A presente dissertação analisa o conflito ambiental que se instalou entre coletivos Kaingang e Guarani e interesses ligados à construção de quatro pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs) no rio Jacuizinho/RS. O trabalho foca, especificamenteuma das etapas do processo de licenciamento ambiental das obras, no caso, a elaboração do Componente Indígena a ser incluído no EIA/Rima.O licenciamento será analisado sob a perspectivade um ritual, um evento vivido coletivamente como drama social, com etapas mais ou menos formalizadas, onde cada um dos envolvidos(órgão ambiental e indigenista, empreendedor, empresa intermediadora, lideranças políticas locais, coletivos Kaingang e Guarani e seus aliados) ocupam um papel(ou são levados a tal), desempenham uma performance e constituem ações e estratégias na defesa da apropriação material e simbólica de um mesmo território.Após a explicitação dos procedimentos metodológicos e da discussão sobre como a noção de desenvolvimento insere-se dentro da lógica do licenciamento ambiental, o foco central da pesquisa recaisobre como os coletivos Guarani acionam elementos cosmológicos diante do confronto/negociação com o aparato técnico-burocrático estatal e os defensores das obras, estas últimas vistas pelos primeiros como mais uma investida do jurua reko achy (modo de ser dos não índios), contra seu território ancestral e seu modo de ser, estar e viver (mbya reko). Para fins de análise, estabelece-se ainda um diálogo com outras experiências vividas nas últimas décadas pelos coletivos Guarani no Rio Grande do Sul envolvendo projetos de duplicação de rodovias.Em linhas gerais, os eventos aqui descritos, ao serem vividos dentro de um processo ritualizado, evidenciam como interesses econômicos inerentes à ideologia universalista do desenvolvimento pressupõem a construção de mecanismos técnico-reguladores como o licenciamento ambiental. Este, por sua vez, possui uma eficácia no sentido de produzir fatos, mobilizar pessoas e condicionar expectativas num determinado sentido, no caso, a concessão da "licença" para as PCHs serem instaladas e operarem, sendo que, para tanto, são necessários seguir determinados ritos específicos (reuniões "participativas", audiências públicas, elaboração de EIAs/Rimas etc.) que posteriormente se materializam de diferentes formas (compensações, mitigações, indenizações, medidas de ajustamento de conduta etc.). / The present paper analyzes the environmental conflict spread among Kaingang, Guarani and business connected with four little central hydroeletrics construction (PCHs) at the Jacuizinho river/RS. The work focus essentially in one of process stages for environmental permission to the works, in that case, to draw up the Indian Component to be exclude at the EIA/Rima.The permission will be analysed on a ritual perspective, a joined event lived as a social drama, with stages more or less formal, where each one of the envolved (environmental institutions and indigenous, enterprisings, intermediated firms, local political leaderships, the Kaingang and Guarani communities and their allieds) occupy a part (or they are taken to do that), they develop a performance and join claims and strategies to defend the same territory against the symbolic and material apprehension. After the explanation about the methodical procedures and the discussion about the understanding on development, it is insented into the environmental permission logic, the central focus of the research falls on how the Guarani community set in cosmological elements to the confrontation/negotation presence with the bureaucratic-técnic stated owned machinery and their defensors of the works, those understood by them as one more attack of the jurua reko achy (the way of living of the non indians) on their ancestral territory and their way of living, be and live (mbya reko).To the analizes, there are still a dialogue with another experiences lived in the last decades by the Guarani communities in Rio Grande do Sul involving the roads duplication projects.In synthesis, the events here described, when lived inside a ritualized process, show us how economics interests inherent in a universal ideology of development presume the construction of técnic-regulators mechanisms as the environmental permission. This gets an efficiency to produce facts, mobilize people and conditional expectations in a certain sense, in this case, the consent of the “permission” to the PCHs to be settle down and work, but for that they need to follow certain specific rites (“participative” meetings, public audiences, EIAs/Rimas and so on), and after this they are materialized into many different ways (compensations, payments, adjustment conduct rules etc).

