Crown selected youth diversion has received little academic attention in Canada. As a process that channels offenders out of the formal legal system, diversion purports to achieve contradictory self-serving system and offender-based goals. Using 50 randomly selected prosecution files – half of which the Crown diverted and half of which the Crown prosecuted – a mixed method investigation of diversion assesses cases through quantitative content analysis and grounded theory method. Based on the quantitative analysis, it is argued that there is an emerging patterned nature of Crown selected diversion that is not completely benign. This patterned nature of diversion unearths a distinctive discourse of diversion/non-diversion. Qualitatively, it is argued that the cases are organized around three temporal moments that create an area for distinctions to be made in terms of threat, responsibility, (in)tolerableness and recourse. Seemingly, there is a persistent paradoxical existence of the diversion process that emerges from the case files.

Conformément à l’article 46 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, les États contractants s’engagent à se conformer aux arrêts définitifs de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme. Il ressort toutefois de la jurisprudence de la Cour que ses décisions sont « déclaratoires pour l’essentiel » et que, par cela, une liberté de choix des moyens à utiliser pour s’acquitter de l’obligation d’exécuter la décision, est laissée à l’État défendeur. En tout état de cause, le sens de l’exécution des arrêts de la Cour demeurerait paradoxal s’il fallait s’arrêter à accepter à la fois que l’État doive exécuter la décision européenne tout en ayant le choix libre de la manière d’y parvenir. Un tel raccourci aurait en effet pour conséquence que les décisions de la Cour soient imparfaitement ou seulement partiellement exécutées dans la mesure où, d’une part, le but consistant à l’exécution de la décision est vaguement précisé et où, d’autre part, la liberté de choix est, quant à elle, expresse. La doctrine de la marge d’appréciation de l’État apporte ainsi une flexibilité nécessaire dans la délimitation des rôles de la Cour et ceux de l’État défendeur pour une meilleure exécution des décisions européennes. A cet effet, le double effet de la décision européenne n’a de sens que s’il est admis que l’État dispose, certes, d’une marge d’appréciation dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour, mais que les limites de cette marge sont posées par la Cour elle-même, dans sa décision. Il faut dès lors systématiquement partir de la décision de la Cour qui doit préciser ce en quoi consiste l’exécution de celle-ci, et donc ce en quoi consiste la réparation de la violation de la Convention, afin de déterminer si la marge d’appréciation de l’État, au stade de l’exécution de la décision, est plutôt large ou plutôt étroite. La liberté du choix de l’État défendeur en matière des mesures à prendre pour exécuter la décision selon les attentes de la Cour, se rapportera ainsi à une gamme de choix prédéfinie dans le cadre de la décision, et ce, dépendamment de la nature de la violation de la Convention ou encore de la gravité des conséquences de telle violation. En somme, plus la gamme de choix de mesures étatiques est précise, plus il y a de chances que la décision soit mieux exécutée. L’essentiel du travail consiste donc à essayer d’identifier les critères de détermination de l’étendue de la marge d’appréciation de l’État dans l’exécution de la décision de la Cour. Cependant, un tel exercice ne peut être mené à bien sans tout d’abord définir la notion même de « marge d’appréciation » qui, même si elle a déjà été employée par la Cour et par une partie de la doctrine, n’a pas reçu une définition convaincante, ou encore, a souvent été indistinctement associée à la notion de « marge de manœuvre », au « principe de subsidiarité », ou même à la souveraineté, alors qu’elle ne saurait s’y confondre. / In accordance with Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the European Court of Human Rights. It is however apparent from the Court’s case-law that its decisions are “essentially declaratory” and, by that, a freedom to choose the means to be used to fulfill the obligation to execute the decision is given to the respondent State. In any event, the sense of the execution of the Court’s decisions would remain paradoxical if we were to stop at accepting at the same time that a State must execute the European decision while having the free choice in the manner to achieve so. Such a shortcut would lead to a poor execution of the decisions of the Court in so far as, on one hand, the purpose of the enforcement of the decision is vaguely specified and, on the other hand, freedom of choice is expressly precise. The doctrine of the State's margin of appreciation thus gives the flexibility needed in delimiting the roles of the Court and those of the respondent State for the purpose of a better implementation of European decisions. To that end, the dual effect of the European decision only makes sense if it is accepted that the State indeed enjoys a margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision but that the limits of such margin are laid by the Court itself, in its decision. It is therefore necessary to systematically start from the decision of the Court which must specify what the expected execution is, and therefore what the compensation for the violation of the Convention should be, in order to determine whether the margin of appreciation of a State, at the stage of implementation of the decision, is rather broad or rather narrow. The freedom of choice of the respondent State as to the measures to be taken to implement the decision according to the expectations of the Court will thus relate to a range of choices predefined in the decision, depending on the nature of the violation of the Convention or the gravity of the consequences of such violation. In short, the more precise the ranges of choices of measures are, the more likely it is that the decision will be better executed. The essence of the work is therefore to try to identify the criteria for determining the extent of the State’s margin of appreciation in the execution of the Court’s decision. However, such an exercise cannot be carried out without first defining the very notion of “margin of appreciation” which, even if it has already been used by the Court and by a part of the doctrine, has not received a convincing definition, or has often been indistinctly associated with the notion of “margin of manoeuver”, the “principle of subsidiarity”, or even sovereignty, while it cannot be confused with them.

