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This study examines former U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan, Jr.'s opinions on the following administrative law topics: civil rights, civil liberties, human resource management, due process, and privacy. The purpose of this examination is (1) to apply Rohr's regime values framework to Brennan's case law, (2) to determine the usefulness of Brennan's regime values to discretionary decision making, and (3) to consider the effectiveness of these regime values as a pedagogical approach to ethics. A purposive sample of 25 cases was selected for the study. Case briefing and discourse analysis were the primary research methods used. I found eight regime values in Brennan's opinions: freedom, accountability, flexibility, equity and equality, unconstitutional conditions, property, and social justice. Social justice was his dominant regime value and is the basis for all of his jurisprudence. Brennan's regime values reconcile two approaches to ethics, the low road and the high road, by emphasizing a Constitutional basis for the latter. Brennan's values may help administrators learn how to think through the important decisions they make daily by providing both a foundation and justification for their choices. Public administrators can be taught how to use the regime values method to extract additional values. / Ph. D.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Bakgrunden till detta examensarbete tar avstamp i automatiseringens utbredning inom välfärdssektorn. En aktiv digitaliseringspolitik bedrivs på nationell nivå där argument som effektivitet och rättssäkerhet motiverar implementeringen av ADM, eller automatiserat beslutsfattande. Dock har denna politik en inverkan på det sociala arbetets handlingsutrymme och hur det bedrivs. Syftet med studien är därmed att undersöka hur automatiserat beslutsfattande påverkar biståndshandläggares handlingsutrymme. Metodansatsen i examensarbetet är en litteraturstudie av kvalitativ karaktär vars empiri utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar. Dessa artiklar har sedan studeras med hjälp av tematisk analys, där vi utifrån extrakt i datamaterialet ringat in återkommande mönster och generella temana. Resultaten analyseras och diskuteras utifrån nyinstitutionell teori och Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrati. Våra fynd pekar på att automatiserat beslutsfattande ökar såväl som minskar handlingsutrymmet samt i de flesta fall medfört en organisatorisk uppdelning av försörjningsstödet, där handläggare får antingen mer klienttid eller fler ärenden att övervaka. Vidare visar resultaten att arbetsmarknadsåtgärder i många fall förflyttats från handläggare till jobbcoacher. Utifrån vår teoretiska analys drar vi slutsatsen att automatiserat beslutsfattande utesluter och/eller omdefinierar Lipskys handlingsutrymme. Vi kommer även fram till att det höjer rättssäkerheten samt både kan öka och inskränka möjligheten till relationsskapande. Avslutningsvis kan automatiserat beslutsfattande förstås som en nödvändighet utifrån ett organisationsteoretiskt perspektiv.

Under common law an employer enjoyed complete freedom of choice when recruiting and selecting employees. An employer had unfettered discretion in recruiting and selecting employees. There were no legal restrictions on the prerogative of the employer to appoint employees. Developments in labour law have, however, gradually diminished the employer's freedom of choice during the recruitment and selection process. The Employment Equity Act No. 55 of 1998 and the Code of Good Practice on the Integration of Employment equity into Human Resource Policies and Practices, 2005 as· well as impending labour legislation impose limitations on the employer's freedom of choice during the recruitment and selection process. The remaining problem therefore is: What is the extent of the limitations on the employer's freedom of choice in the recruitment and selection of employees? The study will be conducted by means of a literature study of relevant books, journal articles, statutes, case law and internet sources relating to restrictions which are placed by legislation and case law on the employer's freedom to choose employees during recruitment and selection. This research therefore investigates the extent to which developments in labour law have eroded the prerogative of an employer to appoint employees. This investigation will help clarify the limits within which an employer has to exercise its choice of an employee during recruitment and selection. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Under common law an employer enjoyed complete freedom of choice when recruiting and selecting employees. An employer had unfettered discretion in recruiting and selecting employees. There were no legal restrictions on the prerogative of the employer to appoint employees. Developments in labour law have, however, gradually diminished the employer's freedom of choice during the recruitment and selection process. The Employment Equity Act No. 55 of 1998 and the Code of Good Practice on the Integration of Employment equity into Human Resource Policies and Practices, 2005 as· well as impending labour legislation impose limitations on the employer's freedom of choice during the recruitment and selection process. The remaining problem therefore is: What is the extent of the limitations on the employer's freedom of choice in the recruitment and selection of employees? The study will be conducted by means of a literature study of relevant books, journal articles, statutes, case law and internet sources relating to restrictions which are placed by legislation and case law on the employer's freedom to choose employees during recruitment and selection. This research therefore investigates the extent to which developments in labour law have eroded the prerogative of an employer to appoint employees. This investigation will help clarify the limits within which an employer has to exercise its choice of an employee during recruitment and selection. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

