O mercado consumidor está cada vez mais propenso a exigir posturas corporativas sustentáveis das organizações. Nesse sentido, muitos estudos têm sido realizados sobre a incorporação destes conceitos nas organizações. A literatura apresenta diversos benefícios disponíveis para empresas com iniciativas ecologicamente corretas como benefícios financeiros, mercadológicos, valorização das ações da empresa e geração de inovações em produtos e processos, construindo vantagens absolutas sobre outras organizações. Esses benefícios têm desencadeado uma série de iniciativas voltadas para a integração de aspectos ambientais no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, particularmente, em grandes empresas. Este tipo de inovação envolve uma série de práticas, modelos de negócio e mudanças no pensamento individual e organizacional. No entanto, na maioria das empresas, prevalecem atitudes pontuais nos seus processos, com tolerância para atitudes de redução ou minimização da poluição. Estas posturas evidenciam que, apesar dos benefícios descritos, muitas empresas ainda resistem à implementação destas práticas, revelando que esta resistência pode residir nos custos ou na complexidade de implementação destas práticas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise sobre como ocorre a integração de aspectos ambientais no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP). Para tanto, estruturou-se uma pesquisa com base na teoria vigente e na condução de um estudo de caso múltiplo com duas unidades de análise. Com o estudo de caso, o trabalho busca responder as questões de pesquisa relacionadas à como ocorre a escolha e a incorporação de métodos e/ou ferramentas de apoio no PDP. A principal conclusão do estudo é que questões como contexto mercadológico, porte, setor de atuação, severidade da legislação ambiental no setor, cultura organizacional e nível/estágio de implementação do DfE contingenciam as formas de Integração de aspectos ambientais no PDP, apontando para a necessidade de criação de um modelo contingencial para este processo. / The consumer market is increasingly likely to require sustainable corporate postures from the organizations. Many studies have been conducted on the incorporation of these concepts in organizations. The literature presents many benefits available to companies with green initiatives as financial and marketing benefits, the valuation of the company\'s stocks and products and processes innovations, creating competitive advantage. These benefits have sparked many initiatives aimed at product development focused on environmental issues, specially, in large companies. This type of innovation involves a series of methods, business models and changes in individual and organizational thinking. However, in most companies, prevail specific attitudes in their processes, with tolerance for attitudes of pollution reduction or minimization. These attitudes show that, despite the benefits described, many companies still resist the implementation of these methods, revealing that resistance may reside in costs or complexity of implementing these methods. In this context, this study aims to conduct an analysis on how the integration of environmental issues in Product Development Process (PDP) occurs. To do so, a research was structured based on current theory and conducting a multiple case study with two units of analysis. With the case study, the work seeks to answer research questions related to how does the selection and incorporation of methods and/or tools in the PDP occurs. The main conclusion of the study is that issues such as marketing context, size, sector of operation, severity of environmental legislation in the sector, organizational culture and level/stage of implementation of DfE sets out the forms of integration of environmental aspects in the PDP, pointing to the need to establish a contingency model for this process.