The democratic government in South Africa has brought about several policies which were initiated for rural development, and one of the government’s strategies was to involve the agricultural sector. Farmer Support Programmes (FSPs) were developed to assist small-scale farmers to become commercial farmers. The study looked at the participation of small scale farmers in the planning and implementation of the FSPs in the Amahlathi Local Municipality. 108 small scale farmers were selected using a non-random purposive probability and twelve farmers’ organisations. Semi-structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used as the data collection tool and method respectively. The data analysis used was a descriptive analysis and a thematic analysis. The results revealed that the farmers have a positive perception towards the support programmes being helpful in their farming needs. The positive perception was especially on the extension and advisory services, dipping and vaccination programme, and the supply and funding of inputs and assets. However, the results revealed that there was no significant difference between gender and the perception of the farmers when a chi square test of association was performed. The results also revealed that the farmers and farmers’ organisations were not involved in the planning of the programmes by the government. It is therefore recommended that for the success of the FSP and for economic growth in the rural areas, the government has to avoid using a top-down approach when developing these programmes, and instead consult the farmers and the farmers’ organisations to know the specific needs of the farmers in their farming practices.

A adoção de métodos ágeis é uma forma eficaz de reduzir o ciclo de entrega no desenvolvimento de software, fornecendo software de qualidade em curto espaço de tempo. Porém, a adoção desta nova abordagem de desenvolvimento de software torna necessário repensar a forma de medir e controlar os projetos. Os métodos ágeis não tratam claramente sobre os assuntos utilização de métricas e adoção de um processo de medição para projetos de softwares desta natureza, faltando estudos que tragam recomendações em como estabelecer métricas para projetos ágeis e como adotar um processo de medição compatível com esta abordagem. Visando contribuir neste sentido esta tese tem como objetivo definir um conjunto de métricas adequadas às necessidades de monitoramento e propor um processo de medição, compatível com a abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento de software. Como método de pesquisa foi realizado um trabalho exploratório através de revisão de literatura e de pesquisa de campo com entrevista em profundidade em empresas de desenvolvimento de software experientes em métodos ágeis. O primeiro resultado do trabalho é a apresentação de um conjunto de métricas consolidados para auxiliar na gestão de projetos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software nas fases de projeto/releases, iteração e diário. As métricas são especificadas detalhadamente contendo as informações necessárias para seu entendimento e aplicação. Posteriormente é proposto um processo de medição compatível com a abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento de software, visando apoiar as empresas que adotam métodos ágeis na definição de métricas adequadas para suas necessidades de medição e no monitoramento. O processo contempla as fases de planejamento de medição, monitoramento da iteração, ações da iteração, monitoramento do projeto/releases, ações sobre o projeto/releases e avaliação final, sendo que em cada fase do processo são apresentadas recomendações para a sua implantação. O processo está estruturado num ciclo de gestão baseado em etapas de planejar, executar, verificar, atuar, refletir e melhorar, respeitando as características dos projetos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software, e na proposição de um quadro visual de monitoramento que permita a gestão do processo de medição de forma visual. Além dos resultados apresentados foram deixadas hipoteses e recomendações para trabalhos futuros. / The adoption of agile methods is effective way to reduce the delivery cycle on software development, providing quality software in a short time. However, the adoption of this new approach to software development is necessary rethink how to measure and control projects. Agile methods not explain about adoption metrics and measurement process for software projects of this approach, lacking studies providing recommendations on how to establish metrics for agile projects and how to adopt a process measurement compatible with this approach. Contributing this thesis goal produce a set of metrics adequate monitoring needs and propose a measurement processcompatible with agile software development. Method of research was exploratory through literature review and field research with depth interviews in experienced software development companies in agile methods. The first result of this work is the presentation of a consolidated metrics set to help the management of agile development at the phases of project/releases, iteration and daily. The metrics are specified detailed containing the information necessary for their understanding and application. Later we propose a measurement process compatible with agile approach to software development, to support businesses that adopt agile methods in defining adequate metrics for your measurement needs and monitoring. The process include the steps of measurement planning, monitoring of the iteration, the iteration actions, monitoring project/releases, actions on the project/releases and final evaluation, in each stage of the process provides recommendations for implementation. The process is structured in a management cycle based on steps to plan, implement, check, act, reflect and improve, respecting the characteristics of agile software development projects and propose a visual tracking board that allows for the management of the measurement process. In addition to the results were allowed hypotheses and recommendations for future work.

