and filling. Patients were clinically and radiographically assessed at the initial session and after 1.5; 3; 5 and 10 years. Radiographic assessments were performed comparing bitewing radiographs taken after 6-7 months, 3 and 10 years to the baseline one, both qualitatively (tertiary dentine deposition and lesion depth) and quantitatively (radiographic density changes in the radiolucent zone beneath the restoration using digital subtraction radiography). One tooth had its pulp exposed during temporary sealing removal and was excluded from the sample. Over 10 years, one tooth had its restoration replaced and four quitted the trial. Of the remaining 26 teeth, 16 had therapy success (tooth vitality) and 10 had therapy failure (5 necroses and 5 fractures). Therapy success rates were 97%, 90%, 82% and 63% at 1.5-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year follow-ups, respectively. Of the 16 vital teeth, 13 were included in the radiographic analysis. In most cases, lesion depth remained unchanged or decreased (12/13) and tertiary dentine formation was observed (10/13) at the 10-year follow-up. There were no radiographic density changes at 6-7 months and 3-year follow-ups; however, it was observed its increase at the 10-year assessment. Partial carious dentine removal is an effective therapy for deep caries lesions on a long-term basis, being able to arrest carious process, promote pulp-dentin reactions and induce mineral gain in the carious dentine.

Orientador : Eliana Aparecida de Rezende Duek / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:54:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernatavicius_SergioTadeu_M.pdf: 9386061 bytes, checksum: 9e736c52e1042de3187574f10e183c68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Um dos pontos que deve ser considerado de difícil solução no Brasil, é a perda dentinária. Vários materiais tem sido estudados para minimizar o problema, mas nenhum atende às necessidades de tal aplicação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente avaliar a biocompatibilidade do Poli (L-ácido-Iático), PLLA, contendo vancomicina e piroxicam no tratamento de grandes perdas de dentina onde pode ou não ocorrer a exposição da polpa dental, casos onde a exposição leva ao tratamento endodontico ou exodontia. Para tanto, foram realizados estudos in vivo em coelhos e humanos, ambos aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas parecer número 490/2003.Os estudos em coelhos foram realizados utilizando-se de um modelo experimental onde foi implantado as microesferas contendo medicamento nos incisivos centrais e após 20, 40, e 60 dias os dentes foram cortados e submetidos à análise histológica. Após 20 dias de implante, verificou-se regiões centrais de hipocalcificações em relação ao implante e formação de pontos de dentina. Não foi localizado processo inflamatório em função da utilização dos medicamentos. Após 40 dias verificou-se a que a calcificação começa por áreas globulosas que crescem e se fundem, porém o processo muitas vezes é imperfeito, resultando áreas de matriz orgânica não calcificada; são as áreas interglobulares. Após 60 dias, verificou-se a formação de tecido de normalidade o que demonstra a eficácia das microesferas com medicamento como material reparador. A análise in vivo em humanos se fez necessária para avaliar a resposta frente à aplicação do material, seu efeito antiinflamatório e analgésico em casos de exposição pulpar e grande perda dentinária, além da avaliação do retomo da função ao elemento dental, ou seja, controle da dor e possibilidade de mastigação normal. Observou-se após 60 dias que todos os pacientes implantados não apresentaram dor a nenhum dos testes realizados e mantinham a vitalidade pulpar, as microesferas com medicamento aqui também se mostraram eficazes no controle antiinflamatório e infeccioso. O estudo in vivo indicou que as microesferas de PLLA contendo vancomicina e piroxicam apresentam grande potencial para serem utilizadas para aplicação em questão, já que o material favorece a formação de uma neodentina e controla os processos inflamatório e infeccioso / Abstract: One of the points that it should be considered of difficult solution in Brazil, is the loss dentine. Several materials have been studied to minimize the problem, but none assists to the needs of such application. In that sense, the objective of the present to evaluate the biocompatibility of the Poly (L-lactide acid), PLLA, contends vancomicina and piroxicam in the treatment of great dentin losses where cannot or not to happen the exhibition of the dental pulp, cases where the exhibition takes to the treatment endodontic or exodontia. For so much, studies in was accomplished In vivo in rabbits and humans, both approved by the Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas to seem number 490/2003. The studies in rabbits were accomplished being used of an experimental model where it was implanted the microesferas contends medication in the incisive central and after 20, 40, and 60 days the teeth were cut and submitted to the analysis histological. After 20 days of it implants, it was verified central areas of hipocalcification in relation to the it implants and formation of dentin points. Inflammatory process was not located in function of the use of the medications. After 40 days the one was verified that the calcification begins for areas interglobules that grow and they are founded, even so the process a lot of times it is imperfect, not resulting areas of organic matrix not calcified; they are the areas interglobules. After 60 days, the formation of normality tissue was verified that demonstrates the effectiveness of the