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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5059.pdf: 899945 bytes, checksum: 39caf1fefbf2aca53ad119d52f92bea4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This search presents a subject that is on top of the currently education scenario, the Distance Education. This new education mode that comes as a promess to breaking barriers of timing and space, still have many things to say about their real consequences regarding education of the individual. Thus arises the importance of this research which aims investigating issues related to pedagogical directivity/non-directivity in UAB-UFSCar with a target of analysis the Philosophy of Education into the Pedagogy graduate. However it should be noted that the goal is not handle the data in order to make categorical statements, i.e, do not say if the pedagogical relations in UAB-UFSCar are directives or non-directives but trying think about such relations and how it occurs at the enviroment of learning to propose new thoughts. The main theoretical framework to be used will be the Critical Theory of Society that supported the analyzes and reflections made in the course of the four chapters of the dissertation. / A presente dissertação trata de um tema que está em pauta no cenário educativo atual, a Educação a Distância (EAD). Esta nova modalidade de ensino, que vem com a promessa de romper barreiras de tempo e espaço, ainda tem muito a nos dizer sobre suas reais consequências no que se refere à formação do indivíduo. Por isso se dá a importância deste trabalho, que objetivou investigar questões referentes a diretividade/não-diretividade pedagógica na UAB-UFSCar, tendo como objeto de análise a disciplina de Filosofia da Educação do curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia. No entanto, vale salientar que o objetivo não foi tratar os dados com a finalidade de realizar afirmações categóricas, ou seja, não pretendemos dizer se as relações pedagógicas na UAB-UFSCar são ou não diretivas, mas sim buscamos pensar sobre tais relações e sobre como elas ocorrem no ambiente de aprendizagem, com o intuito de propor novas reflexões. O referencial teórico principal utilizado foi a teoria Crítica da Sociedade, que subsidiou as análises e reflexões feitas no decorrer dos quatro capítulos da dissertação.

A high spatial resolution acoustic directivity acquisition system (ADAS) has been developed to acquire anechoic measurements of the far field radiation of musical instruments that are either remote controlled or played by musicians. Building upon work performed by the BYU Acoustic Research Group in the characterization of loudspeaker directivity, one can rotate a musical instrument with sequential azimuthal angle increments under a fixed semicircular array of microphones while recording repeated notes or sequences of notes. This results in highly detailed and instructive directivity data presented in the form of high-resolution balloon plots. The directivity data and corresponding balloon plots may be shown to vary as functions of time or frequency. This thesis outlines the development of a prototype ADAS and its application to different sources including loudspeakers, a concert grand piano, trombone, flute, and violin. The development of a method of compensating for variations in the played amplitude at subsequent measurement positions using a near-field reference microphone and Frequency Response Functions (FRF) is presented along with the results of its experimental validation. This validation involves a loudspeaker, with known directivity, to simulate a live musician. It radiates both idealized signals and anechoic recordings of musical instruments with random variations in amplitude. The concept of coherence balloon maps and surface averaged coherence are introduced as tools to establish directivity confidence. The method of creating composite directivities for musical instruments is also introduced. A composite directivity comes from combining the directivities of all played partials to approximate what the equivalent directivity from a musical instrument would be if full spectral excitation could be used. The composite directivities are derived from an iterative averaging process that uses coherence as an inclusion criterion. Sample directivity results and discussions of experimental considerations of the piano, trombone, flute, and violin are presented. The research conducted is preliminary and will be further developed by future students to expand and refine the methods presented here.

Lightweight building materials are now commonly employed in many countries in preference to heavyweight materials. This has lead to extensive research into the sound transmission loss of double leaf wall systems. These studies have shown that the wall cavity and sound absorption material placed within the cavity play a crucial role in the sound transmission through these systems. However, the influence of the wall cavity on the sound transmission loss is not fully understood. The purpose of this research is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the role played by the wall cavity and any associated sound absorption material on the sound transmission loss through double leaf wall systems. The research was justified by the fact that some of the existing prediction models do not agree with some observed experimental trends. Gösele’s theory is expanded and used in the creation of an infinite and finite vibrating strip model in order to acquire the desired understanding. The sound transmission loss, radiated sound pressure and directivity of double leaf systems composed of gypsum boards and glass have been calculated using the developed model. A method for calculating the forced radiation efficiency has also been proposed. Predictions are compared to well established theories and to reported experimental results. This work also provides a physical explanation for the under-prediction of the sound transmission loss in London’s model; explains why Sharp’s model corresponds to Davy’s with a limiting angle of 61° and gives an explanation for Rindel’s directivity and sound transmission loss measurements through double glazed windows. The investigation also revealed that a wide variety of conclusions were obtained by different researchers concerning the role of the cavity and the properties of any associated sound absorption material on the sound transmission loss through double wall systems. Consequently recommendations about the ways in which sound transmission through cavity systems can be improved should always be qualified with regard to the specific frequency range of interest, type of sound absorption material, wall panel and stud characteristics.

