Atualmente, a videira Niagara Rosada é a variedade de uva de mesa mais cultivada no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Contudo, sua produtividade e custo de produção têm sido afetados pela ocorrência de doenças fúngicas, principalmente o míldio, causado pelo fungo Plasmopara viticola. Para o controle dessa doença, têm sido feitas pulverizações com fungicidas, as quais muitas vezes em excesso. Dentre as variáveis meteorológicas que influenciam a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas nas plantas, a duração do período de molhamento (DPM) é uma das mais importantes. A presença de molhamento sobre a superfície das plantas provê a água requerida pelos patógenos para o processo de germinação e infecção do tecido foliar. Visando a subsidiar sistemas agrometeorológicos de alerta fitossanitário, cuja finalidade é possibilitar a racionalização do uso de fungicidas, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: determinar a posição da videira com a DPM mais longa e sua relação com a DPM medida na posição padrão, a 30 cm de altura sobre o gramado; avaliar a estimativa da DPM sobre o gramado por diferentes modelos a partir de dados meteorológicos obtidos em uma estação meteorológica padrão e verificar as relações entre a DPM estimada para o gramado e a DPM medida no vinhedo; e correlacionar a epidemiologia do míldio (P. viticola) durante o ciclo da videira Niagara Rosada, sem controle químico, com as variáveis DPM medida no vinhedo (posição da videira com a DPM mais longa), DPM estimada na posição padrão sobre o gramado pelo melhor modelo, assim como com outras variáveis meteorológicas. A DPM foi medida em posição padrão sobre o gramado e em quatro diferentes posições da videira: topo da planta com a face superior do sensor voltada para sudoeste e nordeste (Topo-SW e Topo-NE) e altura dos cachos de uva com a face superior do sensor voltada para sudoeste e nordeste (Dossel-SW e Dossel-NE). A epidemiologia do míldio foi avaliada sem controle químico, utilizando-se escala de notas de 0 a 4, com nove níveis de severidade, para as folhas e cachos da videira. No estudo da variabilidade espacial da DPM, não houve diferença significativa entre a parte mais alta (1,6 m) e a parte mais baixa (1,0 m) da videira, assim como entre as faces sudoeste e nordeste das plantas. Ao se analisar a relação entre a DPM sobre o gramado e a DPM nas diferentes posições da videira obtida por meio de regressão linear simples, observou-se uma boa correlação, com R2 = 0,88. Na avaliação dos modelos de estimativa da DPM, o modelo CART foi o que teve o melhor desempenho sobre o gramado, sendo que esta estimativa também apresentou uma boa correlação com a DPM medida no interior do vinhedo. Isso permitiu concluir que é possível estimar a DPM no vinhedo de Niagara Rosada a partir de medidas ou estimativas da DPM na estação meteorológica padrão. Na modelagem do desenvolvimento do míldio, a DPM esteve presente nas melhores correlações com a severidade do míldio na videira Niagara Rosada, mostrando a grande importância desta variável para a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas nos vinhedos. / Nowadays, the \'Niagara Rosada\' grapevine is the most cultivated table grape variety in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. However, yield and production cost of this grapevine have been affected by fungal diseases, mainly downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola fungus. For controlling this disease, producers have been applied an excessive number of sprays with fungicides. Among the meteorological variables that influence the occurrence of fungal plant diseases, leaf wetness duration (LWD) is one of the most important. The wetness presence on plant surface provides the water required by the phatogens to germinate and to infect leaf tissues. Aiming to subsidize the plant disease warning systems, which has as purpose to rationalize the use of fungicides in the vineyards, the objectives of the present study were: to determine the canopy position of the Niagara Rosada table grape with longer LWD and its correlation with measured standard LWD over turfgrass; to estimate LWD over turfgrass considering different models with data from a standard weather station, and to evaluate the correlation between estimated LWD over turfgrass and LWD measured in the vineyard; and to correlate downy mildew occurrence in the vineyard, without chemical control, with measured LWD at the vineyard (canopy position with longer LWD), with estimated LWD in standard condition over turfgrass for the best model, and with other