A presente dissertação analisa o conflito ambiental que se instalou entre coletivos Kaingang e Guarani e interesses ligados à construção de quatro pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs) no rio Jacuizinho/RS. O trabalho foca, especificamenteuma das etapas do processo de licenciamento ambiental das obras, no caso, a elaboração do Componente Indígena a ser incluído no EIA/Rima.O licenciamento será analisado sob a perspectivade um ritual, um evento vivido coletivamente como drama social, com etapas mais ou menos formalizadas, onde cada um dos envolvidos(órgão ambiental e indigenista, empreendedor, empresa intermediadora, lideranças políticas locais, coletivos Kaingang e Guarani e seus aliados) ocupam um papel(ou são levados a tal), desempenham uma performance e constituem ações e estratégias na defesa da apropriação material e simbólica de um mesmo território.Após a explicitação dos procedimentos metodológicos e da discussão sobre como a noção de desenvolvimento insere-se dentro da lógica do licenciamento ambiental, o foco central da pesquisa recaisobre como os coletivos Guarani acionam elementos cosmológicos diante do confronto/negociação com o aparato técnico-burocrático estatal e os defensores das obras, estas últimas vistas pelos primeiros como mais uma investida do jurua reko achy (modo de ser dos não índios), contra seu território ancestral e seu modo de ser, estar e viver (mbya reko). Para fins de análise, estabelece-se ainda um diálogo com outras experiências vividas nas últimas décadas pelos coletivos Guarani no Rio Grande do Sul envolvendo projetos de duplicação de rodovias.Em linhas gerais, os eventos aqui descritos, ao serem vividos dentro de um processo ritualizado, evidenciam como interesses econômicos inerentes à ideologia universalista do desenvolvimento pressupõem a construção de mecanismos técnico-reguladores como o licenciamento ambiental. Este, por sua vez, possui uma eficácia no sentido de produzir fatos, mobilizar pessoas e condicionar expectativas num determinado sentido, no caso, a concessão da "licença" para as PCHs serem instaladas e operarem, sendo que, para tanto, são necessários seguir determinados ritos específicos (reuniões "participativas", audiências públicas, elaboração de EIAs/Rimas etc.) que posteriormente se materializam de diferentes formas (compensações, mitigações, indenizações, medidas de ajustamento de conduta etc.). / The present paper analyzes the environmental conflict spread among Kaingang, Guarani and business connected with four little central hydroeletrics construction (PCHs) at the Jacuizinho river/RS. The work focus essentially in one of process stages for environmental permission to the works, in that case, to draw up the Indian Component to be exclude at the EIA/Rima.The permission will be analysed on a ritual perspective, a joined event lived as a social drama, with stages more or less formal, where each one of the envolved (environmental institutions and indigenous, enterprisings, intermediated firms, local political leaderships, the Kaingang and Guarani communities and their allieds) occupy a part (or they are taken to do that), they develop a performance and join claims and strategies to defend the same territory against the symbolic and material apprehension. After the explanation about the methodical procedures and the discussion about the understanding on development, it is insented into the environmental permission logic, the central focus of the research falls on how the Guarani community set in cosmological elements to the confrontation/negotation presence with the bureaucratic-técnic stated owned machinery and their defensors of the works, those understood by them as one more attack of the jurua reko achy (the way of living of the non indians) on their ancestral territory and their way of living, be and live (mbya reko).To the analizes, there are still a dialogue with another experiences lived in the last decades by the Guarani communities in Rio Grande do Sul involving the roads duplication projects.In synthesis, the events here described, when lived inside a ritualized process, show us how economics interests inherent in a universal ideology of development presume the construction of técnic-regulators mechanisms as the environmental permission. This gets an efficiency to produce facts, mobilize people and conditional expectations in a certain sense, in this case, the consent of the “permission” to the PCHs to be settle down and work, but for that they need to follow certain specific rites (“participative” meetings, public audiences, EIAs/Rimas and so on), and after this they are materialized into many different ways (compensations, payments, adjustment conduct rules etc).