It is difficult to predict the sound radiation from large factory roofs. The existing infinite panel theories of sound insulation are not sufficient when the sound radiates at grazing angles. It has been shown that the reason for the collapse of the theory is the well known result for the radiation efficiency. This research will present a simple analytic strip theory, which agrees reasonably well with numerical calculations for a rectangular panel. Simple analytic strip theory has lead to the conclusion that it is mainly the length of the panel in the direction of radiation, rather than its width that is important in determining its radiation efficiency. The findings of the current research also indicated that apart from the effect due to coincidence, a panel was non-directional compared to an opening.

Today Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB hasn’t got any method to determine how many warning alarms they need on their machines and how they should be mounted to use their full potential. At the moment a travel alarm is usually placed in the front of the machine and a reverse alarm in the back. Then a measurement of the sound pressure level around the machine is performed to see if it is enough to pass the limit according to different ISO-standards. Otherwise they have to mount some extra alarms and then do the measurements again until the standards are fulfilled. The aim of this thesis work is to develop a method for determine how many alarms Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB need on the machines, and also how they should be mounted to fulfil the different criteria according to ISO-standards in the early phase of construction. From the different divisions within Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB (LHD, SDE and TME) arrived four different alarms, which are used on their machines. Sound pressure level measurements were conducted on these, in the anechoic chamber at audiological research centre at the university hospital in Örebro. In the LMS Test.Lab software a measurement sphere was built around the horns and based on the data obtained at the anechoic chamber sound directivity plots were made. Together with earlier machine measurement data from Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB, an Excel program was made constituting an example of how the horns should be mounted. LHD = Loaders and trucks/underground rock excavation SDE = Surface drilling equipment TME = Tunnelling and mining equipment / Idag har Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB inte någon metod för att bestämma hur många varningsalarm som behövs på sina maskiner samt var de ska placeras så de utnyttjar sin fulla potential. I nuläget monteras ett signalhorn vid främre delen och ett backlarm i bakre delen av maskinen. Sedan utförs en ljudtrycksmätning runt maskinen för att kontrollera om man uppfyller kraven från olika ISO-standader. Annars monteras fler alarm och mätningen utförs på nytt tills standarderna uppfylls. Detta examensarbete har som mål att ta fram en metod som bestämmer hur många alarm Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB behöver på sina maskiner, samt hur de skall placeras för att uppfylla kriterierna från olika ISO-standarder redan i konstruktionsstadiet.  Från de olika avdelningarna inom Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB (LHD, SDE och TME) mottogs fyra olika alarm, som används på maskinerna. På dessa utfördes ljudtrycksmätningar i det ekofria rummet vid audiologiskt forskningscentrum på universitetssjukhuset i Örebro. I programmet LMS Test.Lab byggdes en sfär av mätpunkter runt alarmen och baserat på insamlade data från det ekofria rummet konstruerades direktivitetsdiagram. Tillsammans med data som Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB redan hade från tidigare mätningar på maskiner gjordes ett Excel-program, som ger ett exempel på hur alarmen bör monteras. LHD = Loaders and trucks/underground rock excavation SDE = Surface drilling equipment TME = Tunnelling and mining equipment

The purpose of this research is to find ways to create an omnidirectional antenna with high directivity in the vertical plane. The investigation is based on computer simulation using the program CST 2011. The objective is a narrow-band antenna that is omnidirectional in the horizontal plane and has maximum achievable directivity for a fixed size. Three of the most promising antenna designs are selected based on the current state of antenna technology. Their maximum directivities are estimated by means of well known relations in antenna theory. It is shown that the most suitable design is an omnidirectional antenna in the form of a cylindrical dipole antenna array with an active central dipole. For this antenna, excitation by means of a radial traveling wave, with a phase velocity smaller than speed of the light, is possible. It is found that for a certain value of a moderating factor it is possible to obtain a directivity that is 2.5 – 3 dB larger than that of a dipole or a linear antenna with uniform excitation. The antenna structures are modeled to determine the number of dipoles, their dimensions and the spacing between them that maximizes the directivity.