The purpose of the study was partly to investigate the experiences of school counselors the factors that may be behind young people's stress (16-25 years) and partly to explore school counselors' perceptions of what tools are needed to reduce young people's stress. All school counselors participated in the study working at the student health care in Sweden. The study is based on twelve qualitative interviews with school counselors in Sweden. The theoretical frameworks used are tacit knowledge, work alliance, role theory and professional theory. The results showed that many different factors contributed to young people's stress, for example too little sleep, inactivity and large examinations. It became clear that the school counselors had similar opinions about what was behind young people's stress. Furthermore, it became clear that school counselors use different tools to reduce young people's stress. These tools consisted of getting students to think positively, to have a balance between leisure time, school and work, and to have time for recovery.

Social workers who working with housing support through the Social Services Act (SOL) has in their profession several factors to take into account to create influence for the individual users. They are governed by the rules of the local organization, their own valuations as well as the users will and needs which constitutes their discretion. The aim of this study was to investigate how professionals experience and act to realize users influence as well as which difficulties they may meet and how they handle them. In order to fulfill the aim qualitative interviews have been used and subsequently analyzed by the theoretical frameworks “empowerment” and “discretion”. The result showed that professionals wants to meet the users requests but they use their discretion in different ways. For example follow the rules of the organization, ignore them or find ways to go around them. The financial constraints of the organization, the fact that they have more users in need of support and that their assignments are more micromanaged are factors that limit user influence.

Tempte. A. ”Vi vill ge det bästa av två världar” En kvalitativ studie av socionomers erfarenhet av vårdnadsöverflyttning. Masteruppsats i Socialt Arbete 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö Universitet: Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle, institutionen för socialt arbete, 2022.  Hur barns bästa bör mötas av samhället när föräldrar brister har diskuteras genom tider och i alla samhällen. Uppfattningar om hur barns behov bäst möts är motstridiga. Val mellan återförening till biologföräldrar och stabilitet i familjehem innebär svåra och komplexa bedömningar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka processen när vårdnad för barn övergår från biologföräldrar till familjehemsföräldrar. En överflyttning av vårdnad innebär skiften. Juridiskt, vårdideologiskt och socialt förändras barnets förhållanden. Uppsatsens frågeställningar fokuserar på hur socialtjänsten uppfattar lagstiftarens intentioner och sitt handlingsutrymme för att bedöma och säkerställa barns bästa i dessa ärenden. Utifrån intervjuer med socionomer tas steg i processen fram och blir synliga. Studiens analys vilar på teorier om kunskap, handlingsutrymme och barndom. Det som blir synligt är att lagstiftarens intentioner uppfattas som goda, att trygga barnet. Vägen dit innebär dock avvägningar som kan motarbeta syftet. Handlingsutrymmet påverkas av att vårdnadsöverflyttning i sig inte är tillräcklig för att säkra barns bästa. Det sociala arbetet är inramat av juridiska och vårdideologiska påbud som gör att utrymmet att handla blir till en balansakt. Synen på vilken kunskap som anses viktig skiljer sig mellan socialtjänst och rättsväsende. Mötet i rättssalen påverkas av den juridiska synen på barns bästa. Vad som är bäst för barn är värdeladdat, när värderingarna krockar inbördes skapas behov av rangordning. / Tempte. A.” We Want to Give the Best of Both Worlds” A Qualitative Study of Social Workers´ Experiences in Custody Transfer. Master’s degree in social work 15 credits. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department for Social Work, 2022.   In which way the best interest of a child should be met by the community when the ability of parents fail has been discussed throughout the times and in all communities. Perception of the best interest of children is conflicting. The choice between reunification with birthparents and stability in foster care means difficult and complex assessments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of moving custody from birth parents to foster parents. Moving custody contains multiple shifts. Legal aspects, caring ideology and social aspects change the child’s circumstances. The questions in this paper focus on how the social services perceives the intentions of the lawmakers and their own discretion to assess and ensure the best interest of the child in these matters. Based on interviews with social workers steps in the process are forged and visualized. The study´s analysis rests on theories of knowledge, discretion and childhood. What becomes visible is that the intentions of the law maker are perceived as good, to increase the safety of the child. The path to get there, however, involves choices that work against the purpose. The discretion is affected by the fact that moving custody in itself is insufficient to ensure the best for the child. The social work is framed by legal and care ideological edicts that turn the discretion into a balancing act. The view of what knowledge is considered important differs between the social services and the judiciary. The courtroom meeting is influenced by the legal view of children´s best interest. What is best for children is loaded with value, when these values collied, the need to arrange by rank occurs.

