Mechanical parameter characterization of very thin polymer films using digital im- age correlation is performed in this work. At present days DIC is widely used in the construction, food industries, and aviation. Despite advantages when compared to other conventional methods, but users still face difficulties with the analysis of thin polymers like low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thin polymer films. For the application of sprays to obtain the best pattern quality as well as the potential of thin-film material properties tempering from the stochastic pattern paint. This research work will investigate the effect of several spray paints on the material response of thin polymer film. It also shows how to achieve good surface traction, time effect, and the type of spray to be used for DIC analysis. Finally, this research also studies how the width of the specimen affects the wrinkling effect, which is a common phenomenon while testing the thin polymer films and exhibits the appropriate width for reducing wrinkles on thin polymer films.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23507号 / 工博第4919号 / 新制||工||1768(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 安田 秀幸, 教授 奥田 浩司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Pour valider expérimentalement les modèles de fissuration et d'endommagement du béton, pour identifier leurs paramètres et pour mieux caractériser le comportement du béton lors de la propagation des fissures en mode mixte, des nouveaux essais multiaxiaux sont développés. Inspiré de travaux de Nooru-Mohamed (1992) et Winkler (2001), des essais riches et discriminants sont réalisés à l'aide de techniques expérimentales modernes. Le chargement est appliqué en utilisant une machine d'essai à 6 degrés de liberté asservie par un système de pilotage 3D. Pendant tout le déroulement d’essai, l'état de fissuration est analysé par corrélation d'images numériques, ainsi que les conditions limites cinématiques. Avec le dispositif expérimental proposé plusieurs histoires de chargement sont analysées : des chargements multiaxiaux proportionnels et non-proportionnelles, avec et sans refermeture de fissure. Les résultats expérimentaux sont confrontés à des simulations numériques réalisées avec des modèles d'endommagement non-locaux (i.e., à gradient) et avec un modèle de la mécanique linéaire de la rupture couplé avec une technique X-FEM. Le travail souligne l'importance de l'utilisation de conditions aux limites précises, estimées à partir de mesures de champ pour effectuer des simulations numériques qui reproduisent au mieux les résultats expérimentaux. En outre, il est démontré que la réorientation et la bifurcation de la fissure sont essentielles afin de créer des essais de propagation de fissures vraiment discriminants. Basé sur ces résultats expérimentaux, un nouveau type d’essai est finalement proposé. Cet essai hybride consiste à résoudre un problème inverse pour définir les conditions aux limites qui imposeront un trajet de fissuration voulu. Cette nouvelle technique permet une exploration plus complète du comportement mécanique complexe du béton en un seul essai. / To experimentally validate concrete damage and fracture models, identify their parameters and better characterize the concrete behaviour during mixed-mode crack propagation, multiaxial tests are developed. Inspired by former works of Nooru-Mohamed (1992) and Winkler (2001), rich and discriminating tests are performed by using state of the art techniques, where the experimental boundary conditions are directly measured during crack propagation. The loadings are applied using a hexapod testing machine controlled by a 3D displacement system and the cracking state is analysed via digital image correlation.With the proposed experimental setup several loading histories are analysed: proportional multiaxial loading histories and non-proportional ones, with and without crack closure and friction. The experimental results are confronted with numerical simulations performed with nonlocal (i.e., gradient) damage models and with a linear elastic fracture model coupled with the X-FEM framework. The present work underlines the importance of using accurate boundary conditions, estimated from full field measurements, to perform numerical simulations that reproduce the experimental results. Moreover it is shown that crack reorientation and crack branching is vital to create discriminant crack propagation tests.Based on these experimental results a innovative hybrid test is proposed, where the boundary conditions leading to a given crack path are found by solving an inversed problem. This new discriminating concrete fracture test is able to fully investigate its complex mechanical behaviour within a single run.

L'analyse du comportement des assemblages poteau-poutre en béton armé ainsi que leur influence sur la résistance de l'ensemble de la structure sous chargement cyclique ou sismique a fait l'objet de plusieurs investigations ces dernières années. Toutefois, le comportement de cette partie de structure reste loin d'être maitrisé à cause de la complexité de cet assemblage qui fait intervenir plusieurs phénomènes physiques, et à cause du manque de données expérimentales. Ce travail a pour but de mettre en place et fournir une base de données expérimentales fiable et dense dont la vocation est de donner accès à un benchmark expérimental pour permettre la modélisation et la validation du comportement de ces assemblages. / The behavior of reinforced concrete beam-column joints and their influence on the strength of the structures under cyclic or seismic loadings has been the subject of several investigations in recent years. However, the behavior of that part of the structure remains far from being mastered due to the complexity of the assembly involving several physical phenomena and due to the lack of exhaustive experimental data. This work aims to implement and provide a reliable and dense experimental database whose vocation is to provide access to an experimental benchmark to enable the modeling and validation of the behavior of these assemblies.