meteorological variables. LWD was measured in standard condition over turfgrass and in four different canopy positions of the vineyard: at the top of the plants, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Top-SW and Top-NE), and at the grape bunches height, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Bottom-SW and Bottom-NE). The downy mildew epidemiology during the grapevine cycle was evaluated without chemical control, using scores ranging from 0 to 4, with nine severity levels, for leaves and bunches of grapevine. When the spatial variability of LWD was studied, no significant difference was observed between the top (1.6 m) and the bottom (1.0 m) of the canopy and also between the southwest and northeast face of the plants. The analysis of the relationship between standard LWD over turfgrass and crop LWD in different positions of the grape canopy showed a define correlation (R2 = 0.88). Among the LWD estimative methods, CART was the one with the best performance to estimate LWD over turfgrass. The results from this model also presented a good correlation with measured LWD inside the vineyard, showing that LWD can be estimated for this crop with data from a nearby standard weather station. For the downy mildew modeling, LWD also present the best correlations with disease severity in the \'Niagara Rosada\' vineyard, showing the great importance of this variable for fungal diseases occurrence in this crop.

La présence de buée sur des surfaces transparentes altère la transmission de la lumière. La buée est un ensemble de gouttes condensées sur une surface froide. Ces gouttes absorbent, réfléchissent et diffractent la lumière, réduisant la transparence de la surface sur laquelle elles se sont formées. Ce phénomène peut, en fonction des applications, causer des problèmes esthétiques et de sécurité. Une solution répandue dans le secteur industriel est l’utilisation de revêtements chimiques. Mais cette approche à un coût ; elle oblige à ajouter une nouvelle étape sur la chaine de production. Une autre solution, celle choisie durant ce doctorat, est l’approche topographique. En contrôlant la topographie par texturation de surface, les propriétés de mouillage peuvent être pilotées. Ainsi, des surfaces antibuées peuvent être développées. En fonction de la surface initiale, deux mécanismes sont possibles. Sur des surfaces hydrophiles, la création d’un film liquide uniforme remplaçant les gouttes d’eau est à privilégier. Avec ce type de film, la surface conserve de bonnes propriétés de transparence. Si la surface est plutôt hydrophobe, l’idée est de favoriser le déperlement des gouttes et ainsi d’évacuer l’eau le plus rapidement possible. Les travaux de ce doctorat portent sur le développement d’un traitement de surface topographique par injection plastique. Ce traitement vise à supprimer l’impact optique de la buée sur les surfaces en polycarbonate transparent des phares automobiles. L’une des contraintes majeures de ces travaux est de concevoir des texturations de surfaces facilement industrialisables. Les moyens de texturations doivent être adaptés. / The presence of dew on transparent pieces impairs light transmission. Dew is a group of droplets condensed on cold surfaces. These droplets absorb, reflect and diffract light, reducing condensation surface transparency. This can cause aesthetic or security issues. The most widely used method currently for improving transparency of surfaces covered with dew is to apply anti-fog chemical coatings. These coatings suppress the whitish opaque layer caused by condensation by reducing the surface tension of water droplets, causing them to disperse into a thin liquid sheet. However, this solution is expensive. It is adding a step in the production line. Surface texturing offers a viable alternative to the use of chemicals. Controlling the surface topography by modifying textured allows wetting property management. This approach, chosen during this PhD thesis, allows the design of anti-fog surfaces. Depending on the surface, two droplets suppression mechanisms are possible. On hydrophilic surfaces, liquid sheet formation replacing droplets has to be favored. If the surface is hydrophobic, droplets sliding off should be increased, thus water evacuation will be faster. Our work consists in the development of a topographical surface treatment by molding injection. The aim is to limit the optical impact of the dew on transparent polycarbonate surfaces of car headlights. The major constraint of this work is to design easy industrialized textured surfaces. Production means must be adapted.