O mercado consumidor está cada vez mais propenso a exigir posturas corporativas sustentáveis das organizações. Nesse sentido, muitos estudos têm sido realizados sobre a incorporação destes conceitos nas organizações. A literatura apresenta diversos benefícios disponíveis para empresas com iniciativas ecologicamente corretas como benefícios financeiros, mercadológicos, valorização das ações da empresa e geração de inovações em produtos e processos, construindo vantagens absolutas sobre outras organizações. Esses benefícios têm desencadeado uma série de iniciativas voltadas para a integração de aspectos ambientais no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, particularmente, em grandes empresas. Este tipo de inovação envolve uma série de práticas, modelos de negócio e mudanças no pensamento individual e organizacional. No entanto, na maioria das empresas, prevalecem atitudes pontuais nos seus processos, com tolerância para atitudes de redução ou minimização da poluição. Estas posturas evidenciam que, apesar dos benefícios descritos, muitas empresas ainda resistem à implementação destas práticas, revelando que esta resistência pode residir nos custos ou na complexidade de implementação destas práticas. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise sobre como ocorre a integração de aspectos ambientais no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP). Para tanto, estruturou-se uma pesquisa com base na teoria vigente e na condução de um estudo de caso múltiplo com duas unidades de análise. Com o estudo de caso, o trabalho busca responder as questões de pesquisa relacionadas à como ocorre a escolha e a incorporação de métodos e/ou ferramentas de apoio no PDP. A principal conclusão do estudo é que questões como contexto mercadológico, porte, setor de atuação, severidade da legislação ambiental no setor, cultura organizacional e nível/estágio de implementação do DfE contingenciam as formas de Integração de aspectos ambientais no PDP, apontando para a necessidade de criação de um modelo contingencial para este processo. / The consumer market is increasingly likely to require sustainable corporate postures from the organizations. Many studies have been conducted on the incorporation of these concepts in organizations. The literature presents many benefits available to companies with green initiatives as financial and marketing benefits, the valuation of the company\'s stocks and products and processes innovations, creating competitive advantage. These benefits have sparked many initiatives aimed at product development focused on environmental issues, specially, in large companies. This type of innovation involves a series of methods, business models and changes in individual and organizational thinking. However, in most companies, prevail specific attitudes in their processes, with tolerance for attitudes of pollution reduction or minimization. These attitudes show that, despite the benefits described, many companies still resist the implementation of these methods, revealing that resistance may reside in costs or complexity of implementing these methods. In this context, this study aims to conduct an analysis on how the integration of environmental issues in Product Development Process (PDP) occurs. To do so, a research was structured based on current theory and conducting a multiple case study with two units of analysis. With the case study, the work seeks to answer research questions related to how does the selection and incorporation of methods and/or tools in the PDP occurs. The main conclusion of the study is that issues such as marketing context, size, sector of operation, severity of environmental legislation in the sector, organizational culture and level/stage of implementation of DfE sets out the forms of integration of environmental aspects in the PDP, pointing to the need to establish a contingency model for this process.

O aumento das exigências ambientais pela sociedade, mercado e legislação vem forçando os acadêmicos a buscarem formas de reduzir os impactos ambientais do produto durante todo o seu ciclo de vida. A integração de ferramentas de ecodesign no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP) visa melhorar os requisitos ambientais do produto sem comprometer o seu desempenho, custo e características. Apesar dessa tendência, as estruturas de PDP não incorporam práticas ambientais de forma adequada. Assim, esse trabalho objetiva integrar práticas de ecodesign em uma estrutura de PDP. Para atingir esse propósito foi empregada uma análise sistemática da literatura mesclando técnicas de análise bibliométrica e de redes sociais, diagramas, mapeamento de 154 métodos de ecodesign, análise das características e questões ambientais de 80 estruturas de PDP e sistematização de 365 aspectos ambientais no PDP. Os resultados demonstram que as estruturas de PDP não enfatizam as fases de pré-desenvolvimento e pós-desenvolvimento que têm importância para redução do impacto ambiental. Portanto, foi elaborada uma proposta detalhada de integração analisando as características e contribuição de cada aspecto ambiental para minimizar o impacto ambiental do produto e sua relação com a função de cada tarefa do PDP. Na avaliação da proposta, verificou-se que nas fases de projeto conceitual e projeto detalhado houve menor aceitação quanto ao momento da integração dos aspectos ambientais, devido à interface dessas