Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T20:28:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciareginagianottifranco.pdf: 2076293 bytes, checksum: 2948894d5380690bf0e59bbdf1b8c54f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-02T14:29:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciareginagianottifranco.pdf: 2076293 bytes, checksum: 2948894d5380690bf0e59bbdf1b8c54f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T14:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciareginagianottifranco.pdf: 2076293 bytes, checksum: 2948894d5380690bf0e59bbdf1b8c54f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-20 / Introdução: Por ser idade avançada fator de risco para doença renal crônica (DRC), observa- -se hoje maior e progressiva incidência de pacientes idosos em terapia renal substitutiva (TRS). Por não haver estudos brasileiros sobre diálise peritoneal (DP) em pacientes idosos, consideramos necessário compreender tópicos nessa população. Os objetivos deste estudo são descrever uma coorte idosos em DP; avaliar fatores de risco associados à sobrevida; avaliar o impacto da pressão arterial (PA), índice de massa corporal (IMC) e anemia na sobrevida. Pacientes e Métodos: Um estudo de coorte prospectivo multicêntrico foi desenhado entre dezembro/2004 e outubro/2007. Avaliados 102 centros, com mais de dez pacientes em DP que usavam sistemas Baxter. Os dados coletados, por um médico e um enfermeiro, foram divididos em: sociodemográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais. Os pacientes foram acompanhados até óbito, transplante renal, transferência para hemodiálise (HD), recuperação da função renal ou perda de seguimento. Considerados idosos, pacientes com mais de 60 anos e, incluídos, todos os incidentes em DP que completaram 90 dias de terapia. Realizada análise descritiva dos dados expressos como média ± desvio padrão, mediana ou percentagem, conforme variáveis fossem categóricas ou numéricas (normais ou não). Normalidade foi avaliada pelo Kolmogorov Smirnov. Para comparar os grupos em relação à terapia inicial, primeiro DP vs. primeiro HD, utilizamos teste qui-quadrado ou Kruskal Wallis. Análise semelhante foi utilizada comparando pacientes em DP automatizada (DPA) vs DP ambulatorial contínua (DPAC). Dados foram comparados entre pacientes divididos de acordo com IMC através de ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis ou qui quadrado. Realizadas análise de riscos competitivos e Cox tempo dependente, considerando modalidade dialítica (DPA vs. DPAC) como variáveis dependentes, já que o risco relativo (RR) não é proporcional ao longo do tempo da terapia. Para sobrevida, utilizamos curva de Kaplan Meier e, quando necessário, log rank. Avaliamos fatores de risco associados aos principais desfechos clínicos ou óbito usando modelo de regressão de Cox. Aqueles transferidos de clínica, transferidos para HD, função renal recuperada ou transplantados foram censurados. Associação do comportamento pressórico, anemia e IMC com desfechos clínicos foi feita utilizando modelos de análise que consideram estas variáveis como modificáveis no tempo (análises de regressão tempo dependente). Realizamos joint model para dados longitudinais e tempo dependentes, avaliando o impacto que uma variável longitudinal apresenta no tempo, na sobrevida. Adotamos sempre que possível intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% e cálculo da razão de chances. Software utilizados: SPSS 15.0 e STATA 13. Resultados: 1) Média de idade em DPA 74.5 ± 6.8 anos 7 e 74.6 ± 6.7 em DPAC; 50.8% de mulheres em DPA e 54.4% em DPAC. Comorbidades: diabetes (52.3% em DPA e 47% em DPAC) e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (36.3% em DPA e 46.1% em DPAC) onde 93,6% apresentou escore de Davies ≥ 2. Com análise de Cox tempo dependente, o RR mostrou, que após o 180 mês, DPA revelou menor risco de mortalidade (RR=0.25, CI=0.073-0.86) comparada com DPAC; 2) Pacientes desnutridos (76.79 ± 7.53 anos) eram mais velhos (p = <0.0001) com maior percentual de morte (44.6%, p = 0.001); diabetes mostrou alta prevalência nos obesos (68%, p <0.0001); níveis mais elevados de PA (p = 0.002) estiveram presentes nos obesos e com sobrepeso. DPA foi mais favorável a partir do 180 mês; para cada unidade de IMC ganha, ocorre diminuição de 1% no risco de morte; aumento da PA sistólica foi protetor, chegando a 40% de diminuição do risco de morte para um slope de 1 unidade; a média inicial da hemoglobina foi fator protetor com cerca de 12% de diminuição no risco, para cada unidade de hemoglobina. Conclusões: Neste estudo observamos que a modalidade DPA é mais favorável que DPAC a partir do 18° mês de terapia e, que o aumento do IMC e da PA sistólica ao longo da terapia se mostrou protetor, assim como a hemoglobina na admissão. / Introduction: Since old age is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), we are experiencing today higher and progressive incidence of elderly patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT). As there is no Brazilian studies on peritoneal dialysis (PD) in elderly patients, we consider necessary to understand topics in this population. The objectives of this study are to describe a cohort of peritoneal dialysis elderly patients; evaluate risk factors associated with patient survival; assess the impact of blood pressure, body mass index and anemia on survival. Patients and Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study was designed from December 2004 to October 2007. Evaluated 102 centers with more than ten patients on peritoneal dialysis and who were using Baxter systems. The data filled by nurses and physicians, were divided into sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory. Patients were followed until death, kidney transplantation, hemodialysis (HD) transfer, recovery of renal function or loss of follow-up. Elderly patients were considered over 60 years of age and all PD incidents patients incidents that have completed 90 days of therapy were included. We performed a descriptive analysis of data, expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median, or percentage, as the variables were categorical or numerical (normal or not). Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To compare the groups regarding initial therapy, first PD vs. HD first, we used the chi-square or Kruskal Wallis. A similar analysis was used to compare patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) vs continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Data were compared between the patients divided according to body mass index (BMI) or blood pressure levels by ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis or the chi square. Competitive risk analysis and time-dependent Cox were performed, considering the dialysis modality (DPA vs. APD) as dependent variables, since HR is not proportional throughout therapy time. To analyze survival, we used the Kaplan Meier curve and the log rank, when required. We assess the risk factors associated with major clinical outcomes or death using the Cox regression model. In this analysis, those transferred from the clinic, transfer to HD, with recovery of renal function or transplant were censored. The association of blood pressure behavior, anemia and BMI with clinical outcomes was done using analysis models that consider these same variables as modified in time (time dependent regression analysis). A joint model for longitudinal data and time dependent was conducted, assessing impact of a longitudinal variable displays on survival. We adopted whenever possible the 95% confidence interval (CI) and the calculation of odds ratio. Software used: SPSS 15.0 and STATA 13. Results: 1) Mean age 74.5 ± 6.8 years in APD, 74.6 ± 6.7 in 9 CAPD, 50.8% female in APD, 54.4% in CAPD. Comorbidities: diabetes (52.3% in APD and 47% in CAPD) and left ventricular hypertrophy (36.3% in APD and 46.1% in CAPD) whereas 93.6% presented Davies score ≥ 2. In Cox time dependent analysis, HR showed that beyond 18 month, APD modality revealed lower risk of mortality (HR=0.25, CI=0.073-0.86) when compared with CAPD. 2) Malnourished patients (76.79 ± 7.53 years) were older (p = <0.0001) with higher percentage of death (44.6%, p = 0.001); diabetes showed higher prevalence in obese patients (68%, p <0.0001); higher blood pressure levels (p = 0.002) were present in obese and overweight patients. APD was a protective factor beyond 18 months; increased BMI variation over time proved to be a protective factor, with a decrease of about 1% in risk of death for every BMI unit earned; increase of systolic blood pressure is protective, reaching 40% decrease in risk of death for a slope of a unit; the mean initial hemoglobin (Hb) is protective with approximately 12% decrease in risk of death for each Hb unit. Conclusions: This study showed that APD is better than CAPD from the 18th month of therapy, and that the increase in BMI and systolic BP throughout therapy proved protective, as well as hemoglobin on admission.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-20T15:23:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianerossidossantosgrincenkov.pdf: 1213025 bytes, checksum: b2af57f28272e2723489749f892da762 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:24:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianerossidossantosgrincenkov.pdf: 1213025 bytes, checksum: b2af57f28272e2723489749f892da762 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:24:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabianerossidossantosgrincenkov.pdf: 1213025 bytes, checksum: b2af57f28272e2723489749f892da762 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-10 / Atualmente tem se buscado não apenas um prolongamento da sobrevida de pacientes com doença renal crônica, mas também uma maior valorização da qualidade de vida destes pacientes, buscando-se não somente a melhora dos aspectos físicos, mas também sociais e emocionais. Desta forma, a hipótese deste estudo é que a qualidade de vida encontre-se reduzida no período da admissão de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, que esta piore com o decorrer do tempo de tratamento e tenha um impacto significativo na mortalidade destes pacientes. Os objetivos foram determinar a qualidade de vida na admissão de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, observar os fatores associados à manutenção da qualidade de vida destes pacientes e avaliar a influência da qualidade de vida no período da admissão na sobrevida. Foram avaliados 1.624 pacientes participantes de um estudo de coorte prospectivo multicêntrico, utilizando-se os dados do BRAZPD. A avaliação da qualidade de vida foi realizada segundo o SF-36 e o desempenho físico através do índice de Karnofsky. Observou-se que pacientes iniciando diálise peritoneal no Brasil apresentam baixa qualidade de vida desde o início do tratamento, o que se mantém no decorrer do tempo de terapia. A qualidade de vida nestes pacientes encontra-se relacionada a fatores como idade e presença de diabetes. A avaliação da perfomance física realizada pelo profissional de saúde não apresentou boa compatibilidade com a auto-avaliação da qualidade de vida realizada pelos pacientes. Além disso, a renda familiar e a escolaridade não foram preditores de qualidade de vida. Esta se mostrou associada à maior