This Thesis is focused on the study of the problem of condensation on the inner surface of Fullrigaren building’s large single pane window. This has serious consequences as water on the floor, corrosion or mould growth. As the climate in Nordic countries is cold for several months a year, windows are a crucial part in building envelopes. Condensation on a window may be suitably discussed only with respect to the climate considered as cold, moderate and warm climates pose different requirements on the windows, and this is why a characterization of Gävle by its climate is necessary. This Thesis will include the energy analysis of the staircase considered which is required to understand the source of the actual problem. Both heat and moisture transfer will be studied. In this purpose, an IDA model will be built to simulate the conditions throughout the year and hand-made calculations will be done for the average and most critical situations. The results show that condensation will already occur for the monthlyaverage conditions having as an additional problem that if temperature drops below zero it will freeze. Results will also be compared to an initial installation of a 2 pane window reaching as a conclusion that its original installation would had avoided the problems for most of the time. The Thesis will end with several proposals posed to solve the problem by either increasing the temperature or reducing the moisture content of the ambient air, and the selection of the best one. The final aim of the Thesis is to achieve an energy efficient window which should provide good lighting during the day and good thermal comfort both during day and night at minimum demand of paid energy. And for this, the selection of the electrically heated window is proposed.

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is commonly used on golf course greens and fairways in cool-humid regions but is plagued by numerous fungal diseases, one of which is dollar spot disease (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett). Dollar spot occurs frequently throughout the growing season requiring biweekly fungicide applications for complete control. The objective of this study was to investigate methods of reducing the number of fungicide applications needed to maintain dollar spot at acceptable levels through dew removal and potential mechanisms of resistance in bentgrass. In the first study, a combination of mowing three times a week and dragging by hose the remaining four days to remove dew was used in an attempt to reduce disease severity. The main effect of this combination treatment was not significant (p>0.05) and did not reduce the number of fungicide applications compared to normal mowing three times a week. However, dollar spot was managed curatively with 20-80% fewer applications compared to a normal preventative fungicide program. In the second experiment, two experimental germplasms with varying disease resistance were tested for the possible production of antifungal compounds known as phytoanticipins. Preliminary results indicate the resistant line may contain compounds not present in the susceptible line.

Thèse (M.A.) -- Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. [160]-170. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Atualmente, a videira Niagara Rosada é a variedade de uva de mesa mais cultivada no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Contudo, sua produtividade e custo de produção têm sido afetados pela ocorrência de doenças fúngicas, principalmente o míldio, causado pelo fungo Plasmopara viticola. Para o controle dessa doença, têm sido feitas pulverizações com fungicidas, as quais muitas vezes em excesso. Dentre as variáveis meteorológicas que influenciam a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas nas plantas, a duração do período de molhamento (DPM) é uma das mais importantes. A presença de molhamento sobre a superfície das plantas provê a água requerida pelos patógenos para o processo de germinação e infecção do tecido foliar. Visando a subsidiar sistemas agrometeorológicos de alerta fitossanitário, cuja finalidade é possibilitar a racionalização do uso de fungicidas, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: determinar a posição da videira com a DPM mais longa e sua relação com a DPM medida na posição padrão, a 30 cm de altura sobre o gramado; avaliar a estimativa da DPM sobre o gramado por diferentes modelos a partir de dados meteorológicos obtidos em uma estação meteorológica padrão e verificar as relações entre a DPM estimada para o gramado e a DPM medida no vinhedo; e correlacionar a epidemiologia do míldio (P. viticola) durante o ciclo da videira Niagara Rosada, sem controle químico, com as variáveis DPM medida no vinhedo (posição da videira com a DPM mais longa), DPM estimada na posição padrão sobre o gramado pelo melhor modelo, assim como com outras variáveis meteorológicas. A DPM foi medida em posição padrão sobre o gramado e em quatro diferentes posições da videira: topo da planta com a face superior do sensor voltada para sudoeste e nordeste (Topo-SW e Topo-NE) e altura dos cachos de uva com a face superior do sensor voltada para sudoeste e nordeste (Dossel-SW e Dossel-NE). A epidemiologia do míldio foi avaliada sem controle químico, utilizando-se escala de notas de 0 a 4, com nove níveis de severidade, para as folhas e cachos da videira. No estudo da variabilidade espacial da DPM, não houve diferença significativa entre a parte mais alta (1,6 m) e a parte mais baixa (1,0 m) da videira, assim como entre as faces sudoeste e nordeste das plantas. Ao se analisar a relação entre a DPM sobre o gramado e a DPM nas diferentes posições da videira obtida por meio de regressão linear simples, observou-se uma boa correlação, com R2 = 0,88. Na avaliação dos modelos de estimativa da DPM, o modelo CART foi o que teve o melhor desempenho sobre o gramado, sendo que esta estimativa também apresentou uma boa correlação com a DPM medida no interior do vinhedo. Isso permitiu concluir que é possível estimar a DPM no vinhedo de Niagara Rosada a partir de medidas ou estimativas da DPM na estação meteorológica padrão. Na modelagem do desenvolvimento do míldio, a DPM esteve presente nas melhores correlações com a severidade do míldio na videira Niagara Rosada, mostrando a grande importância desta variável para a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas nos vinhedos. / Nowadays, the \'Niagara Rosada\' grapevine is the most cultivated table grape variety in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. However, yield and production cost of this grapevine have been affected by fungal diseases, mainly downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola fungus. For controlling this disease, producers have been applied an excessive number of sprays with fungicides. Among the meteorological variables that influence the occurrence of fungal plant diseases, leaf wetness duration (LWD) is one of the most important. The wetness presence on plant surface provides the water required by the phatogens to germinate and to infect leaf tissues. Aiming to subsidize the plant disease warning systems, which has as purpose to rationalize the use of fungicides in the vineyards, the objectives of the present study were: to determine the canopy position of the Niagara Rosada table grape with longer LWD and its correlation with measured standard LWD over turfgrass; to estimate LWD over turfgrass considering different models with data from a standard weather station, and to evaluate the correlation between estimated LWD over turfgrass and LWD measured in the vineyard; and to correlate downy mildew occurrence in the vineyard, without chemical control, with measured LWD at the vineyard (canopy position with longer LWD), with estimated LWD in standard condition over turfgrass for the best model, and with other meteorological variables. LWD was measured in standard condition over turfgrass and in four different canopy positions of the vineyard: at the top of the plants, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Top-SW and Top-NE), and at the grape bunches height, with sensors facing southwest and northeast (Bottom-SW and Bottom-NE). The downy mildew epidemiology during the grapevine cycle was evaluated without chemical control, using scores ranging from 0 to 4, with nine severity levels, for leaves and bunches of grapevine. When the spatial variability of LWD was studied, no significant difference was observed between the top (1.6 m) and the bottom (1.0 m) of the canopy and also between the southwest and northeast face of the plants. The analysis of the relationship between standard LWD over turfgrass and crop LWD in different positions of the grape canopy showed a define correlation (R2 = 0.88). Among the LWD estimative methods, CART was the one with the best performance to estimate LWD over turfgrass. The results from this model also presented a good correlation with measured LWD inside the vineyard, showing that LWD can be estimated for this crop with data from a nearby standard weather station. For the downy mildew modeling, LWD also present the best correlations with disease severity in the \'Niagara Rosada\' vineyard, showing the great importance of this variable for fungal diseases occurrence in this crop.