A adoção de métodos ágeis é uma forma eficaz de reduzir o ciclo de entrega no desenvolvimento de software, fornecendo software de qualidade em curto espaço de tempo. Porém, a adoção desta nova abordagem de desenvolvimento de software torna necessário repensar a forma de medir e controlar os projetos. Os métodos ágeis não tratam claramente sobre os assuntos utilização de métricas e adoção de um processo de medição para projetos de softwares desta natureza, faltando estudos que tragam recomendações em como estabelecer métricas para projetos ágeis e como adotar um processo de medição compatível com esta abordagem. Visando contribuir neste sentido esta tese tem como objetivo definir um conjunto de métricas adequadas às necessidades de monitoramento e propor um processo de medição, compatível com a abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento de software. Como método de pesquisa foi realizado um trabalho exploratório através de revisão de literatura e de pesquisa de campo com entrevista em profundidade em empresas de desenvolvimento de software experientes em métodos ágeis. O primeiro resultado do trabalho é a apresentação de um conjunto de métricas consolidados para auxiliar na gestão de projetos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software nas fases de projeto/releases, iteração e diário. As métricas são especificadas detalhadamente contendo as informações necessárias para seu entendimento e aplicação. Posteriormente é proposto um processo de medição compatível com a abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento de software, visando apoiar as empresas que adotam métodos ágeis na definição de métricas adequadas para suas necessidades de medição e no monitoramento. O processo contempla as fases de planejamento de medição, monitoramento da iteração, ações da iteração, monitoramento do projeto/releases, ações sobre o projeto/releases e avaliação final, sendo que em cada fase do processo são apresentadas recomendações para a sua implantação. O processo está estruturado num ciclo de gestão baseado em etapas de planejar, executar, verificar, atuar, refletir e melhorar, respeitando as características dos projetos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software, e na proposição de um quadro visual de monitoramento que permita a gestão do processo de medição de forma visual. Além dos resultados apresentados foram deixadas hipoteses e recomendações para trabalhos futuros. / The adoption of agile methods is effective way to reduce the delivery cycle on software development, providing quality software in a short time. However, the adoption of this new approach to software development is necessary rethink how to measure and control projects. Agile methods not explain about adoption metrics and measurement process for software projects of this approach, lacking studies providing recommendations on how to establish metrics for agile projects and how to adopt a process measurement compatible with this approach. Contributing this thesis goal produce a set of metrics adequate monitoring needs and propose a measurement processcompatible with agile software development. Method of research was exploratory through literature review and field research with depth interviews in experienced software development companies in agile methods. The first result of this work is the presentation of a consolidated metrics set to help the management of agile development at the phases of project/releases, iteration and daily. The metrics are specified detailed containing the information necessary for their understanding and application. Later we propose a measurement process compatible with agile approach to software development, to support businesses that adopt agile methods in defining adequate metrics for your measurement needs and monitoring. The process include the steps of measurement planning, monitoring of the iteration, the iteration actions, monitoring project/releases, actions on the project/releases and final evaluation, in each stage of the process provides recommendations for implementation. The process is structured in a management cycle based on steps to plan, implement, check, act, reflect and improve, respecting the characteristics of agile software development projects and propose a visual tracking board that allows for the management of the measurement process. In addition to the results were allowed hypotheses and recommendations for future work.

Purpose: This research intends to shed a light in the practice of project portfolio management in the non-traditional – although project oriented – aid sector. The research aim is to study the decision-making structures supporting the prioritization of projectsand/or programmes in multilateral organizations, which play a determinant role in the development aid sector. Research Methodology: Through an in-depth and-holistic case study, the empiricalresearch investigated how the UN coordination practitioners perceived the role of thecontext in the implementation of the Delivery as One Approach, which comprehends aset of standards and procedures (SOPs) supporting the management of multiple UN entities at the country level, to enhance effectiveness, efficiency, coherence and impact. A total of 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former employees in the UN resident coordination office in a range of countries in Africa, LatinAmerica and the Middle East. From the collection of qualitative data, the researchers wereable to grasp the nuances of the data set through the elaboration of templates, which based the further discussion and conclusions of the work. Research Findings: The empirical findings confirmed the relevance of a number of constructs identified in the theoretical framework, defining how the context influences the decision making that takes place in the prioritization of programmes in the development aid sector. Specifically, the results highlight the relevance of the governancestructure, the bounded rationality of decision makers, specific characteristics of the decision, country peculiarities, and the different sources of uncertainty. Moreover, the relationships between these factors were highlighted through a relationship network diagram that clearly identifies the complex interrelations between these factors and theirsub-themes. Research Delimitations and Limitations: The delimitations in this study are characterized as the choices made by the researchers on the parameters considered and mentioned, setting the boundaries for the investigation. From a methodological standpoint, by using the single case study method, the findings and conclusion of the present research applies majorly to the organization studied. Originality / Value: This research advances the portfolio management literature on the field of international development aid and expands the understanding of how the aspects of this unique environment influences the decision making of assigning priorities to projects and programmes. Furthermore, the research draws attention to the different sources of uncertainties originating from the context, inherent of these types oforganizations.