microspheres with medication as reparative material. The analysis in vivo in humans if made necessary to evaluate the answer front to the application of the material, its effect antiinflammatory and analgesic in cases of exhibition pulp and great loss dentine, besides the evaluation of the return of the function to the dental element, that is to say, control ofthe pain and possibility of normal mastication. It was observed after 60 days that ali the implanted patients didn't present pain to none of the accomplished tests and they maintained the vitality pulpar, the microspheres with medication here was shown also effective in the control antiinflammatory and infectious. The study in vivo it indicated that the microspheres of PLLA contends vancomicina and piroxicam they present great potential for they be used for application in subject, since the material favors the formation of a neodentine and it controls the inflammatory and infectious processes / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis investigates the morphology of internal tooth structures of fossils attributed to the genus Homo and explores the implications for the systematics of the earliest members of our genus. The origins and evolution of the genus Homo are poorly understood, and one of the major unresolves issues concerns the relationship between the species Homo habilis and other taxa. The enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) is useful for studies of hominin systematics because its morphology contains taxonomically important information that may otherwise be lost due to the effects of occlusal dental wear. Few studies focus on the EDJ morphology of early Homo due to a lack of microtomographic scans that preserve adequate contrast between dental tissues. This thesis presents the first analysis of new scans of important H. habilis specimens from Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, including the type specimen OH 7. Overall EDJ shape is quantified using landmark-based geometric morphometric methods, revealing that a number of H. habilis specimens retain a very primitive EDJ morphology, largely within the range of Australopithecus. Conversely, H. habilis specimen OH 16 shows a suite of derived traits, particularly in the premolars, suggesting considerable variability within the species hypodigm. Analysis of the mandibular premolar EDJ of the species Homo naledi reveals a distinctive and remarkably consistent morphology that differs in several key traits from those of comparative taxa, including H. habilis and H. erectus. However, two specimens from sites in South Africa show H. naledi-like traits, suggesting a possible phylogenetic link with much earlier hominins. Finally, the thesis also investigates the EDJ expression of mandibular molar accessory cusps, outlining a scoring system for these traits at the EDJ. There are taxon-specific patterns in accessory cusp expression, with early Homo molars frequently displaying a lingual accessory cusp but no distal accessory cusp. However, the EDJ reveals a number of developmental complexities. This is well-illustrated by three Olduvai H. habilis first molars; each has a lingual accessory cusp, but the form of the trait clearly differs in each, raising questions over the use of accessory cusps for taxonomy. This thesis demonstrates the importance of studying the EDJ of fossil hominin teeth alongside the outer enamel surface and improves our understanding of the dental morphology of early Homo.:Acknowledgements............i Bibliographical Data............iii Summary............1 Zusammenfassung............8 Chapter 1............15 Chapter 2............29 Chapter 3............57 Appendix............81 Supplementary Information – Chapter 1............82 Supplementary Information – Chapter 2............95 Supplementary Information – Chapter 3............265 Co-author contributions............279 Certificate of exclusive authorship – Chapter 3............282 Declaration of independent work............284

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Sampling methods for dentine and bone collagen have been evolving for several decades. Incremental dentine collagen sampling and bone collagen sampling have been limited by the available technology throughout that time. As the technology for isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis improves, the sampling methods should improve as well. This research focused on developing a new incremental dentine collagen sampling method and bone collagen microsampling method for stable isotope analysis. This research aimed to increase the temporal resolution of incremental dentine collagen sampling and provided sequential collagen sampling from bone collagen for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis while limiting the destructive nature of bioarchaeological analysis. It was determined that the temporal resolution for incremental analysis could be reduced to approximate three months, opposed to the nine months found in other sampling methods. It was also determined that detailed isotopic data could be obtained from bone collagen when sampling the microstructures. The increased amount of isotopic data from the bone collagen was an improvement on the commonly used bulk collagen sampling. This research can be utilised to answer several of the questions that archaeologists have been asking about past populations. Isotopic analysis using the methods developed in the research can provide a more detailed observation of the diet and health of past populations. In addition, the developed methods for bone and dentine collagen reduced the amount of tissue subjected to destructive analysis.