There has been a high influx of unaccompanied refugee children who have come to Sweden, the number increased particularly in 2015 compared with previous years. It is the municipalities, and therefor the social services, responsibility to provide adequate care for this children. The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of the social services work and opportunities to meet the needs of unaccompanied children in accordance with the child's best, in relation to the convention on the rights of the child. The study is based on a qualitative approach and the method is semi-structured interviews with three managers in the field and three social workers. According to the results, social services has faced a challenge in meeting the needs of unaccompanied children in both a lack of resources such as accommodations and lack of social workers. The results also show that there are some difficulties to consider the child's best in the work with the unaccompanied children, partly to the lack of resources wich inhibits the ability to meet the child's wishes and because of differences of opinion about what is best for the child. The organisation has faced a change in order to cope with the large influx of unaccompanied children and therefore organization theory is used in the analysis. Theoretical concepts that is used in the study is discretion and street level bureaucracy due the social workers is street level bureaucracies whose work with unaccompanied children is affected by their discretion given by the organization.

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the contractual remedy of specific performance in South African law. It looks closely and critically at the discretionary power of the courts to refuse to order specific performance. The focus is on the considerations relevant to the exercise of the judicial discretion. First, it emphasises the tension between the right and the discretion. It is argued that it is problematical for our courts to refuse to order specific performance in the exercise of their discretion. The underlying difficulty is that the discretion of the court to refuse specific performance is fundamentally in conflict with the supposed right of the plaintiff to claim specific performance. The thesis investigates the tenability of this open-ended discretionary approach to the availability of specific performance as a remedy for breach of contract. To this end, the thesis examines less complex, more streamlined approaches embodied in different international instruments. Comparison between different legal systems is also used in order to highlight particular problems in the South African approach, and to see whether a better solution may be borrowed from elsewhere. An investigation of the availability of this remedy in other legal systems and international instruments reveals that the South African approach is incoherent and unduly complex. In order to illustrate this point, the thesis examines four of the grounds on which our courts have refused to order specific performance. In the first two instances, namely, when damages provide adequate relief, and when it will be difficult for the court to oversee the execution of the order, we see that the courts gradually attach less or even no weight to these factors when deciding whether or not to order specific performance. In the third instance, namely, personal service contracts, the courts have at times been willing to grant specific performance, but have also refused it in respect of highly personal obligations, which is understandable insofar as the law wishes to avoid forced labour and sub-standard performances. The analysis of the fourth example, namely, undue hardship, demonstrates that the courts continue to take account of the interests of defendants and third parties when deciding whether or not to order specific performance. This study found that there are certain circumstances in which the courts invariably refuse to order specific performance and where the discretionary power that courts have to refuse specific performance is actually illusory. It is argued that our law relating to specific performance could be discredited if this reality is not reflected in legal doctrine. Given this prospect, possible solutions to the problem are evaluated, and an argument is made in favour of a simpler concrete approach that recognises more clearly-defined rules with regard to when specific performance should be refused in order to provide coherency and certainty in the law. This study concludes that a limited right to be awarded specific performance may be preferable to a right which is subject to an open-ended discretion to refuse it, and that an exception-based approach could provide a basis for the simplification of our law governing specific performance of contracts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die benadering tot die kontraktuele remedie van spesifieke nakoming