risco de mortalidade, sendo considerada preditora independente de sobrevida entre os pacientes avaliados. Os resultados demonstram que fatores sócio-econômicos não devem ser vistos como uma barreira para seleção de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, sugerindo que o investimento precoce na qualidade de vida desta população deve ser vista como prevenção de desfechos desfavoráveis. / Nowadays has been sought not only a prolongation of survival of patients with chronic kidney disease, but also a greater appreciation of quality of life of these patients, seeking not only improves the physical aspects but also social and emotional. Thus, the hypothesis is that the quality of self-determined life may have an impact on admission and outcome of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The objectives were to determine the quality of life in the admission of patients on peritoneal dialysis, to observe the factors associated with maintaining the quality of life in peritoneal dialysis patients and to evaluate the influence of quality of life selfdetermined at the time of admission on survival. We evaluated 1624 patients participating in a multicenter prospective cohort study, using data from BRAZPD. The assessment of quality of life was performed using the SF-36 physical and performance through the Karnofsky index. It was observed that patients starting peritoneal dialysis in Brazil have a poor quality of life since the beginning of treatment, which is maintained throughout the duration of therapy. The quality of life in these patients is related to factors such as age and presence of diabetes, and has a significant impact on survival in peritoneal dialysis patients. The avaliation of physical performance realized by a health professional didn’t have good compability with the self avaliation quality of life realized by the patients. Besides, the familiar rent and the school level weren’t predictors of life quality. Life quality was more associated to high mortality risk, being considered as a predictor independently of low surviving among the evaluated patients. The results showed that social economic factors don’t have to be seen as a barrier to the selection of patients in peritoneal dialysis, suggesting that the earlier investiment in the quality of life of this population can be seen as a prevention for unfavourable endings.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-06T17:16:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado, Leticia Oening [Dissertação, 2015].pdf: 2506600 bytes, checksum: 48a32a5efffcca8687d0a31f47820dac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T17:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado, Leticia Oening [Dissertação, 2015].pdf: 2506600 bytes, checksum: 48a32a5efffcca8687d0a31f47820dac (MD5) / Pacientes acometidos pela doença renal crônica frequentemente têm múltiplas comorbidades, tanto devido à causa quanto em consequência da doença. Essa população utiliza, em média, 10 a 12 medicamentos diariamente, levando a regimes terapêuticos complexos, sendo mais propensos aos problemas relacionados aos medicamentos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar e documentar a natureza e a extensão dos problemas relacionados aos medicamentos em pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico. Foi conduzido um estudo prospectivo com pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico para doença renal crônica, atendidos em uma unidade de diálise privada no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os pacientes foram entrevistados e os prontuários revisados a fim de identificar os medicamentos prescritos, suas indicações e os problemas relacionados aos medicamentos. Foi realizada análise de correlação entre os problemas relacionados aos medicamentos e a idade do paciente, o tempo de realização da terapia hemodialítica, o nível de conhecimento sobre o tratamento farmacológico e o número de medicamentos prescritos. Além disso, foi mensurado o nível de conhecimento sobre o tratamento farmacológico. A classificação dos problemas relacionados aos medicamentos foi baseada no método Pharmacist`s Workup of Drug Therapy. Foram identificados 57 problemas relacionados aos medicamentos em 65 pacientes. A incidência desses eventos foi de 0,88 por paciente avaliado. O problema mais prevalente na população do estudo foi administração incorreta pelo paciente (26,3%), seguido de frequência do uso ou duração inadequada (17,5%). Sevelamer e carbonato de cálcio foram os medicamentos mais associados a esses eventos. O nível de conhecimento sobre o tratamento predominantemente encontrado foi regular (46%). O presente estudo concluiu que pacientes em hemodiálise sofrem de vários problemas relacionados aos medicamentos, em sua maioria relativos à baixa adesão e efetividade. Farmacêuticos clínicos podem, portanto, contribuir substancialmente para o cuidado de pacientes em hemodiálise através da otimização da terapia medicamentosa e da detecção de problemas relacionados aos medicamentos / Patients suffering from crhonic kidney disease often have multiple medical conditions either as a cause or as a consequence of their renal disease. These patients receive an average of 10-12 medications daily leading to complex dosing schedules and are more likely to develop medication-related problems. The objectives of this study were to determine the nature and extent of medication-related problems in renally compromised patients undergoing hemodialysis. A prospective study was conduced during six months in the hemodialysis unit of private practice of Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Patient were interviewed