Foi observado que para execução do planejamento diário, no qual há o envolvimento de diversas equipes como operação, perfuração e atividade de apoio, despende-se muito tempo para determinação dos alvos de produção. Em contrapartida, a maior parte das minas de grande porte utilizam sistemas de gerenciamento de equipamentos que são capazes de fornecer dados para tratamento e transformação em informação que poderiam auxiliar nesse planejamento, no entanto na maioria dos casos esses dados são pouco conhecidos e utilizados. Este estudo faz a estimativa de indicadores de desempenho de lavra, oriundos do banco de dados do sistema de Despacho, que podem ser utilizados no planejamento diário (tipo Line-Up aplicado na mina do Sossego, em Canaã dos Carajás - Pará). Metodologicamente, para atingir o proposto, foram realizadas as etapas de análise do Banco de Dados (BD) do sistema de Despacho, descrição do Line-Up da mina do Sossego, análise do contexto operacional entre os dois sistemas: Line-Up e Despacho, estimativa dos indicadores e definição de um cálculo de aderência ao Line-Up. Esse estudo demostra que a partir da coleta e sistematização dos dados é possível tornar as informações contidas no BD do Despacho mais conhecidas e utilizadas na programação diária, permitindo que a utilização dessas informações auxilie na gestão do planejamento de curto prazo, reduzindo o tempo de execução da programação diária e tornando o processo de avaliação da aderência ao Line-Up mais rápido e menos subjetivo. Os dados utilizados para esse estudo são do banco de dados do sistema de despacho da Mina do Sossego (local de exemplo de aplicação). / Daily planning execution, which calls for several teams such as operation, drilling and support to be engaged, has been observed to be a rather time-consuming activity in order for production targets to be determined. On the other hand, most of large-size mine sites make use of equipment management systems capable of providing data to be treated and eventually made into information that may assist such planning efforts. However, such data are mostly scarcely known and used. This paper provides the estimation of mine performance indicators stemming from Dispatch system database that may come in handy for daily planning efforts (Line-Up type, applied to Sossego mine site, in Canaã dos Carajás, state of Pará, Brazil). Methodologically speaking, in order for proposed outcomes to be attained, Dispatch system database has been analyzed, Sossego mine site Line-Up has been described, operational context underlying both systems, Line-Up and Dispatch, has been analyzed, indicators have been estimated, and a Line-Up adherence calculation has been defined. The present paper indicates that, based on data gathering and systematization, information from Dispatch database can be made well known and used during daily scheduling efforts, thus allowing for such information to assist short-term plan management, daily scheduling performance timeframe to be cut down on, and Line-Up adherence assessment process to be faster and less subjective. Data used for this paper come from Sossego mine site dispatch system database (example of local application).

Orientadores: Secundino Soares Filho, Takaaki Ohishi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T02:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArceEncina_AnastacioSebastian_D.pdf: 1529112 bytes, checksum: a6a22a9ce6cd536449dd06144205c2e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A Programação diária de um sistema de energia elétrica busca obter um despacho de geração para o próximo dia, que seja compatível com as metas definidas pelo Planejamento energético e que sirva como referência operativa para a operação em tempo real. Assim, a modelagem do sistema deve ser detalhada levando em consideração as características dos sistemas de geração, de transmissão, requisitos do mercado, critérios de segurança e custos associados à operação. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de despacho ótimo de unidades geradoras hidrelétricas que adota como critério de desempenho um modelo que avalia as perdas no sistema de geração, ocasionadas pela elevação do nível de canal de fuga, pela variação do rendimento do conjunto turbina-gerador e pelo atrito do fluxo d¿água nas tubulações do sistema hidráulico. Além das perdas no sistema de geração também forma parte do critério de desempenho o custo associado à partida e parada das unidades geradoras. Na formulação do problema, verifica-se a presença de variáveis inteiras, não lineares; restrições de atendimento à demanda, de meta de geração oriunda do Planejamento energético e restrições de capacidade de geração. Isto caracteriza o problema do despacho de unidades geradoras como sendo um problema de programação misto inteiro-não linear, combinatório e de grande porte quando considerado um sistema de geração como o do Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro. Como técnica de solução foi adotada uma heurística que combina Relaxação Lagrangeana e Programação Dinâmica. A metodologia foi aplicada a uma parte do sistema de geração do Sistema Elétrico Brasileiro, composta por 78 usinas hidrelétricas e o total de 398 unidades geradoras. Tomando como referência os dados de programação de um dia típico de operação, os resultados apontam ganhos significativos pela diminuição de perdas. Verifica-se também a importância de se considerar o custo das partidas e paradas no despacho das unidades geradoras / Abstract: The daily scheduling operation of the electrical energy system has by target to find the dispatch generation to the next day which must be compatible with the daily generation target defined by the energy planning models and to be an operational guide. Because of its proximity with the real time operation the modeling must represent the main characteristic of the generation and transmission systems, requirements market¿s, security criterion and operational costs. This work is concerned with the dispatch of hydro generating units. The performance criterion adopted takes into account variations in tailrace elevation, penstock head losses, turbine-generator efficiencies and start-up and shutdown costs. In the hydro generating units dispatch problem formulation there are integer, non-linear variables, constraints concerned with the generation capacity, load attainment and daily generation target, this last defined by the energy planning models. According above mentioned the dispatch of hydro generating units is a combinatorial and mixed integer non-linear programming problem whose solution can be quite complex for large hydroelectric system such as the Brazilian¿s generation system. A heuristic procedure based on Lagrangian Relaxation and Dynamic Programming is adopted as solution methodology. The approach has been tested on a hydro system composed of seventy and eight hydro plants with three hundred and ninety eight generating units of the Brazilian power generation system. The generation scheduling verified on a typical day was considered for comparison with the solution provided by the approach and the results show significant improvement in term of minimization looses and the importance of to consider the start-up and shut-down costs of hydro generating units / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