in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Die diskresionêre bevoegdheid van howe om spesifieke nakoming te weier word van nader en krities aanskou. Die fokus is op die oorwegings wat ‘n rol speel by die uitoefening van die diskresie. Eerstens beklemtoon die tesis die spanning tussen die reg en die regterlike diskresie. Daar word aangevoer dat dit problematies is dat ons howe ‘n eis om spesifieke nakoming kan weier in die uitoefening van hul diskresie. Die onderliggende probleem is dat die hof se diskresie om spesifieke nakoming te weier, fundamenteel in stryd is met die sogenaamde reg van die eiser om spesifieke nakoming te eis. Die tesis ondersoek die houbaarheid van hierdie onbelemmerde diskresionêre benadering tot die beskikbaarheid van spesifieke nakoming as ‘n remedie vir kontrakbreuk. Vervolgens ondersoek die tesis die vereenvoudigde benaderings ten opsigte van spesifieke nakoming beliggaam in verskillende internasionale instrumente. Vergelyking tussen verskillende regstelsels word ook gebruik om spesifieke probleme in die Suid- Afrikaanse benadering uit te lig, en om vas te stel of daar ‘n beter oplossing van elders geleen kan word. ‘n Ondersoek van die aanwesigheid van hierdie remedie in ander regstelsels en internasionale instrumente onthul dat die Suid-Afrikaanse benadering onsamehangend en onnodig ingewikkeld is. Om hierdie punt te illustreer, ondersoek die tesis vier gronde waarop die remedie tipies geweier word. In die eerste twee gevalle, naamlik, wanneer skadevergoeding genoegsame regshulp sal verleen en wanneer dit vir die hof moeilik sal wees om toesig te hou oor die uitvoering van die bevel, sien ons dat die howe geleidelik minder of selfs geen gewig aan hierdie faktore heg wanneer hulle besluit of spesifieke nakoming toegestaan moet word nie. In die derde geval, naamlik, dienskontrakte, sien ons dat die howe bereid is om in sekere gevalle spesifieke nakoming toe te staan, maar egter nie spesifieke nakoming ten opsigte van hoogs persoonlike verpligtinge gelas nie, wat verstaanbaar is tot die mate wat ons reg dwangarbeid en swak prestasies wil vermy. Die analise van die vierde grond, naamlik, buitensporige benadeling, toon dat die howe voortgaan om die belange van die verweerder en derde partye in ag te neem wanneer hulle besluit om spesifieke nakoming te beveel. Die studie het bevind dat daar sekere omstandighede is waarin die howe nooit spesifieke nakoming toestaan nie en die diskresie eintlik afwesig is. Derhalwe word dit aangevoer dat die geldende reg wat betref spesifieke nakoming weerlê kan word indien hierdie werklikheid nie in die substantiewe reg weerspieël word nie. Gegewe die vooruitsig, word moontlike oplossings ondersoek, en ‘n argument word gemaak ten gunste van ‘n eenvoudiger konkrete benadering wat meer duidelik gedefinieerde reëls erken met betrekking tot wanneer spesifieke nakoming geweier moet word ten einde regsekerheid en eenvormigheid te bevorder. Die gevolgtrekking is dat ‘n beperkte aanspraak op spesifieke nakoming meer wenslik is as ‘n reg op spesifieke nakoming wat onderhewig is aan die hof se oorheersende diskresie om dit te weier, en dat ‘n uitsondering-gebaseerde benadering as ‘n basis kan dien vir die vereenvoudiging van ons reg rakende spesifieke nakoming.

The passage of PRWORA in 1996 gave states the opportunity to engage in secondorder devolution (SOD), which allows local governments to exercise more discretionary power in the implementation of welfare policies. Currently 14 states have engaged in significant SOD, with a number of other states practicing SOD to a lesser degree. Given this trend in TANF administration, it is important to explore if and how SOD affects the implementation of TANF work sanctions and work-related policies. Opponents of welfare decentralization insist SOD may lead to a ‘race to the bottom’ in welfare generosity to avoid the immigration of the poor, the loss of business revenue, and financial burden due to fiscal relationship, while proponents of welfare decentralization insist that local governments better understand the needs of the poor and are therefore better able to provide more appropriate services to their welfare clients, thus improving program performance. Existing scholarship on SOD under TANF has focused on the increase in discretion to local government, and how this may enhance variation in policy outcomes or contribute to policy success or stringency across local jurisdictions (Cho et al. 2005 ; Fording, Soss and Schram 2007). However, these studies are limited by the fact that they examine a single state. To date there has been no systematic analysis of the impact of administrative structure on the implementation of welfare policy which compares centralized states with SOD states. In this dissertation, I conduct an analysis of the effects of SOD across the states by exploring how differences in administrative structure due to SOD affect different implementation outcomes. First, I examine the impact of SOD on the implementation of TANF work sanctions, using individual-level administrative data combined with county level data. Second, I examine the impact of SOD on TANF work sanctions, caseload decline, and several work-related TANF outcomes with state-level data. Multilevel analysis and OLS with panel corrected errors are applied for the analyses. Specifically, I test the conventional wisdom that success and punitiveness in policy implementation is enhanced in second-order devolution states, compared to centralized states, due to increased discretion granted to local governments in SOD states.