and records were reviewed to identify prescribed medications, medication indication and medication-related problems. Correlations were perfomed to determine whether associations exist between medication-related problems, patiente age, number of medications, knowledge about treatment and time of performance of hemodialysis therapy. Patient's level of knowledge about treatment was also measured. Medication-related problems were classified based on Pharmacist`s Workup of Drug Therapy. Fifty seven medication-related problems were identified with 65 patients. The incidence of these events was found to be 0,88 per patient reviewed. The most common medication-related problem identified in our study was incorrect administration by the patient (26,3%) followed by frequency of use or inadequate duration (17,5%). Sevelamer and calcium carbonate were the most common medications implicated in causing these events. The level of knowledge about treatment of patients mostly found was regular (46%).The current study indicated that hemodialysis patients suffer from multiple medication-related problems mostly related to low adherence and effectiveness. Clinical pharmacists substantially contributed towards the care of hemodialysis patients through optimizing therapies and detecting medication-related problems

The families are inserted in a context of transformations in conceptions, notions and structures, because of the economical, political, social and cultural changes of the society, and they can reflect in the health patterns and diseases of people. The purpose of this study is to comprehend how a family live with the necessity of one of its members to make peritoneal dialysis in domicile. The study was done with a qualitative, explored and described approach. The subjects of the research were seven families that have had one of their members in peritoneal dialysis, all of them living in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, totalizing fifteen persons. The captivation place of the subjects was the Renal Clinic of Santa Maria. The data collections were made through the construction of a familiar genogram and interviews with families in their homes, from March to May, in 2012. The information was submitted to a thematic analysis. It has followed the ethical principles of Resolution No. 196/96, of the National Health Council of the Ministry of Health for research involving human beings. The results of the analysis are described and discussed in three articles. The investigation of the dynamics of the families has raised questions like: the realization of the techniques of dialysis by the members of the families and their challenges; the presence or absence of cooperation among the families members in face to situation of chronic disease; the sick family member dependence; and the social and emotional alterations of the families in front of this reality. The families repercussions are: the family changes its routine to attend the treatment requirements; the commitment of the leisure time activities of the families; the necessity of the family to be closer to the sick familiar; and the needs of the family members to adapt themselves to the limitations and restrictions of the sick familiar. The strategies found by the families were: to adapt the treatment schedule with the other activities; to acquire knowledge and develop abilities to make peritoneal dialysis at home; to adequate the physical environment in the residence; and to adapt the routine of the family to face the sickness and the treatment of its familiar member. It believes that the results of the research can contribute to improve the quality of the assistance give to patients and their families living with peritoneal dialysis at home. It concludes that many alterations occur in these families such as social, financial, professional, in the leisure activities, but these changes adjust themselves to make possible the treatment and the preservation of the family relationships. So, if the characteristics of each family are known, it is possible to the nurse acts closer to the individual needs in face of the treatment that demands a great familiar involvement, in order to have a dialogue that helps everybody to overcome the difficulties and to comprehend the expectations. / As famílias estão inseridas em um contexto de transformações nas concepções, conceitos e estrutura, em consequência das alterações econômicas, políticas, sociais e culturais verificadas na sociedade, podendo refletir nos padrões de saúde e doenças das pessoas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se compreender como a família convive diante da necessidade de um de seus membros realizar diálise peritoneal no domicílio. Estudo de campo com abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram sete famílias que tinham um de seus membros em diálise peritoneal, residentes no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, totalizando-se 15 sujeitos. O local de captação dos sujeitos foi a Clínica Renal de Santa Maria. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da construção de genograma familiar e de entrevistas com as famílias, nas suas residências, no período de março a maio de 2012. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática. Respeitou-se os princípios éticos da Resolução nº 196/96, do Conselho Nacional de Saúde do Ministério de Saúde para pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Os resultados oriundos da análise são descritos e discutidos em três artigos. A investigação da dinâmica das famílias levantou questões como: a realização da técnica de diálise pelos familiares e seus desafios; a presença ou a ausência de cooperação entre os membros da família diante da situação de doença crônica; a dependência do familiar doente; e, as alterações de ordem social e emocional diante desta realidade. As repercussões na família relacionam-se: a família altera sua rotina para atender as exigências do tratamento; o comprometimento das atividades de lazer da família; a necessidade da família permanecer próxima do familiar doente; e, a necessidade da família de ajustar-se às limitações e restrições do familiar doente. As estratégias encontradas pelas famílias foram: conciliar os horários do tratamento com a realização de outras atividades; adquirir conhecimento e desenvolver habilidades para realizar a diálise peritoneal no domicílio; adequar o ambiente físico no domicílio; e, adaptar o cotidiano da família diante da doença e tratamento de seu familiar. Acredita-se que os resultados da pesquisa possam contribuir para melhorar a qualidade da assistência prestada aos pacientes e suas famílias que convivem com a diálise peritoneal no domicílio. Conclui-se que nas famílias ocorrem diversas alterações de ordem social, financeira, profissional, nas atividades de lazer, mas estas conseguem se ajustar para viabilizar o tratamento e preservar suas relações familiares. Assim, conhecer as particularidades de cada família possibilita ao enfermeiro atuar mais próximo às necessidades individuais diante de um tratamento que demanda grande envolvimento familiar de modo a dispensar um cuidado singular e integral, por meio do diálogo, que auxilie a superar as dificuldades e compreender as expectativas.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a well-established modality of renal replacement therapy, which has as a principle for its proper function the guaranteed access to the peritoneal cavity. PD catheter implant technique should be safe, as well as provide minimal inconvenience to the patient, agility for the service, and few complications. At the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM; Santa Maria, RS, Brazil), the catheters were inserted by laparotomy since the 1980s. It is been desired by the Nephrology department an alternative to facilitate the procedure, leading to greater agility and greater autonomy of the service. This study aimed to analyze the results obtained by professionals trained to implant peritoneal catheters with the Seldinger technique, recently implemented, and those obtained with the standard surgical technique. The samples were obtained from medical records of patients with endstage chronic kidney disease at the Nephrology department of HUSM with peritoneal dialysis indication (n=104). The demographic profile of the patients was evaluated, as well as the presence of infection and / or bleeding in the surgical wound, the first infusion and the 30-day functionality of the catheters, and the survival rate one and two years after implant. Data for each peritoneal catheter insertion mode were expressed as frequencies and then compared by chi-square, Fisher exact or Mann Whitey tests, with a 5% significance level. The profile of the two groups had similar characteristics in relation to gender, age, history of diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. The functionality of the implant at first infusion was also similar for both groups (83.9%for Seldinger vs. 79% for surgery). When evaluated the functionality in 30 days, the Seldinger technique demonstrated a higher success rate (76.7%) than the surgical technique (43.6%) (P-value=0,002). Regarding the presence of infection and / or bleeding in the outside wound, the percentage was similar for both groups (14.8% for Seldinger vs. 16.9% for surgical). The survival rate of the catheters at 1 and 2 years was also similar for both groups (37% and 14.8% for Seldinger, 23.7% and 20.6% for surgery, respectively). Given these results, it can be concluded that the implant of peritoneal catheters by Seldinger technique is a qualified alternative that allows greater agility to the service since it is an ambulatory procedure, can be performed by nephrologists and involves less patient management; having similar functionality to surgical implant according to the experience reported at HUSM. / A diálise peritoneal (DP) é uma modalidade bem estabelecida de terapia renal substitutiva, que tem como princípio para seu bom funcionamento a garantia de acesso à cavidade peritoneal. A técnica de implante do cateter de DP deve ser segura, além de proporcionar o mínimo de inconveniência para o paciente, agilidade para o serviço, e poucas complicações. No Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM; Santa Maria, RS, Brasil) os cateteres foram implantados por laparotomia desde a década de 1980. É almejada pelo Serviço de Nefrologia uma alternativa que facilite o procedimento, levando a maior agilidade e autonomia do Serviço. O presente trabalho se propôs a analisar os resultados obtidos, por profissionais treinados para implante de cateter peritoneal com a técnica percutânea de Seldinger, recentemente implantada, e os resultados obtidos com a técnica padrão, a cirúrgica. As amostras foram obtidas de dados dos prontuários de pacientes entre os pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica terminal do Serviço de Nefrologia do HUSM com indicação de diálise peritoneal (n=104). Foi avaliado o perfil demográfico dos pacientes, assim como a presença de infecção e/ou sangramento na ferida operatória, a funcionalidade do cateter na primeira infusão e após30dias, além da taxa de sobrevivência em um e dois anos após o implante. Os dados obtidos em cada modalidade de implante de cateter peritoneal foram expressos em frequências e posteriormente