This is a literature study of existing research. The study deals with honor-related violence and oppression from different perspectives. In this study we decided to start from international research but also to immerse ourselves in other literature such as books. Based on the collected material, we have framed three perspectives that we have used in our results. The purpose of this work is to: 1- study different perspectives on honor-related violence out of international research and even other literature dealing with honor-related violence. 2- to study how these research on honor-related violence describes the groups that are vulnerable as well as the root causes of their vulnerability. The result of this study, which is based on an intersectional perspective, shows that the group profiled as victims of honor-related violence has different perceptions because the vulnerability of honor can be attributed to different factors. In order to understand the complex situation of the target group, more research is essential in this area that can better explain.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / There are often noted gaps and tensions arise between official government policies and what is implemented on the ground. The two theories that consistently argue antagonistically about the policy processes are the rational bureaucratic model also called the "top-down approach" as opposed to the incremental or bottom-up approach. This research was inspired by a bottom-up perspective and involves a detailed investigation of Lipsky's street level bureaucracy (SLB) theory. Over the years since Lipsky's research much international work has be done on the subject of discretion among policy implementers but in the South the focus has been more on top-down ideas such as increasing state capacity and monitoring workers and not on the Lipsky problematic. Hence, this study specifically focuses on studying the extent, intentions and uses of discretion. Intentions are look e at in a threefold manner: good, bad and conflicting, among nurses as SLBs in a public hospital in Cape Town, in view of the t wo conflicting approaches to policy implementation. I found that the discretion practices among nurses do 'more good than harm' as opposed to the view held by the top down approach. The study further revealed that discretion is also often conflicted or ambivalent. Moreover, it is often based on tacit collective understandings and practices among groups of nurses. This is one element that needs to be explored further in future studies in order to contribute to the body of knowledge. Notably, there appears to be a gap in South African literature on this vital subject area. 111

The rise of the virus called Covid-19 was not expected to have such an impact on theworld in its early stages. However, Covid-19 became an international problem and madehumans and states vulnerable in many aspects. Among others, Sweden, and its publicadministration. The purpose of the study is to analyse whether the authority,Försäkringskassan, and if its nearbureaucrats' independence was affected by thepandemic. The question formulations of this study are: which effects did the pandemichave on Försäkringkassans independence and did the workers there get moreindependent in relation to Försäkringskassans management? The methods implementedare qualitative methods with a deductive approach and semi-structured interviews. Theresults of this study conclude that Försäkringskassan did not receive increasedindependence because of the pandemic, it did in fact get more administered by theGovernment. The study also shows that when discussing their relations toFörsäkringskassans management, most of the respondents expressed that it hadn’t beenaffected by the pandemic because their relationship wasn’t convenient orwell-established to begin with.

Bad debt deductions and doubtful debt allowances provide relief to taxpayers who would be subject to income tax on amounts accrued to them which may never be received. No definition of a bad or doubtful debt is provided in the Income Tax Act. This dissertation considered current legislation, historical court cases, academic writing and the views expressed by SARS through explanatory memoranda and directives in order to establish when a debt becomes bad or doubtful and the extent of the relief granted. This dissertation also considered the future of the doubtful debt allowance in light of the change of accounting standards from IAS 39 to IFRS 9. There are no specific requirements for a debt to become bad or doubtful. Whether a debt is bad is a factual question taking into account all relevant facts. Whether a debt is doubtful and the extent of the allowance granted is determined by the Commissioner, but that determination must be reasonable. The Commissioner relies on IAS 39 rules of impairment as the starting point for determination of a doubtful debt allowance. IFRS 9 determines impairment in a significantly different manner to IAS 39, abandoning the requirement that a “loss event” must have occurred. Adoption of IFRS 9 will result in a change to the determination of doubtful debt allowances, for example, by reducing the generally accepted rate of 25% of identified doubtful debts or by requiring the taxpayer to compile a list of debts which would have qualified as doubtful under IAS 39.

In line with the principle of local self-governance, Swedish municipalities have a high degree of discretion to manage the goals and execution of public management. However, in recent years, the national influence over local governments has increased, especially the use of targeted government grants. This shows a pattern of ambiguity as the state strive for national equality but the principle of local self-governance allows for local variation in the public welfare. Thus, this study is intended to provide insight into how Swedish municipalities under different conditions perceive and interpret the influence of the national government through economic instruments. In order to explore how the local governments perceive their degree of discretion to manage state grants, this study compares the implementation in four different municipalities of a targeted government grant denominated the “Elderly Care Boost”. By conducting interviews, this study shows that economic incentives make municipalities more susceptible to the national government’s investments and goals, but only if the municipalities view the grant as something supporting their own work. Furthermore, this study shows a paradox or dilemma as the municipalities view the clear instructions for the grant as favourable while, at the same time, these clear instructions also restrict the local government’s discretion. In addition, the study indicates that the municipalities use “framing” and thus attempt to reinterpret the governing of the national parliament as they deem favourable.