L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser le comportement mécanique de composites constitués à de matrices polymériques renforcées par des fibres naturelles. Les matériaux étudiés dans cette thèse sont le polypropylène pour la matrice et les fibres de coco pour les renforts. La caractérisation morphologique et mécanique de ces matériaux est entreprise grâce à l’usage de la microscopie électronique à balayage, la tomographie aux rayons X, la corrélation d’images numériques et la thermographie infrarouge. Dans une première partie, on a étudié en détail les fibres de coco dans trois états différents: à l’état naturel et après traitement chimique suivi ou non de séchage. Les fibres ont été observées en tomographie et leurs caractéristiques essentielles définies. Par ailleurs des essais mécaniques in-situ dans un microscope électronique à balayage ont été conduits pour l’obtention de leurs propriétés mécaniques. Il a quasi été procédé à la caractérisation mécanique du comportement de tissus de fibre en vue de leur utilisation dans un composite. Dans une seconde partie, le comportement mécanique du polypropylène (à l’état vierge ou recyclé) a été analysé grâce à des essais de traction à déplacement imposé et à diverses vitesses de chargement. Ces essais ont été instrumentés pour des mesures de champs de déplacement et de températures, les premiers servant à mesurer les états de déformation, la progression de l’endommagement et observer les modes de rupture du matériau. L’effet du recyclage est souligné et en particulier la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques. Les caractéristiques complètes (élasticité, pic et plateau et endommagement) et l’effet de la vitesse sur celles-ci sont exhibées pour les deux états. Dans la dernière partie du travail, on s’est intéressé au comportement du composite considérant la matrice à l’état vierge ou dans l’état recyclé. Les caractéristiques obtenues sont discutées en soulignant l’influence du mode d’élaboration utilisé et l’apport des fibres de coco. / The objective of this work is to characterize the mechanical behavior of composites made with recycled polymeric matrices reinforced with natural fibers. The materials studied in this thesis are the polypropylene matrix and the coconut fibers for reinforcement. The morphological and mechanical characterization of these materials is undertaken with the use of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray tomography, the digital image correlation and infrared thermography.In the first part, we studied in detail the coconut fibers in three different states: in its natural state and after chemical treatment followed or not drying. The fibers were observed in tomography and their essential characteristics defined. Furthermore in situ mechanical testing in a scanning electron microscope were conducted to obtain their mechanical properties. It has almost been carried out the mechanical characterization fabrics of the behavior for use in a composite. In a second part, the mechanical behavior of polypropylene (virgin or recycled state) was analyzed by tensile testing at imposed displacement and various charging speeds. These tests were instrumented for measurement of displacement fields and temperatures, the first to measure the deformation conditions, the progression of the damage and observe the failure modes of the material. The effect of recycling is particularly pointed out and degradation of mechanical properties. Complete specifications (elasticity, peak and shelf and damage) and the effect of speed on them are exhibited for both states. In the last part of the work, it was interested in the behavior of the composite matrix considering the blank state or in the recycled state. The characteristics obtained are discussed emphasizing the influence of the method of production used and the contribution of coconut fibers.