comparados pelos testes Qui-Quadrado, Exato de Fischer ou Mann Whitey, com um nível de significância de 5%. O perfil dos dois grupos apresentou características semelhantes em relação ao gênero, idade, ocorrência de diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial. A funcionalidade do implante, na primeira infusão, também foi semelhante para os dois grupos (83,9% para Seldinger, 79% para cirúrgico). Quando avaliada a funcionalidade em 30 dias, a técnica de Seldinger mostrou um percentual de sucesso (76,7%) maior que a técnica cirúrgica (43,6%) (P-valor=0,002). Com relação à presença de infecção e/ou sangramento no orifício de saída, o percentual foi semelhante para os dois grupos (14,8% para Seldinger, 16,9% para cirúrgico). A taxa de sobrevivência dos cateteres em 1 e 2 anos também foi semelhante para os dois grupos (37% e 14,8% para Seldinger, 23,7% e 20,6% para cirúrgico, respectivamente). Diante dos resultados, pode-se concluir que o implante de cateter peritoneal pela técnica percutânea de Seldinger é uma alternativa qualificada que permite maior agilidade ao serviço já que o procedimento é ambulatorial, pode ser realizado por nefrologistas e implica em menor manejo do paciente; apresentando funcionalidade semelhante ao implante cirúrgico conforme a experiência relatada no HUSM.

Extracellular vesicles (exosomes) are the subject of current nephrology proteomics research as they are considered as a promising source of potential biomarkers of kidney disease. This work is focused on discovery of the most appropriate procedure for the urinary exosomes isolation. We have compared already described methods, based on different physicochemical principles of isolation: hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD), differential ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration through a 100 kDa filter, or sample precipitation with Total Exosome Isolation (from urine) kit. Characterization of individual isolated exosomal fractions was performed using SDS-PAGE method (presence of contaminating proteins), western blot analysis (detection of exosomal markers TSG101, alix), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA, vesicle size and concentration) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM, vesicles morphology). Due to the presence of contaminating proteins in urine samples, which could distort the results of subsequent proteomic assays, the conditions for the cleavage of undesirable proteins by proteinase K prior to their own isolation were optimized. It has been found that the best yield and purity of the isolated exosomal fractions were provided by a process combining HFD with differential ultracentrifugation...

silamud@gmail.com / Introducción: La ausencia a una sesión mensual en un esquema de diálisis convencional puede incrementar la mortalidad en 30%. Objetivos: Describir la frecuencia y la percepción de las causas de falta de adherencia a diálisis en una población prevalente de un hospital público de referencia nacional en Perú. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo. Institución: Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Pacientes con más de un año en diálisis Intervenciones: Se determinó el número de faltas y se aplicó un cuestionario para describir su percepción respecto a las causas de las faltas, validado por juicio de expertos. Principales medidas de resultados: Baja adherencia a diálisis definida como: pacientes con más de una falta al mes o más de 12 faltas, entre julio de 2012 y julio de 2013. Resultados: Se incluyó 54 pacientes, 27 eran varones, con una edad y tiempo de diálisis promedio de 57 ± 16,4 años y 40,6 ±11,5 meses, respectivamente; 7/54 pacientes tenían educación superior. Hubo 504 faltas (5,45%). El segundo día de la programación semanal fue el día con mayor frecuencia de faltas (292), seguido del tercer día (145); 13/54 tuvieron baja adherencia. Las principales causas reportadas fueron: una residencia alejada (6/13), la sensación de bienestar (6/13), el contar con escasos recursos económicos para solventar el traslado (5/13). Conclusiones: Uno de cada cuatro pacientes tuvo baja adherencia. El residir lejos o que se sintiera bien fueron las principales causas de la baja adherencia. / Background: Failing to attend a monthly session within a scheme of conventional dialysis may increase mortality by 30%. Objectives: To describe the frequency and perceived causes of non-adherence to dialysis in a Peruvian national reference public hospital. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Nephrology department, Hospital Nacional 2 de Mayo, Lima, Peru. Participants: Patients with more than one year on dialysis. Interventions: The number of absences to appointed sessions was determined and a validated questionnaire was used to describe perceptions regarding the causes of absences. Main outcomes measures: Low adherence to dialysis defined as patients with more than one absence per month or more than 12 absences between July 2012 and July 2013. Results: The study included 54 patients, of which 27 were male. Average age was 57 ± 16.4 years and average time on dialysis was 40.6 ± 11.5 months. Only 7 patients had higher education. There were 504 absences (5.45%). The second day of the weekly schedule was the day with more absences (292), followed by the third day (145). Overall 13 patients showed low adherence. Main causes of absence reported included a remote residence (6/13), feeling good (6/13), and insufficient financial resources to cover transportation costs (5/13). Conclusions: A quarter of patients had low adherence, and main factors were distance to health facility and wellbeing self-perception.