A adoção de métodos ágeis é uma forma eficaz de reduzir o ciclo de entrega no desenvolvimento de software, fornecendo software de qualidade em curto espaço de tempo. Porém, a adoção desta nova abordagem de desenvolvimento de software torna necessário repensar a forma de medir e controlar os projetos. Os métodos ágeis não tratam claramente sobre os assuntos utilização de métricas e adoção de um processo de medição para projetos de softwares desta natureza, faltando estudos que tragam recomendações em como estabelecer métricas para projetos ágeis e como adotar um processo de medição compatível com esta abordagem. Visando contribuir neste sentido esta tese tem como objetivo definir um conjunto de métricas adequadas às necessidades de monitoramento e propor um processo de medição, compatível com a abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento de software. Como método de pesquisa foi realizado um trabalho exploratório através de revisão de literatura e de pesquisa de campo com entrevista em profundidade em empresas de desenvolvimento de software experientes em métodos ágeis. O primeiro resultado do trabalho é a apresentação de um conjunto de métricas consolidados para auxiliar na gestão de projetos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software nas fases de projeto/releases, iteração e diário. As métricas são especificadas detalhadamente contendo as informações necessárias para seu entendimento e aplicação. Posteriormente é proposto um processo de medição compatível com a abordagem ágil de desenvolvimento de software, visando apoiar as empresas que adotam métodos ágeis na definição de métricas adequadas para suas necessidades de medição e no monitoramento. O processo contempla as fases de planejamento de medição, monitoramento da iteração, ações da iteração, monitoramento do projeto/releases, ações sobre o projeto/releases e avaliação final, sendo que em cada fase do processo são apresentadas recomendações para a sua implantação. O processo está estruturado num ciclo de gestão baseado em etapas de planejar, executar, verificar, atuar, refletir e melhorar, respeitando as características dos projetos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software, e na proposição de um quadro visual de monitoramento que permita a gestão do processo de medição de forma visual. Além dos resultados apresentados foram deixadas hipoteses e recomendações para trabalhos futuros. / The adoption of agile methods is effective way to reduce the delivery cycle on software development, providing quality software in a short time. However, the adoption of this new approach to software development is necessary rethink how to measure and control projects. Agile methods not explain about adoption metrics and measurement process for software projects of this approach, lacking studies providing recommendations on how to establish metrics for agile projects and how to adopt a process measurement compatible with this approach. Contributing this thesis goal produce a set of metrics adequate monitoring needs and propose a measurement processcompatible with agile software development. Method of research was exploratory through literature review and field research with depth interviews in experienced software development companies in agile methods. The first result of this work is the presentation of a consolidated metrics set to help the management of agile development at the phases of project/releases, iteration and daily. The metrics are specified detailed containing the information necessary for their understanding and application. Later we propose a measurement process compatible with agile approach to software development, to support businesses that adopt agile methods in defining adequate metrics for your measurement needs and monitoring. The process include the steps of measurement planning, monitoring of the iteration, the iteration actions, monitoring project/releases, actions on the project/releases and final evaluation, in each stage of the process provides recommendations for implementation. The process is structured in a management cycle based on steps to plan, implement, check, act, reflect and improve, respecting the characteristics of agile software development projects and propose a visual tracking board that allows for the management of the measurement process. In addition to the results were allowed hypotheses and recommendations for future work.