This Master s Dissertation presents the development of a methodology to optimize the modulation of dispatch of Small Hydro Power Plants (SHPs). The main objective is to minimize the cost of supplying contracts, which comprise both the contracts of energy and the contracts of the use of the transmission and distribution systems by the power utilities. The application of the proposed methodology is technically subject to the operative constraints of the SHPs as well as to the constraints of the substations located in the connection points among utilities and the transmission system. The methodology is also based on the regulation of the Brazilian electrical system. The flow duration curves are taken in order to optimize the dispatch and the load curves from periods of the highest annual demands are considered to represent the distribution system behavior. We used the technique of genetic algorithms to the simulations with real data, from a Brazilian power utility are applied in order to analyze the economic and technical results and then proven the methodology. / Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a otimização da modulação do despacho de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs), com objetivo de minimizar os custos da contratação do suprimento, que compreende a contratação da energia e a contratação do uso dos sistemas de transmissão e ou distribuição, para as concessionárias de distribuidoras de energia elétrica. A aplicação da metodologia proposta, tecnicamente, está sujeita ao atendimento das restrições operativas das PCHs, bem como, das subestações localizadas no ponto de conexão das distribuidoras com a rede básica. A metodologia leva em consideração a regulação do setor elétrico. Para a otimização do despacho, é considerada a vazão afluente do aproveitamento hidrelétrico das PCHs, obtida a partir da curva de permanência de vazões. Representando o comportamento do sistema de distribuição foi usada a curva de carga, no período em que foi registrada a maior demanda anual. Para validação da metodologia, foi utilizada a técnica de algoritmos genéticos para as simulações com dados reais, de uma distribuidora do sul do Brasil foram utilizados e os resultados técnicos e econômicos foram comprovados.

Environmental concerns and long term energy security are the key drivers behind most current electric energy policies whose primary aim is to achieve a sustainable, reliable and affordable energy system. In a bid to achieve these aims many changes have been taking place in most power systems such as emergence of new low carbon generation technologies, structural changes of power system and introduction of competition and choice in electricity supply. As a result of these changes, the level of uncertainties is growing especially on generation side where the locations and available capacities of the future generators are not quite clear-cut. The transmission network needs to be flexibly and economically robust against all these uncertainties. The traditional operation of the network under preventive control mode is an inflexible practice which increases the total system cost. Corrective control operation strategy, however, can be alternatively used to boost the flexibility, to expedite the integration of the new generators and to decrease the overall cost. In this thesis, the main focus is on development of new techniques and methodologies that can be used for modelling and solving a transmission planning problem under the assumption that post-contingency corrective actions are plausible. Three different corrective actions, namely substation switching, demand response and generation re-dispatch are investigated in this thesis. An innovative multi-layer procedure deploying a genetic algorithm is proposed to calculate the required transmission capacity while substation switching is deployed correctively to eradicate the post-fault network violations. By using the proposed approach, a numerical study shows that the network investment reduces by 6.36% in the IEEE 24 bus test system. In another original study, generation re-dispatch corrective action is incorporated into the transmission planning problem. The ramp-rate constraints of generators are taken into account so that the network may be overloaded up to its short-term thermal rating while the generation re-dispatch action is undertaken. The results show that the required network investment for the modified IEEE 24 bus test system can be reduced by 23.8% if post-fault generation re-dispatch is deployed. Furthermore, a new recursive algorithm is proposed to study the effect of price responsive demands and peak-shifting on transmission planning. The results of a study case show that 7.8% of total investment can be deferred. In an additional study on demand response, a new probabilistic approach is introduced for transmission planning in a system where direct load curtailment can be used for either balancing mechanism or alleviating the network violations. In addition, the effect of uncertainties such as wind power fluctuation and CO2 emission price volatility are taken into account by using Monte Carlo simulation and Hypercube sampling techniques. Last but not least, a probabilistic model for dynamic thermal ratings of transmission lines is proposed, using past meteorological data. The seasonal correlations between wind power and thermal ratings are also calculated. £26.7 M is the expected annual benefit by using dynamic thermal ratings of part of National Grid's transmission network.