The thesis that this dissertation aims to defend is: Certain self-management behaviours in End Stage Renal Disease are predicted by self-efficacy, patient activation, and psychological distress, and in turn predict clinical status. However, self-management is often oversimplified and poorly operationalised, in both the literature and in clinical practice, to adherence and 'good/bad' distinctions that may impede future investigations and interventions. End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a chronic condition associated with significant morbidity and increased risk of death. It is commonly treated with haemodialysis, a life sustaining treatment that last approximately four hours, repeated in a healthcare centre or at home, at least three times a week. ESRD also necessitates adherence to a complex set of dietary and fluid intake guidelines, in addition to a complex medication regimen, if the person is to avoid a further increase in the risk of severe symptoms and death. Chronic illness self-management is more than just adherence to prescribed medical treatments however, and requires an individual to preserve their emotional wellbeing, maintain social support networks, and continue to function in a variety of social roles and situations. While this has long been recognised in the theoretical literature about self-management, these concepts are often not well translated into clinical practice or empirical investigations of self-management behaviour in ESRD. When operationalising self-management, some investigations treat the 'behaviour' element of self-management as being limited to dialysis, medication, and fluid adherence, or are ignored in favour of psychological correlates such as self-efficacy. A frequent criticism of the self-management literature is that self-efficacy is often treated as an outcome, rather than a psychological component of changes in behaviour, wellbeing, or clinical outcomes. The investigations presented in this dissertation seek to investigate self-management in terms of specific behaviours that go beyond adherence. In doing so, they explore two different types of self-management behaviour, here termed 'cooperative' and 'defensive' self-management. These behaviours can then be examined in relation to adherence and self-efficacy, as well as other theoretically related factors including patient activation, psychological distress, and illness perceptions. The first three chapters set out the background to the empirical investigations reported in this dissertation. Chapter one covers the background on ESRD and its treatment. Chapter two describes the current state of the conceptual and empirical literature concerning self-management. Chapter three combines a narrative review of empirical investigations into self-management in ESRD, and a review of publically available resources concerning self-management in ESRD. Chapter four describes the methods used in the following empirical chapters. Chapters five, six, seven and eight report original empirical investigations on self-management in ESRD. Chapter nine is a discussion of the combined findings, and their implications in the wider clinical and academic context. Chapter 5 presents the results of a series of focus groups conducted with people on in-centre haemodialysis for ESRD, and the healthcare professionals involved in their care. These explored what each group understood by 'self-management', the behaviours and tasks that were important, and the practical, social, and emotional facilitators and barriers. A series of interviews conducted with patients eighteen months later revisited these concepts, focusing on motivations for engaging in self-management behaviours. The combined findings revealed that patient and HCP concepts around self-management overlap, but have a different focus, with HCPs seeing self-management as being about adherence, and patients seeing it as a complex balancing act to maintain their health, emotional wellbeing, and social roles. HCPs identified some patients as 'good' and others as 'bad'. Chapter 6 presents the results of a cross-sectional investigation of self-management behaviour and theoretically related psychological factors, including self-efficacy and psychological distress. Self-management was operationalised using an available scale that covered a variety of the behaviours patients and HCPs identified as important in chapter 5, which included both 'cooperative' and 'defensive' subscales. Self-efficacy, patient activation, and psychological distress were related to 'defensive' behaviours, with higher levels of psychological distress being related to the performance of more defensive behaviours. Higher self-efficacy was related to less frequent performance of defensive behaviours. A novel finding was that psychological distress mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviours. The implication that some proactive self-management behaviours may be associated with poorer emotional wellbeing is discussed. Chapter 7 presents the results of an 18 month longitudinal study of self-management behaviour and clinical markers of adherence. It also reports a survival analysis in the same cohort followed up to 30 months. Higher frequency of cooperative self-management behaviours were associated with lower levels of adherence as indicated by clinical markers. This may be due to the dialysis units in which the study took place, and may in fact reflect how self-management support was conducted in the units at the time of the study. Higher self-efficacy was found to be associated with lower mortality over 30 months after controlling for factors such as age and residual kidney function, an original and potentially important finding. The findings in chapters 6 and 7 raised additional questions about how self-management behaviours are measured and what those measurements indicate. To further investigate, and lay the groundwork for a new scale and general guidelines on the operationalisation of self-management in ESRD, a series of cognitive interviews were conducted. These are reported in chapter 8. They were conducted with people on home haemodialysis, a population whose engagement in a whole range of self-management behaviours is likely to be high. The role of social and emotional factors in the scale and behaviours discussed was also explored. The chapter concludes with a series of suggestions for measuring self-management behaviour in ESRD. This dissertation will explore the concept of self-management for people on haemodialysis, the behaviours involved, and their relationship with psychosocial and clinical status.