[pt] Recentemente, a umidade vem sendo um dos parâmetros cujas necessidades de medição e controle mais se desenvolvem especialmente em processos os farmacêuticos, de biotecnologia, automobilísticos, além de instalações de ar condicionado. A necessidade de expansão da rede de laboratórios de calibração de umidade, rastreados à Rede Brasileira de Calibração, torna-se cada vez maior para atender a demanda da indústria, além de contribuir para a melhoria dos níveis de incerteza de medição. Este trabalho tem como objetivo uma análise crítica das diferentes metodologias de medição de umidade para uso em laboratórios de calibração. Foram avaliadas as mais utilizadas expressões para a pressão parcial de vapor, visando o cálculo de umidade, e foi realizada uma comparação com a formulação de Sonntag, a mais aceita na comunidade metrológica internacional. Foi também analisada uma comparação entre alguns dos softwares disponíveis na internet para o cálculo dos principais parâmetros de umidade, tomando como referência a mesma formulação. Dentre os fatores de possível influência nas medições de umidade, foi avaliado o comportamento da mistura ar seco-vapor d´água como gás ideal e real, bem com as alterações na composição do ar. Foi feita uma análise das principais fontes de incerteza de medição seguindo a metodologia de medição de umidade a partir da temperatura de ponto de orvalho. Finalmente, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar aos laboratórios de calibração de umidade uma análise crítica das metodologias disponíveis para medição de umidade, juntamente com as incertezas alcançadas. / [en] Recently, the need of humidity measurement and control has been shown to be of growing interest, especially in processes like pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, automotives, as well as in air conditioning installations. Increasing the number of laboratories, which are traceable to the Brazilian Calibration Network, is a requirement for attending the industry demands, besides contributing towards improving the measurement uncertainty level. This work has as an objective to critically analyze different methods for humidity measurement, to be used by calibration laboratories. The mostly used expressions for calculating vapor partial pressure were evaluated, aiming humidity determination in comparison with Sonntag´s one, the most accepted formulation by the international metrological community. Also, a comparison was made between different softwares, which were available through internet, for calculating the most important humidity parameters, in comparison with results obtained by the same formulation. Among several factors, the dry air and water vapor mixture properties were calculated, considering it as an ideal or a real one, as well as the effect air composition changes on humidity measurement. The contribution of several sources of errors on the combined uncertainty of humidity measurement was examined, following the methodology that uses the dew point as a starting measurement parameter. Finally, the objective of this work is to present the humidity calibration laboratories a critical analysis of the available methodologies for measuring humidity, together with the achieved uncertainties.

Diploma thesis submit processing and evaluation of experiment which was made at University of Hertfordshire. Aim of this experiment was practically confirm and compare efficiency of drying bottles with blower and compressor. The next purpose was to suggest solution against recondensation on dry surface of bottles. Diploma thesis involves also economy calculation. In the diploma thesis was described issues of drying and condensation, realized analysis of drying equipment and methods of air conditioning. As the most suitable and the most cost effective way of drying was at the base on experiment and energy and economy calculation chosen tested turbo blower 587. As the solution, against recondenzation was created anticondensation tunnel. As the most suitable way for condition the dew point inside the tunnel for require value was chosen desiccant rotor Munters.

This article studies the possibility of perpetrator trauma in Edwidge Danticat's The Dew Breaker. The article gives a brief historical background of the political violence in Haiti that occurred under the Duvalier dictatorship and focuses specifically on the role of Tonton Macoutes, the violent enforcers of much of Duvalier's oppression. Drawing on trauma theory, the article argues that perpetrators have been very little studied within trauma studies because of the possible moral implications of giving research time to individuals who have often chosen their own path of violence. Along with theorists such as Kali Tal and Dominick LaCapra, this article investigates the difficult position of perpetrators who are also victims or those who have been traumatized in the act of violence. The paper finally argues that perpetrators may benefit from the opportunity to work through their trauma in the same way that victims work through trauma as a means of healing. In making this argument, this article shows the need for trauma theorists to study perpetrators in addition to current studies on victims and also shows an in depth study of the main character and primary perpetrator in The Dew Breaker.

A modified dew point method for measuring vapor pressures of condensed phases is applied to solid mixtures of benzene and cyclohexane. From the measured vapor pressures, activity coefficients and excess Gibbs energies are derived. Much less accurate information about excess entropy and excess enthalpy is obtained. A comparison is made with the known properties of liquid mixtures of the same molecules. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)