fases. Já no planejamento estratégico de projetos, planejamento de projeto e projeto informacional ocorreu desvio padrão alto nas notas, indicando divergência de opinião dos especialistas sobre o tema. Conclui-se que esse trabalho engloba um conjunto de práticas de ecodesign para suportar a tomada de decisão no PDP com objetivo de reduzir o impacto ambiental do produto durante todo o ciclo de vida. / The society, market and legislation demands for sustainability have grown then academics have to revisit the issue and to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of the product during its life cycle. The integration of ecodesign tools in the Product Development Process (PDP) aiming at the improvement the product environmental requirements without compromising its performance, cost or characteristics. However, in spite of this tendency, the structures of PDP still do not incorporate environmental practices in their activities in a proper manner. Therefore, the proposal of this work is integrating ecodesign practices in the tasks of PDP structure. To achieve this purpose was used the systematic literature review linking techniques such as bibliometric and social networking analysis, diagrams, mapping 154 ecodesign methods, analysis of the characteristics and environmental issues of 80 PDP structures and systematization of 365 environmental aspects in the PDP. The results demonstrate that the PDP structures do not emphasize the phases of pre-development and post-development that are important to reduce environmental impact. Therefore, a detailed proposal for integration was developed by analyzing the characteristics and contribution of each environmental aspect to minimize the environmental impact of the product and its relation to the function of each task of the PDP. In assessing the proposal, it was found that the phases of conceptual design and detailed design were less accepted about time of integration of environmental aspects, due to the interface of these phases. In the strategic planning of projects, project planning and informational project were a high standard deviation in the experts evaluation, indicating divergence of opinion on the theme. In conclusion, this work includes a set of ecodesign practices to support decision making in the PDP in order to reduce the environmental impact of the product throughout its life cycle.

Afin d’aider les concepteurs à considérer l’environnement dans leur projet de conception de produit, tout en minimisant le temps consacré à cette démarche, une évaluation environnementale simplifiée utilisable dès la phase de conception préliminaire a été définie. La démarche proposée vise à intégrer les règles « Design for Environment » (DfE) au plus tôt dans la conception des produits, en proposant une méthode d’évaluation qui traduit ces règles DfE en indicateurs. Pour mener à bien ce travail de thèse, il nous a fallu construire une base des données des Règles DfE, établir une méthode de choix des règles en fonctions du contexte du projet de conception, établir les règles de calcul des indicateurs liés aux règles DfE et mettre en place des représentations adaptées pour l’interprétation des résultats lors de projets de conception. L’objectif ici est de guider le concepteur au plus tôt vers un bon compromis, par des estimations simples. Cette approche est nécessaire afin d’éviter des modifications significatives à la fin des études détaillées et ainsi de nombreuses boucles essais/erreurs en conception. Une étude de cas permet d’illustrer la démarche proposée. / To help designers to consider the environmental issues for their product design project (green concepts and other sustainable and environmental strategies) and to minimize the time spent with this approach, a simplified environmental assessment usable during the preliminary design stage has been developed.The proposed approach aims to integrate the "Design for Environment" rules (DfE rules) early in the product design while proposing a method that translates these rules into DfE indicators (quantitative value).To carry out this work, we had to: firstly build a database of DfE rules, secondly establish a method to choose these rules in the context of the design project objectives, thirdly establish calculation formula for the indicators

Design for Environment (DfE) promotes the systematic consideration of environmental aspects during product design and development. Despite the maturity of concepts and tools in literature, efficient implementation in industries is reported to be low. A need to bridge this gap is identified with studies that look on DfE practices as well as the use and potential of DfE tools. This thesis is part of a research project that investigates DfE practices and the use of tools during vehicle design and development. The aim is to investigate the ways that environmental constraints can be efficiently integrated into product development processes thus assist in improving the environmental performance of products from a life cycle perspective. The scope of the study includes four vehicle manufacturing companies in Sweden. The development and utilization of tools has been also investigated aiming to increase the opportunities for effective use within this product category. Case study methodology, research interviews and literature reviews constitute the research strategy followed in this work. The empirical results presented