En tant que population majoritairement immigrante, les protestants inhumés au cimetière Saint-Matthew, ville de Québec (1771-1860) ont dû s'adapter à un nouvel environnement à leur arrivée au Québec, et donc à de nouvelles ressources. Parallèlement, les 18e et 19e siècles sont marqués par un contexte socio-économique en pleine mutation avec l'arrivée graduelle de la période industrielle, et la ville de Québec, avec son contexte portuaire, a ainsi été au coeur de ces changements. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'évaluer si la géochimie des isotopes stables appliquée à plusieurs matériaux du squelette humain (collagène et apatite de l'os, collagène de la dentine, et carbonate de l'émail) permet de mieux comprendre comment les comportements alimentaires des individus analysés provenant de ce cimetière cosmopolite (n=40) ont évolué en cours de vie. L'alimentation étant influencée par des conditions socio-économiques, culturelles et environnementales, cela peut nous informer indirectement sur les processus d'adaptation et l'identité d'un individu. C'est dans cette perspective d'écologie culturelle que nous avons interprété les données recueillies lors de ce projet, en complément aux analyses effectuées précédemment par Morland (2009) et Caron (2013). Nos résultats corroborent les tendances déjà observées, soit des pratiques alimentaires semblables à celles que l'on retrouve en Europe, et des immigrants provenant majoritairement des Îles Britanniques. Ils démontrent également une légère augmentation de la consommation de ressources C4, comme le maïs et la canne à sucre, à l'âge adulte pour 90% des individus analysés, de même qu'une baisse du niveau de protéines. Par ailleurs, les individus étudiés ont généralement eu tendance à conserver le même niveau alimentaire les uns par rapport aux autres tout au cours de leur vie, même si les pratiques étaient moins diversifiés à l'âge adulte. Finalement, on constate des similarités de comportements avec les populations irlandaises et britanniques plus pauvres durant l'enfance, alors qu'ils ressemblent davantage à ceux visibles dans la vallée laurentienne en fin de vie, notamment en ce qui concerne l'apport en protéines. Nos résultats suggèrent donc des changements alimentaires significatifs, fort possiblement liés aux processus de migration et à une adaptation constante à un nouvel environnement de la part des individus étudiés. / As a population consisting mainly of immigrants, the Protestants buried in Saint-Matthew’s cemetery, Quebec City (1771-1860) during the 19th century had to adapt to a new environment, and therefore new resources, when they first settled in Quebec. On the other hand, the 18th and 19th centuries saw important socio-economic changes with the coming of the Industrial Revolution, and Quebec City, with its important port, was at the heart of those changes. The objective of this study is to evaluate if the stable isotope geochemistry of several materials of the human skeleton (bone collagen, bone apatite, dentinal collagen and enamel carbonate) can help us understand how dietary behaviours have evolved throughout the life of some individuals (n=40) buried in this cemetery. As diet is closely related to socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions, it can inform us about individual adaptation and identity through a person’s lifespan. It is in this cultural ecology perspective that we approached this research and the data previously obtained by Morland (2009) and Caron (2013). Our data corroborate those acquired previously on bone collagen by showing that these individuals maintained a European-style diet, and originated mainly from the British Isles. They also show a significant increase in C4 plant (maize, sugarcane, etc.) consumption through adulthood amongst 36 of the 40 individuals that we analyzed, as well as a decrease of protein intake. Our results also indicate a generalized tendency to keep the same dietary profile in the population through life, even if practices became less variable during adulthood. Finally, dietary behaviors show similarites with Irish and poor British populations of the same period for childhood, where as they look more like populations from the St. Lawrence Valley later in life, particularly for protein intake. Therefore, our results suggest important dietary shifts for the individuals we studied, possibly strongly related to their migration process and adaptative response to a new environment.