Adaptive software becomes more and more important as computing is increasingly context-dependent. Runtime adaptability can be achieved by dynamically selecting and applying context-specific code. Role-oriented programming has been proposed as a paradigm to enable runtime adaptive software by design. Roles change the objects’ behavior at runtime, thus adapting the software to a given context. The cost of adaptivity is however a high runtime overhead stemming from executing compositions of behavior-modifying code. It has been shown that the overhead can be reduced by optimizing dispatch plans at runtime when contexts do not change, but no method exists to reduce the overhead in cases with high context variability. This paper presents a novel approach to implement polymorphic role dispatch, taking advantage of run-time information to effectively guard abstractions and enable reuse even in the presence of variable contexts. The concept of polymorphic inline caches is extended to role invocations. We evaluate the implementation with a benchmark for role-oriented programming languages achieving a geometric mean speedup of 4.0× (3.8× up to 4.5×) with static contexts, and close to no overhead in the case of varying contexts over the current implementation of contextual roles in Object Teams

Orientador: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa / Banca: Antônio César Baleeiro Alves / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para a solução do problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Multimercado (FPOM). O problema de fluxo de potência ótimo mutimercado é decomposto em vários subproblemas, uma para cada, submercado que compõe o sistema de potência interconectado. O modelo de decomposição utilizado permite resolver o problema de FPO considerando-se os modelos de mercado desverticalizados e centralizados e os desverticalizados e descentralizados. Neste contexto, a pesquisa desenvolvida considera o novo esquema de funcionamento dos mercados de energia elétrica, no qual é vi freqüentemente desejável preservar a autonomia de cada um dos submercados que compõem o sistema de potência multimercado. O problema de FPO proposto é modelado como um problema de otimização não-linear inteiro misto, com variáveis de controle contínuas e discretas e têm ênfase no despacho econômico da geração de potência ativa e nos ajustes dos controles de tensão. Além disso, este modelo de FPO trata os subproblemas ativo e reativo simultaneamente. Para a sua solução é apresentado um algoritmo evolutivo multiobjetivo, baseado no NSGA (Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm), pois características do problema abordado dificultam a sua solução através das técnicas baseadas em programação matemática e justificam a escolha da metaheurística multiobjetivo. / Abstract: This research is aimed at developing a computational tool for the solution of the Multimarket Optimal Power Flow (MOPF) problem. The multimarket optimal power flow problem is decomposed in various subproblems, one for each submarket that is part of the interconnected power system. The decomposition model used here allows solving the OPF problem considering the deregulated and centralized, and the deregulated and decentralized market models. In this context, the developed research takes into account the new functioning scheme of the electric power markets, viii where it is frequently desirable to preserve the autonomy of each one of those submarkets that compose the multimarket power system. The proposed OPF problem is modeled as a mixed integer non-linear optimization problem with continuous and discrete control variables, emphasizing the economic dispatch of the active power generation and the voltage control adjustments. In addition, this model of OPF deals simultaneously with the active and reactive subproblems. For its solution, a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on the NSGA (Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm) is presented. The characteristics of the problem make difficult the utilization of techniques based on mathematical programming, justifying the adoption of a multiobjective metaheuristic. / Doutor