in this thesis indicated that vehicle manufacturing companies in Sweden are continually working to improve the environmental performance of their products and meet legal and costumer demands. Despite similarities regarding the type of environmental requirements considered, the companies studied have adopted different ways to identify and integrate environmental requirements into their product development process and use DfE tools to different extents. Such variations reflect differences in the success and maturity levels of the DfE practices adopted. A need for increased and more systematic use of tools is identified for all studied companies and especially for analytical tools. Results from the literature review showed that a variety of tools are available that have the potential to support vehicle design processes. However, only a few cover a broad set of aspects identified to be relevant from a vehicle design perspective. For DfE tools to become effective and be used during product development, they need to cover aspects that are relevant for the company and product designers. A need towards the development of tools that assist vehicle or product designers in general, to make informed and comprehensive choices based on a variety of requirements associated to the product, is identified. / Coupling Materials Environmental Analysis - Environmental Effects

For standardized environmental management systems (EMS) to be environmentally effective tools, they should affect important environmental aspects related to flows of materials and energy, which for manufacturing companies are closely connected to their products. This paper presents how external environmental auditors interpret and apply important product-related requirements of ISO 14001 at manufacturing companies in Sweden. The results indicate that the link between EMS and products is rather weak. Products are seldom regarded as significant environmental aspects and are therefore not within the main scope of many EMS, which are mainly focused on sites. However, all of the interviewed auditors require that some kind of environmental considerations be incorporated into product development, but these considerations are to large extent site oriented; how they are prioritized in relation to other factors such as economics and other customer priorities appears to be up to the companies. The paper includes some recommendations to strengthen the role of products within the framework of standardized EMS.

Humanity's activities increasingly threaten Earth's richness of life, of which mankind is a part. As part of the response, the environmentally conscious attempt to engineer products, processes and systems that interact harmoniously with the living world. Current environmental design guidance draws upon a wealth of experiences with the products of engineering that damaged humanity's environment. Efforts to create such guidelines inductively attempt to tease right action from examination of past mistakes. Unfortunately, avoidance of past errors cannot guarantee environmentally sustainable designs in the future. One needs to examine and understand an example of an environmentally sustainable, complex, multi-scale system to engineer designs with similar characteristics. This dissertation benchmarks and evaluates the efficacy of guidance from one such environmentally sustainable system resting at humanity's doorstep - the biosphere. Taking a holistic view of biomimicry, emulation of and inspiration by life, this work extracts overarching principles of life from academic life science literature using a sociological technique known as constant comparative method. It translates these principles into bio-inspired sustainable engineering guidelines. During this process, it identifies physically rooted measures and metrics that link guidelines to engineering applications. Qualitative validation for principles and guidelines takes the form of review by biology experts and comparison with existing environmentally benign design and manufacturing guidelines. Three select bio-inspired guidelines at three different organizational scales of engineering interest are quantitatively validated. Physical experiments with self-cleaning surfaces quantify the potential environmental benefits generated by applying the first, sub-product scale guideline. An interpretation of a metabolically rooted guideline applied at the product / organism organizational scale is shown to correlate with existing environmental metrics and predict a sustainability threshold. Finally, design of a carpet recycling network illustrates the quantitative environmental benefits one reaps by applying the third, multi-facility scale bio-inspired sustainability guideline. Taken as a whole, this work contributes (1) a set of biologically inspired sustainability principles for engineering, (2) a translation of these principles into measures applicable to design, (3) examples demonstrating a new, holistic form of biomimicry and (4) a deductive, novel approach to environmentally benign engineering. Life, the collection of processes that tamed and maintained themselves on planet Earth's once hostile surface, long ago confronted and solved the fundamental problems facing all organisms. Through this work, it is hoped that humanity has taken one small step toward self-mastery, thus drawing closer to a solution to the latest problem facing all organisms.