Introducción: Se describe que las características de la vivienda son un factor importante para llevar a cabo adecuadamente el tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal, sin embargo, no se conoce la real relación entre las características de la vivienda y el desarrollo de la peritonitis. Métodos: Se realizó una cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó a todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad que iniciaron el tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal dentro del periodo enero 2002 - diciembre 2011 en el Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. Se describió los tiempos de seguimiento según la fecha de inicio de DP y la primera peritonitis u otros eventos (paso a hemodiálisis, trasplante, muerte o abandono). Las variables fueron evaluadas según su tipo, utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: El análisis incluyó a 218 pacientes con una media de edad de 54 años ± 16. El principal lugar donde se realiza el procedimiento de diálisis peritoneal es el dormitorio (77,3%), en su mayoría se encuentra limpio (54,3%), ordenado (71,3%) y despejado (61,8%). Los insumos para el procedimiento se almacenan bajo techo (95,7%) y el mismo paciente ejecuta el tratamiento en la mayoría de los casos (73,1%). La incidencia encontrada fue de 0,17 episodios/paciente-año. La media del tiempo de seguimiento fue de 975 días ± 750. De acuerdo al análisis realizado no se encontró resultados significativos que muestren la relación entre las variables de vivienda y el desarrollo de la primera peritonitis. Conclusión: No se encontró asociación entre las condiciones de vivienda y el desarrollo de peritonitis en pacientes en tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal. Es necesario evaluar y mejorar el programa de visitas domiciliarias / Background: The features of housing are an important risk factor to properly carry out the treatment of peritoneal dialysis. However, the actual situation is that it doesn’t know the real relationship between the characteristics of housing and the development of peritonitis. Methods: A retrospective cohort was made including all patients over 18 years who started PD between the period January 2002 and December 2011 at the Hospital National Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. The follow-up times was described as the beginning date of use DP and the first peritonitis or other events (hemodialysis, transplant, death or abandonment). The variables were evaluated according to their type using descriptive and inferential statistic. Results: The analysis included 218 patients with a mean age of 54 years ± 16. The main place where the patients did the procedure of peritoneal dialysis is the bedroom (77,3%), most of it is clean (54,3%), organized (71,3%) and clear (61,8%). The inputs for the procedure are stored indoors (95,7%) and the person who executes the procedure is the patient in most cases (73,1%). The observed incidence was 0,17 episodes/patient-year. The mean follow-up time was 975 days ± 750. No significant results were found between the housing conditions and the development of the first peritonitis in patients who are treated by peritoneal dialysis. Conclusion: No association was found between the housing conditions and the development of the first peritonitis. It is necessary to evaluated and improve the home visit program in order to obtain better information of housing condition.

The purposes of this study were to characterize the complexation of toxic metals with algal toxins and to determine the effects of arsenic and copper on the growth of Karenia brevis under specific experimental conditions. Microcystins, pahayokolides, brevetoxins and okadaic acid were used as representatives of algal toxins while arsenic, copper, cadmium, cobalt, iron, manganese and mercury were selected as typical toxic metals (including metalloids here) in the aquatic environment. The stabilities of the toxin-metal complexes were determined using equilibrium dialysis and/or centrifugal ultrafiltration technique. A direct exposure of arsenic and copper to the K. brevis was carried out to determine the effects of these metals to the growth of the algal cell. The results indicated that Cu2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Cd2+ and Fe2+ were capable of complexing with the algal toxins. Moreover, the exposure experiments demonstrated that the high concentration of arsenic and copper could affect the growth of the K. brevis.