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Coatings utilizing the piezospectroscopic (PS) effect of alpha alumina could enable on the fly stress sensing for structural health monitoring applications. While the PS effect has been historically utilized in several applications, here by distributing the photo-luminescent material in nanoparticle form within a matrix, a stress sensing coating is created. Parallel to developing PS coatings for stress sensing, the multi-scale mechanics associated with the observed PS response of nanocomposites and their coatings has been applied to give material property measurements, providing an understanding of particle reinforced composite behavior. Understanding the nanoparticle-coating-substrate mechanics is essential to interpreting the spectral shifts for stress sensing of structures. In the past, methods to experimentally measure the mechanics of these embedded nano inclusions have been limited, and much of the design of these composites depend on computational modeling and bulk response from mechanical testing. The PS properties of Chromium doped alumina allow for embedded inclusion mechanics to be revisited with unique experimental setups that probe the particles state of stress under applied load to the composite. These experimental investigations of particle mechanics will be compared to the Eshelby theory and its derivative theories in addition to the nanocomposite coating mechanics. This work discovers that simple nanoparticle load transfer theories are adequate for predicting PS properties in an intermediate volume fraction range. With fundamentals of PS nanocomposites established, the approach was applied to selected experiments to prove its validity. In general it was observed that the elastic modulus values calculated from the PS response were similar to that observed from macroscale strain measurements such as a strain gage. When simple damage models were applied to monitor the elastic modulus, it was observed that the rate of decay for the elastic modulus was much higher for the PS measurements than for the strain gage. A novel experiment including high resolution PS maps with secondary strain maps from digital image correlation is reviewed on an open hole tension, composite coupon. The two complementary measurements allow for a unique PS response for every location around the hole with a spatial resolution of 400 microns. Progression of intermediate damage mechanisms was observed before digital image correlation indicated them. Using the PS nanocomposite model, elastic modulus values were calculated. Introducing an elastic degradation model with some plastic deformation allows for estimation of material properties during the progression of failure. This work is part of a continuing effort to understand the mechanics of a stress sensing PS coating. The mechanics were then applied to various experimental data that provided elastic property calculations with high resolution. The significance is in the experimental capture of stress transfer in particulate composites. These findings pave the way for the development of high resolution stress-sensing coatings.

<p>  </p> <p>Knowledge of the displacement and deformation fields beneath foundation elements obtained from carefully executed experiments is required to validate state-of-the-art numerical simulations, which in turn enable the development of better foundation design methods. This dissertation presents the results of an experimental program in which load tests were performed on model footings in a half-cylindrical calibration chamber with a transparent viewing window across its diameter. The digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to obtain the strain and displacement fields in the soil from digital images taken during the tests. Tests performed on both smooth and rough footings show a significant dependence of resistance on footing base roughness, with the DIC results providing insight into the reasons for that dependence. The experimental bearing capacity results are used to validate a previously proposed method in which an equivalent friction angle is used for calculation of the bearing capacity of footings in sand.</p> <p>Schmertmann's method is one of the traditional methods for estimating the settlement of axially loaded footings in sand using cone penetration test (CPT) data. The method was developed for footings placed on the surface of a single, uniform sand layer; it assumes a depth of influence below the footing base within which most of the soil deformations take place and an influence diagram to quantify the influence factor as a function of depth. However, the literature contains limited information on the strain influence diagrams for footings on layered sands, and, as a result, there is no way to accurately account for the effect of sand layering on footing settlement. In this study, Schmertmann's approach for calculating the strain influence factor is modified to account for the effect of two sand layers with varying thickness and relative density. Penetration experiments were performed using a half-square model footing (width <em>B</em> = 90 mm) placed on the surface of both single and two-layered (dense over medium-dense and medium-dense over dense), air-pluviated, silica sand samples prepared inside a half-cylindrical calibration chamber designed for digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. The test results indicate that both the thickness and relative density of the top sand layer (the layer in contact with the footing base) affect the parameters of the strain influence diagram. For dense sand over medium-dense sand, the depth to the peak strain influence factor varies with the thickness of the dense layer; however, when the thickness of the dense layer is 1.5<em>B</em> or greater, the strain influence diagram is similar to that obtained for a single, uniform sand layer. In contrast, for medium-dense sand over dense sand, the peak value of the strain influence factor varies with the thickness of the medium-dense layer up to a value of 1<em>B</em>. Based on the results obtained in this study, new strain influence diagrams are proposed for settlement calculation of square footings on two-layered sand profiles. The proposed method for estimation of footing settlement in layered sand is validated against measured data obtained from a full-scale, instrumented footing load test reported in