The objective of Diploma thesis is design of analysis tool for equalizers used in FMT modulation. The model of transmission channel was designed for simulations with FMT. The transmission path is modeled by test loop, which corresponds to DSL line. For this reason, some principles of DSL technology is described in the thesis. The principles of multicarrier modulation are introduced in first part. The multicarrier modulation with filter bank (FMT) is described in detail.The different methods of design the fiter bank are given and compared. Channel equalization are introduced in second part. The attention was focused on minimum mean square error filtering (MMSE). Decision feedback channel equalizer (DFE) is extended from linear MMSE equalizer. DFE equalizers were programmed in analysis tool. For computation of equalizer coeficients was used also equalizers based on adaptive algorithms and MMSE. The last part describes the results of DFE equalizers used in communication system with FMT modulation. Analysis tool was programmed in MATLAB with a graphical user interface. It allows to show mean square error, signal-to-noise ratio and transmission speed dependence on delay between original and distorted signal. Signal-to-noise ration is displayed also in individual subchannels and users can display mean square error dependence on different orders of DFE filters.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3913.pdf: 2990880 bytes, checksum: 4d26eae63ccca4196bc018988c087ba9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-26 / The objective of the present thesis is to propose and structure a method for environmental evaluation of products concepts based on DfE Strategies and AHP. The focus is on physical products, mainly consumer durable goods and capital goods. The justification for this choice is that sustainability is a big issue today, and in particular: the urgency of approaching environmental problems; its strong relationship with product development; and the need of methods and tools for addressing environmental issues at the initial phases of product design, more specifically methods for environmental evaluation of product concepts, due to its scarcity in the literature. This objective was reached in two stages. Initially, the method was structured in phases, stages and activities arranged in an orderly manner. The method was built from DfE strategies related to the product physical dimensions and expressed by the use and consumption of material resources. DfE Strategies was condensed in evaluation criteria. These criteria was subsequently related to a products environmental typology and further grouped by degree of similarity, forming a hierarchy of environmental criteria to be used with AHP. Thus, we sought to create a method applicable to a wide range of physical products and whose aim is to guide the user, step by step, in the evaluation of the concept that better fulfills DfE criteria, taking the whole life cycle of the product into account. In the second stage, the practical utility potential of the method was assessed by means of interviews and questionnaires with product development practitioners from three companies and with one DfE consultant. As a result, it was concluded that the proposed method constitutes in a contribution to the development of environmental responsible products. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo conceber e estruturar um método de avaliação ambiental de conceitos de produtos baseado nas Estratégias do DfE e no AHP, com foco nos produtos físicos, principalmente os bens de consumo duráveis e os bens de capital. A justificativa por esta escolha se deve à atualidade da temática da sustentabilidade e, em particular: à premência do tratamento da questão ambiental; sua forte dependência do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos; e à necessidade de métodos e ferramentas apropriados para se incorporar as questões ambientais nas fases iniciais do projeto do produto, mais especificamente métodos adequados à avaliação ambiental de conceitos de produtos, devido a sua escassez na literatura. Este objetivo foi alcançado por meio de duas etapas. Inicialmente, o método foi estruturado em fases, etapas e atividades, todas dispostas em uma ordem lógica. O método foi construído a partir de estratégias de DfE relacionadas à dimensão física do produto e expressas pelo uso e consumo de recursos materiais. As estratégias de DfE foram condensadas em critérios de avaliação. Tais critérios foram posteriormente relacionados com uma tipologia ambiental de produtos e depois agrupados por grau de semelhança, formando uma hierarquia de critérios ambientais para uso com o AHP. Desta maneira, buscou-se criar um método aplicável a uma gama de produtos físicos, cujo objetivo é orientar o usuário, passo a passo, na avaliação do conceito que mais bem atenda aos critérios do DfE, dentro de uma perspectiva de ciclo de vida do produto. A segunda etapa da pesquisa consistiu na avaliação do potencial de utilização prática do método por meio de entrevistas e questionários com profissionais ligados ao desenvolvimento de produtos de três empresas e com um consultor em DfE. Como resultado concluiu-se que o método proposto se constitui em uma contribuição para o desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente responsáveis.