Durante o processo inicial da reação de presa, o cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (CIVMR) apresenta baixo módulo de elasticidade, característica importante quando utilizado como base de restaurações com resina composta, por diminuir o estresse de contração de polimerização nas paredes cavitárias. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência da técnica de polimerização de uma base CIVMR (VitrebondTM) por resina na interface dente/restauração de resina composta, através de teste de microtração e análise em microscopia confocal. Foram utilizados 30 dentes molares humanos hígidos extraídos, nos quais foram confeccionadas cavidades padronizadas em sua face oclusal (5mm de comprimento x 3mm de largura x 4,5mm profundidade). O sistema adesivo utilizado AdperTM Single Bond 2 foi marcado previamente com Rodamina B (0,16mg/ml), para possibilitar a análise em microscópio confocal. Os dentes foram divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo 1 (controle): base de CIVMR VitrebondTM + fotoativação + sistema adesivo + resina composta FiltekTM Z250; Grupo 2: base de CIVMR VitrebondTM + sistema adesivo + fotoativação por 30 segundos simultânea dos dois materiais + resina composta FiltekTM Z250; Grupo 3: base de CIVMR por resina VitrebondTM + tempo de espera de 60 segundos + fotoativação + sistema adesivo + resina composta FiltekTM Z250. Após a restauração, os dentes permaneceram em água deionizada em estufa a 37 ºC por 24 horas. Em seguida, foram seccionados com disco de diamante em fatias de aproximadamente 0,8mm no sentido vestíbulo-lingual. Uma fatia de cada dente foi separada aleatoriamente para análise da presença de fendas na interface dentina/resina composta em microscopia confocal. As demais fatias foram seccionadas para a confecção de palitos, para os testes de microtração. Os resultados de resistência de união foram submetidos à análise de variância a um critério ANOVA a 5% e teste de qui-quadrado para as variáveis de presença de fendas marginais e tipo de fratura resultante (p<0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os três grupos (p=0,644) com relação à resistência adesiva e tipo de fratura, predominando a fratura do tipo adesiva para todos os grupos. Quanto à presença de fendas marginais internas, foi evidenciada sua presença nos grupos 2 e 3, sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os três grupos testados (p=0,082). Conclui-se, portanto, que a técnica de polimerização da base de cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina não influencia na resistência adesiva da interface dente/restauração de resina composta. / During the initial process of setting reaction, the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) shows low modulus of elasticity, which is an important characteristic when RMGIC is used as a liner in resin composites restorations, because it decreases the polymerization shrinkage stress in cavity walls. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of polymerization techniques of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement used as a liner on the adhesive interface dentin/resin by microtensile test and confocal microscopic analysis. Standardized occlusal cavity preparations (5mm length x 3mm wide x 4.5mm depth) were prepared in 30 human extracted molars. For the analysis at the confocal microscope, the adhesive system AdperTM Single Bond 2 was previously marked with rodhamine B (0.16mg/ml). The tooth were divided into three groups: Group 1 (control): RMGIC liner VitrebondTM + photoactivation for 30 seconds + adhesive system + resin composite Filtek TM Z250; Group 2: RMGICs liner VitrebondTM + adhesive system + simultaneous photoactivation of both materials + resin composite FiltekTM Z250; Group 3: RMGICs liner VitrebondTM+ 60 seconds delay time + photoativation for 30 seconds + adhesive system + resin composite FiltekTMZ250. Specimens were stored at 37ºC in deionized water for 24 hours. After this period, tooth was sectionated in 0.8mm slices (buco-lingual). One slice of each tooth was randomly selected for confocal microscopy for analysis of the interface resin/dentin. The other slices were sectionated in sticks (mesio-distal) for microtensile test. One-way ANOVA (p<0.05) showed no significant statistical difference among groups 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.644). Quisquare test showed no significant statistical difference of type of fracture (adhesive fracture was predominant) and presence of gap at the interface dentin/resin among groups. (p=0.082). It can be concluded, that polymerization technique of resin-modified glassionomer cement (RMGIC) did not influence bond strength and dentin/resin composite interface.