Le Contrôle Non Destructif par ultrasons-laser est une technique attractive pour l'industrie aéronautique de par son caractère entièrement sans contact et permet l'inspection rapide etefficace de composants mécaniques complexes. L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse concerne lamodélisation de la génération d'ultrasons par laser dans les composants aéronautiques, métalliques etcomposites, de géométrie bicouche. Nous cherchons en effet à étudier l’influence sur le mécanisme degénération ultrasonore d’un revêtement tel qu’une couche superficielle de peinture ou de résine. Dansun premier chapitre, nous proposons une modélisation semi-analytique unidimensionnelle de lagénération et propagation d’ultrasons par laser dans une géométrie bicouche au travers de deuxapproches. L’apport en termes de coût numérique d’une des deux méthodes nous conduit à montrerleur équivalence en traitant rigoureusement le problème des conditions aux limites. Dans les troisderniers chapitres, des modèles de directivité des ondes ultrasonores générées par laser sont proposésdans des géométries de complexité croissante, d’un matériau homogène jusqu’au cas d’un bicoucheen passant par le cas intermédiaire de deux demi-espaces aux propriétés optiques variées. L’influencede l’épaisseur d’une couche superficielle de résine à la surface d’un matériau composite est trèsnettement mise en évidence et expliquée à l’aide des différents outils développés. Nous discutonségalement de l’intérêt du calcul de ces directivités dans la prise en compte des sources élastiquesengendrées par laser dans un formalisme de type rayon utilisé par le logiciel dédié au contrôle nondestructif CIVA développé au CEA. / The laser-ultrasonic technique is an attractive Non Destructive Testing technology forthe aviation industry. Indeed, its non-contact ultrasonic generation process could allow inspectingcomplex mechanical part at high sampling rates. The purpose of this work consists in the modelling ofthe generation of ultrasonic waves by a laser pulse in metallic or composite materials in bilayer geometry.In this work, we seek to analyze in detail the influence of coatings on the ultrasonic generation processsuch as paint or resin coatings usually used in industrial parts. In a first chapter, we propose two differentapproaches of a semi-analytical modelling of the generation and propagation of ultrasonic waves in aone-dimensional assumption of a bilayer sample. As one of them handles shorter computation times,we decide to rigorously show the equivalence of these different approaches focusing on the boundaryvalue problem. In the three last chapters, different models of the directivity patterns of ultrasonic wavesgenerated by a laser pulse are given in geometries of increasing complexity, from a homogeneousmaterial to a bilayer considering the intermediate case of two half-spaces of various optical properties.As a result, we clearly show the influence of a superficial skin layer on the laser-generated ultrasoundsemitted in composite materials. We also discuss briefly on the interest of the directivity patterns to modelelastic sources generated by laser in a ray formalism used in the CIVA software dedicated to NDTsimulations and developed at CEA.

When an electrically small antenna is conceived, designed, simulated, and tested, the main emphasis is usually placed immediately on its impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency. All too often it is assumed that its directivity will only be that of a Hertzian dipole and, hence, its directivity becomes a minor consideration. This is particularly true if such a compact antenna radiates in the presence of a large ground plane. Attention is typically focused on the radiator and its size, while the ground plane is forgotten. This has become a too frequent occurrence when antennas, such as patch antennas that have been augmented with metamaterial structures, are explored. In this paper, it is demonstrated that while the ground plane has little impact on the resonance frequency and impedance bandwidth of patch antennas or metamaterial-inspired three-dimensional magnetic EZ antennas, it has a huge impact on their directivity performance. Moreover, it is demonstrated that with both a metamaterial-inspired two-element array and a related Huygens dipole antenna, one can achieve broadside-radiating electrically small systems that have high directivities. Several common and original designs are used to highlight these issues and to emphasize why a fundamental figure of merit such as directivity should never be overlooked.

In the present paper, a study on the directivity of sound from a wind turbine has been conducted. The aim of the study is to investigate the horizontal sound radiation pattern through a field study compared to a noise prediction. The benefit of the results may be used to optimize the output effect from the wind turbine while the guidelines for noise levels at nearby residential areas still are met. The complete directivity pattern around the wind turbine was investigated by performing emission measurements around the wind turbine from a method described in IEC 61400-11 Wind turbine generator systems – Part 11: Acoustic noise measurement technique. Furthermore, the dominant sound source from the wind turbine, the turbulent boundary layer trailing edge noise, and the frequency range where it is dominating has also been scrutinized. The results show that the dipole character of the trailing edge noise has an impact on the entire horizontal radiation pattern from the wind turbine. From a field study it was found that there was a distinguishable directivity of the sound. On a distance of 125 m from the wind turbine the sound pressure level in the crosswind direction of the wind turbine is close to 3 dBA less than the sound pressure level in the downwind direction of the wind turbine when the wind speed is 8 m/s at a height of 10 m. The difference between other directions compared to the downwind direction is less significant. This could be utilized to optimize the power output, however the difference in sound level is relatively small but the advantage for power output have to be quantified before a conclusion of the benefits can be made.