Neste trabalho apresentamos o conceito de desenvolvimento atípico; um texto de referência para o ensino de funções voltado para o 9ª ano, dois modelos didáticos de avaliação formativa, levando em consideração a diversidade do educando e uma palestra motivacional e instrutiva sobre educação inclusiva. Atualmente o ensino da Matemática está voltado para uma apresentação estritamente formal, sem levar em consideração o desenvolvimento do aluno no processo de ensino aprendizagem, quantizando o aprendizado segundo padrões. Nosso objetivo é promover uma aprendizagem significativa pelo aluno, abandonando o uso de fórmulas decoradas, prezando o raciocínio lógico e analisar se o uso de estratégias diferenciadas como: jogos, listas personalizadas, laboratório de matemática são capazes de motivar o aluno, em especial os casos de desenvolvimento atípico, a desejar ser parte da turma e trabalhar em função do seu progresso. / In this work we present the concept of atypical development; a reference text for teaching towards facing the 9th grade, two educational models of formative assessment, taking into consideration the student\'s diversity and motivational and instructive lecture on inclusive education. Currently teaching mathematics is aimed at a strict presentation, regardless of the student\'s development in the teaching and learning process, quantizing the standard learning. Our goal is to promote meaningful learning by the student, abandoning the use of decorated formulas, valuing logical reasoning and examine whether the use of different strategies as games, custom lists, math lab are able to motivate the student with special cases of atypical development, to wish to be part of the class and work according to their progress.

M.A. / Development administrators in the Third World, whether attached to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or Third World governments, face the same kind of problems. Considering the high failure rate of "development" in Third World countries, the major challenge is to implement development programmes effectively. Development in the Third World is highly complex due to a vast variety of regional variations in terms of historical, economic and political factors, and diverse cultures and traditions, etcetera, crammed together in states that were initiated and demarcated by the previous colonial powers of the Western world. Implementing Western development policies successfully in the Third World without taking the above diversity into consideration has detrimental and stagnating results. This study highlights some causes, elements and the consequences of inertia. The purpose is to make administrators, organizations and governments aware of the negative effect of this phenomenon. A literary review indicates that inertia exists virtually in all development circumstances, and if inertia is ignored, it will inhibit the effective and efficient implementation of development programmmes. This finding is substantiated by the experiences of the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), indicated in case studies from the Northern Province of South Africa. These case studies revealed certain elements of inertia that not only delay the execution of RDP projects, but also underline the nature of financial burdens as a result thereof. Furthermore, the different types of pathology in the Third World, such as the patrimonial state and Sultanism, create a situation full of loopholes allowing inertia to take its toll. The impact of these "types" of government is highlighted by the excessive centralization of decision-making, the sheer size of the civil services as well as the obsession of political leaders in the Third World to obtain power and self-enrichment. Inertia is like an octopus that spreads its tentacles to all spheres of civil service operations and has a detrimental impact on the effective implementation of development projects. The operation of civil services in the Third World not only delays the processing of development policies, but has a negative impact on the attitude of civil servants as well. The findings are substantiated by the consequences of the rigid rules and regulations in the civil service as well as the inadequacy of civil servants to operate efficiently. The implementation of the recommendations of this study to eliminate inertia calls for a review of development strategies used by developers in order to successfully address the highlighted practical problems of implementation.

M.Ed. / With the democratic government in place in 1994, many donor agents put a lot of money into rural community development. This was done with the hope of addressing disparities that were caused by the apartheid era. Yet the availability of funds for rural communities has often not resulted in development as anticipated. This study looks at how community development projects should be planned, implemented and monitored. A case study of the Boschkop sanitation project has been used. In this case interviews, documents and observations (to a limited extent) were used to gather information. Two members of the Regional Sanitation Task Team, three Project Steering Committee members, three community members and two trainers were interviewed. Documents, ranging from the business plan to the closure report, were used. The data were analysed using the constant comparative method. From the data analysis it became apparent that the Boschkop sanitation project was not successful. The project was implemented over a very short period of time. There was not sufficient education on the project as the participants were not afforded the opportunity to apply what they had learned immediately. The community was not involved in making decisions and somehow they do not think they own the project. The study shows that reckless disbursement of money is not necessarily a solution to a problem. For rural community development projects to be successful there should be sufficient time allowed, a period of at least twelve months, to allow the participants to be actively involved right from the inception of the project to its evaluation. During the planning phase all the stakeholders have to indicate what it is they would like the project to achieve. Indicators of success have to be agreed upon