the literature. </p> <p>The expressions for the shape and depth factors available in the literature for bearing capacity calculation are mostly empirical and are based on results obtained using limit analysis or the method of characteristics assuming a soil that is perfectly plastic following an associated flow rule. This study presents the results of an experimental program in which load tests were performed on model strip and square footings in silica sand prepared inside a half-cylindrical calibration chamber with a transparent visualization window. The results obtained from the model footing load tests show a significant dependence of footing penetration resistance on embedment depth. The load test results were subsequently used to determine experimentally the shape and depth factors for model strip and square footings in sand. To obtain the displacement and strain fields in the sand domain, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to analyze the digital images collected at different stages during loading of the model footing. The DIC results provide insights into the magnitude and extent of the vertical and horizontal displacement and maximum shear strain contours below and around the footing base during penetration.</p> <p>The loading of a footing in sand generates substantial shear bands as a mechanism for failure develops with the formation of slip surfaces. The interaction of sand particles in the shear band governs its constitutive response to loading. This study provides the results of loading experiments performed under different conditions on half-square model footings (width <em>B</em> = 90 mm) in dense air-pluviated silica sand samples prepared in a half-cylindrical calibration chamber equipped with an observation window that allows collection of images of the sand domain during testing. Two sands (Ottawa sand and Ohio Gold Frac sand) with different roundness (angularity) were used to perform these experiments. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to obtain the incremental strain fields in the sand domain. The zero-extension line (ZEL) concept was then used to study the shear strain localization process and to obtain the orientation of the shear bands from analysis of the incremental strain fields. The results show that sand particle morphology, footing surface roughness, load eccentricity, and depth of embedment of the model footing have an impact on the dominant shear band patterns that develop below the model footings, and, as a result, all of these factors affect the unit bearing capacity of footings. The estimated thickness <em>t</em>s of the shear band from the experiments is approximately 6<em>D</em>50 for Ottawa sand and approximately 8<em>D</em>50 for Ohio Gold Frac sand. </p>

[pt] O baixo custo, aliado a redução de peso e consequente aumento da eficiência, atingindo os mesmos níveis desejáveis de resistência mecânica, tem seduzido diversos setores da indústria à extensão do uso de polímeros termoplásticos em seus produtos finais. Dentro desses setores, o aumento em volume do emprego de polímeros não só tem crescido em aplicações de uso gerais, como também em aplicações estruturais. Com isso, o conhecimento detalhado do comportamento mecânico desses materiais faz-se necessário a fim de assegurar suas devidas propriedades em trabalho, sendo atrativo o uso de modelos constitutivos para a predição do comportamento final. Entretanto, os polímeros são materiais semicristalinos que possuem mecanismos de deformação e falha complexos. A maioria dos polímeros deformam-se homogeneamente até o escoamento, porém após esse, devido a estricção, o campo de deformações torna-se heterogêneo, fazendo com que o uso de técnicas experimentais clássicas, como a extensometria, seja inadequado. Dentre os métodos mais apropriados para a avaliação de polímeros em altas deformações, pode-se destacar a correlação de imagens digitais (CID). A técnica CID permite a avaliação da variação local da deformação e é capaz de prover uma descrição completa da deformação, inclusive na região do pescoço. Apesar do potencial de uso da CID em polímeros, seu emprego ainda é incipiente devido ao desenvolvimento recente da técnica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação do comportamento de polímeros termoplásticos sob grandes deformações mediante o uso da técnica CID. Diante do alto custo dos sistemas CID comerciais, desenvolveu-se um arranjo e procedimento simples para a aquisição e análise das imagens digitais. A fim de predizer o comportamento mecânico e entender melhor os mecanismos de deformação envolvidos, diversos modelos constitutivos também foram testados. / [en] Low cost, coupled with weight reduction and consequent increase in efficiency, reaching the same desirables levels of mechanical strength, has seduced several industry sectors to expand the use of thermoplastic polymers in their final products. Within these sectors, the increase in volume of polymer has not only grown in general use, but also in structural applications. Thus, in order to ensure their proper properties in work, the detailed knowledge of the mechanical behavior of these materials is necessary and the use of constitutive models for the prediction of the final mechanical behavior becomes attractive. However, polymers are semi-crystalline materials that show complex deformation and failure mechanisms. Most of the polymers deform homogeneously until the yield point, but after, due to necking, the strain field becomes heterogeneous, making the use of classic experimental techniques, such as extensometry, inadequate. Among the most appropriate methods for the evaluation of polymers at large deformation, it is possible to highlight the digital image correlation (DIC). DIC technique allows the evaluation of local strain and is able to provide a complete description of the strain field, including the neck region. Despite the potential of DIC in polymers, its use is still incipient due to the recent development of the technique. Thus, the present work has the objective of evaluating the behavior of thermoplastic polymers under large deformation using DIC. Given the high cost of commercial DIC systems, a simple arrangement and procedure for the acquisition and analysis of the digital images was developed. In order to predict the mechanical behavior and to better understand the mechanisms of deformation involved, several constitutive models were also tested.