In the recent years there has been a great deal of attention on the optimal demand and supply side strategy. The increase in renewable energy sources and the expansion in demand response programmes has shown the need for a robust power system. These changes in power system require the control of the uncertain generation and load at the same time. Therefore, it is important to provide an optimal scheduling strategy that can meet an adequate energy mix under demand response without affecting the system reliability and economic performance. This thesis addresses the following four aspects to these changes. First, a renewable obligation model is proposed to maintain an adequate energy mix in the economic dispatch model while minimising the operational costs of the allocated spinning reserves. This method considers a minimum renewable penetration that must be achieved daily in the energy mix. If the renewable quota is not achieved, the generation companies are penalised by the system operator. The uncertainty of renewable energy sources are modelled using the probability density functions and these functions are used for scheduling output power from these generators. The overall problem is formulated as a security constrained economic dispatch problem. Second, a combined economic and demand response optimisation model under a renewable obligation is presented. Real data from a large-scale demand response programme are used in the model. The model finds an optimal power dispatch strategy which takes advantage of demand response to minimise generation cost and maximise renewable penetration. The optimisation model is applied to a South African large-scale demand response programme in which the system operator can directly control the participation of the electrical water heaters at a substation level. Actual load profile before and after demand reduction are used to assist the system operator in making optimal decisions on whether a substation should participate in the demand response programme. The application of these real demand response data avoids traditional approaches which assume arbitrary controllability of flexible loads. Third, a stochastic multi-objective economic dispatch model is presented under a renewable obligation. This approach minimises the total operating costs of generators and spinning reserves under renewable obligation while maximising renewable penetration. The intermittency nature of the renewable energy sources is modelled using dynamic scenarios and the proposed model shows the effectiveness of the renewable obligation policy framework. Due to the computational complexity of all possible scenarios, a scenario reduction method is applied to reduce the number of scenarios and solve the model. A Pareto optimal solution is presented for a renewable obligation and further decision making is conducted to assess the trade-offs associated with the Pareto front. Four, a combined risk constrained stochastic economic dispatch and demand response model is presented under renewable obligation. An incentive based optimal power dispatch strategy is implemented to minimise generation costs and maximise renewable penetration. In addition, a risk-constrained approach is used to control the financial risks of the generation company under demand response programme. The coordination strategy for the generation companies to dispatch power using thermal generators and renewable energy sources while maintaining an adequate spinning reserve is presented. The proposed model is robust and can achieve significant demand reduction while increasing renewable penetration and decreasing the financial risks for generation companies. / Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / PhD (Electrical Engineering) / Unrestricted

The Unit Commitment Problem (UCP) poses a significant challenge in optimizing powergeneration schedules within complex and dynamic energy systems. This study explores theapplication of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) as a promising approach to address UCP, their ability tonavigate complex solution spaces and adapt to changing operational conditions. The work provides a broad exploration of their effectiveness, challenges, and future prospects. The objective of UCP is to efficiently optimize power generation schedules within complex energy systems, seeking cost-effective and reliable solutions while accommodating various operational constraints. Various encoding techniques and GA operations are implemented and evaluated incomparison to the solutions obtained from a commercial Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) solver. The key findings point to the potential for achieving high quality solutions and robustness in the application of these techniques. However, it is important to acknowledge and address challenges such as encoding complexity, extensive computation times, the risk of premature convergence, and the complications of handling complex constraints that continue to exist in this domain. The future scope lies in hybrid approaches, scalability enhancement and incorporation of multi-objective optimization, offering unrealized potential for the efficient andsustainable operation of modern energy systems.

When implementing an intelligent transportation system (ITS), stakeholders often overlook the importance of evaluating the system once it is in place. Determining the extent to which the objectives of an investment have been met is important to not only the agency involved, but also to other agencies, so that lessons are learned and mistakes are not repeated in future projects. An effective evaluation allows a transit provider to identify and address areas that could use improvement. Agencies implementing ITS investments often have different goals, needs, and concerns that they hope their project will address and consequently the development of a generic evaluation plan is difficult to develop. While it is recognized that the U.S. Department of Transportation has developed guidelines to aid agencies in evaluating such investments, this research is intended to complement these guidelines by assisting in the evaluation of a site specific ITS investment. It presents an evaluation framework and plan that provides a systematic method for assessing the potential impacts associated with the project by defining objectives, measures, analysis recommendations, and data requirements. The framework developed specifically addresses the ITS investment on the OmniLink local route deviation bus service in Prince William County, Virginia, but could be used as a basis for the evaluation of similar ITS investments. The OmniLink ITS investment includes an automatic vehicle location (AVL) system, mobile data terminals (MDTs), and computer-aided dispatch (CAD) technology. / Master of Science

Introduction: When in care, patients are assessed and prioritised throughout the whole process of care, but to perform these assessments is a complex task. The emergency dispatch center performs the assessment and prioritise the patient over the phone, and do not see them in person. Often it is not even the patients themselves that are on the other end of the line. The ambulance nurse meets their patient when the assessment is made and all senses can be utilized. The purpose of the ambulance nurse assessment is that the patient should receive the best care upon arrival in the pre-hospital care and further in the chain of care. It is desirable that there is a connection between the assessments between the assessments that are made in the pre-hospital chain of care, despite that they have different purposes. Today a tendency to contact the emergency dispatch center prevails, and a general increase of ambulance assistance compared to earlier years can be seen in Sweden. However, the number of ambulance resources are limited and can in the long run become a problem for patient safety. Seriously ill patients must not be overlooked, and therefore correct assessments must form the foundation for those assessments that are being made across the whole chain of care. A well functioning pre-hospital chain of care is of significant importance for patient's security and for the following process of care. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate what differences and associations that exists between the emergency dispatch centers' assessment of the level of care priority and those from the ambulance nurse. Method: A quantitative study with a retrospective design. In total, 638 alarms were analysed via data from an ambulance operation in the south of Sweden. The result was accounted for by statistical analysis. Result: The result showed a weak connection between the prioritisation performed by the emergency dispatch center compared to that performed by the ambulance nurse. In order to strengthen the  validity of the study, the ambulance nurse different assessments (CUPS and RETTS-triage) were also compared which showed a relatively strong association. Conclusion: The comparison between the emergency dispatch center's assessment and the ambulance nurse assessment of the patients can be seen as problematic since they have different preconditions an purposes. The assessments are and should be different and a certain degree over-priorities has to be accepted in order to ensure that acute ill patients not should be overlooked. A stronger connection between these two in order not to endanger patient safety is however desirable. / Introduktion: Inom vården bedöms och prioriteras patienter genom hela vårdprocessen men att utföra dessa bedömningar är en komplex uppgift. Larmcentralen utför bedömningen och prioriterar patienten via telefon och träffar inte fysiskt någon patient. Ofta är det inte ens patienten själv som ringer. Deras prioritering har till syfte att rätt patient ska få hjälp av ambulanssjukvård i rätt tid. Ambulanssjuksköterskan möter sin patient när bedömningen görs och alla sinnen kan användas. Syftet med ambulanssjuksköterskans bedömning är att patienten ska få rätt vård i rätt tid både prehospitalt och vidare genom vårdkedjan. Att det finns ett samband mellan de bedömningar som görs i den prehospitala vårdkedjan är önskvärt trots att de har olika syfte. Det råder idag större benägenhet att kontakta larmcentralen och begära ambulanssjukvård än tidigare år och en generell ökning kan ses i Sverige. Dock är antalet ambulansresurser begränsade och kan i slutänden bli ett problem för patientsäkerheten. Svårt sjuka patienter får inte förbises och därför måste korrekta bedömningar ligga till grund för de beslut som fattas genom hela kedjan. En väl fungerande prehospital vårdkedja är av stor betydelse för människors trygghet och hela den efterföljande vårdprocessen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att se vilka skillnader och samband som fanns mellan larmcentralens bedömning av prioriteringsnivån och ambulanssjuksköterskans bedömningar. Metod: En kvantitativ studie med retrospektiv design. Totalt 638 ambulansuppdrag granskades via data från en ambulansverksamhet i södra Sverige. Med hjälp av statistisk analys redovisades resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet visade ett svagt samband mellan den prioritering som utförs av larmcentralen jämfört med ambulanssjuksköterskans bedömning. För att stärka studiens validitet jämfördes också ambulanssjuksköterskans olika bedömningar (CUPS och RETTS-triage), vilket visade på ett relativt starkt samband. Slutsats: Jämförelsen mellan larmcentralens prioritering och ambulanssjuksköterskans bedömning av patienten kan ses som problematisk eftersom de har olika förutsättningar och syfte. Bedömningarna är och ska vara olika och viss överprioritering måste accepteras för att akut sjuka patienter inte ska förbises. Önskvärt är dock ett starkare samband mellan dem för att inte äventyra patientsäkerheten utan alla patienter får rätt vård i rätt tid.