This diploma thesis contains several individual parts. It's especially about summary in the area of one-way inlets: the energy efficiency of the inlets and influence of the neighbouring inlets on them, the phases of creation of surface vortices, the influence on the vortex structures by the mutual operation of the neighbouring inlets and also the methods used to determine the critical and safe depth of dive of inlet against the creation of surface vortices. It also includes the description of process and the evaluation of laboratory tests, which are focused on the assessment of the effect of the mutual operation of inlets on their energy efficiency and the creation of higher intensity surface vortices. Important part of this diploma thesis is also a comparison of the achieved results with the results of the authors who have dealt with this issue.

Purpose and research question: The purpose of this study is to provide and attain a deeper understanding of how the business philosophy of green marketing affects recreational adventure tourism. Further, the study intends to identify and analyze green marketing in relation to service development, green marketing strategies, branding, segmentation and positioning in the dive tourism sector. This has formulated our research question: How does green marketing affect adventure tourism? Methodology: A qualitative research method offers a deeper understanding of the effects of green marketing in the context of recreational dive tourism sector which is currently one of the fastest growing categories of adventure tourism. The study has followed an abductive research approach with an inductive initial departure and thereafter a simultaneously assemble of a theoretical framework during the sequence of conducting ten in-depth interviews. Conclusion: During this study we have identified tendencies deriving from the empirical findings and the literature review. The theoretical implications of this thesis involve filling the research gap of green marketing in a context of dive and adventure tourism. Furthermore, the practical implications involve that an implementation of green marketing can imply competitive advantages and exert a strong differentiation effect on brands. Thus, the integration of green performances and the communication sustainability could facilitate the dive tourism sector’s development towards increased environmental awareness. We further argue that the effects of green marketing in the dive tourism could be applicable in other categories of adventure tourism due to its dependency on nature and the current increasing trend of environmental awareness.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-09-06T18:06:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Fernanda Silva.pdf: 8612783 bytes, checksum: 75134e09c730581d4c96c8bf2b470456 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T18:06:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Fernanda Silva.pdf: 8612783 bytes, checksum: 75134e09c730581d4c96c8bf2b470456 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O turismo em ambientes marinhos é uma atividade crescente a cada ano, principalmente em regiões de litoral atrativo. Uma das principais práticas dos turistas refere-se à oferta de alimentação suplementar para peixes, tais como pão, biscoitos e outros alimentos artificiais na dieta desses indivíduos. Por um lado, essa atividade pode ajudar na sensibilização ambiental, mas também resulta em impactos negativos pouco compreendidos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da alimentação por turistas na dieta do peixe Haemulon aurolineatum em recifes coralíneos do Rio Grande do Norte. Duas áreas foram escolhidas para a coleta dos espécimes: uma com alimentação suplementar ofertada por turistas – Parrachos de Maracajaú, e outra com alimentação natural – Parrachos de Rio do Fogo. Foram tomadas as medidas de comprimento, peso, índice hepatossomático (IHS) e fator de condição (K) das duas áreas amostrais. Para confirmação da classe etária dos indivíduos, foram contados os anéis de crescimento presentes no otólito Sagitta. Os itens consumidos foram identificados na menor categoria taxonômica possível e os resultados foram comparados através de NMDS e ANOSIM. Também foi analisado o teor de amido do conteúdo estomacal. O teste estatístico t apontou diferença para o comprimento dos indivíduos, possivelmente pela alta ingestão de alimentos. Entretanto os testes apontaram equivalência para o peso, IHS e K. A análise de NMDS diferenciou os itens consumidos para as duas regiões amostradas e a análise de similaridade confirmou que o turismo reflete em modificações na composição da dieta. O conteúdo estomacal dos indivíduos coletados na região com alimentação suplementar apresentou 48,73% de amido em sua composição. Considerando a dieta natural dessa espécie, a ingestão de carboidratos pode interferir no acúmulo energético individual. Adicionalmente, as presas habituais de H. aurolineatum não estão sendo capturadas, o que pode acarretar desequilíbrio entre as populações. Nossos resultados procuram contribuir para o manejo de áreas recifais, com redução do volume e controle do tipo de alimento ofertado, para que o turismo seja de fato, uma atividade sustentável. / Tourism in marine environments is growing every year, especially in attractive coastal regions. One of the regular practices of tourists refers to supplementary food provisioning for fish, such as bread, biscuits and other artificial foods in the diet of these individuals. On the one hand, this activity can assist in fish conservation and environmental awareness, but on the other hand it results in negative impacts little understood so far. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of food offer by tourists in the diet of the fish Haemulon aurolineatum in coral reefs of Rio Grande do Norte. Two areas were chosen for collection: one with supplementary feeding offered by tourists - Parrachos de Maracajau, and another with natural food - Parrachos do Rio do Fogo. Measures of length, weight, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (K) of the two sampling areas were taken. To confirm the age class of individuals, the growth rings present in the otolith Sagitta were counted. The consumed items were identified to the smallest taxonomic category possible and the results were compared through NMDS and ANOSIM. The starch content of the stomach contents has also been analyzed. The t test pointed out differences in individuals’ length, possibly due to high food intake. However, the t tests pointed equivalent weight, HSI and K for both areas. The NMDS differentiated the items consumed for the two sampled regions and the analysis of similarity confirmed that tourism reflects on modifications in diet composition. The stomach contents of supplementary fed individuals presented 48.73% starch in its composition. Considering the natural diet of this species, carbohydrate intake can interfere with individual energy accumulation. Additionally, H. aurolineatum habitual preys are not being captured, which may lead to imbalance among the populations. Our results try to contribute to the management of reef areas, with a reduction in the volume and control of the food type being offered, so that tourism can become in fact a sustainable activity.

No description available.

Precise and accurate species abundance and distribution data are important for making effective ecological conservation and management decisions. These data are often challenging to obtain, especially in marine environments where the logistical and technical difficulties of working underwater can limit the precision and accuracy of detection. The chosen survey methodology, along with the study design, will determine the extent to which species’ spatial or temporal variability in abundance and distribution may be investigated. Different observational methods may yield different results. I explore how the methodology used to collect sample measurements of fish abundance and diversity in marine environments can influence your understanding of the focal population and the effectiveness of spatial marine conservation measures. I compare inshore rockfish abundance and fish diversity estimates between paired towed video and baited video surveys and between dive and baited video surveys conducted on temperate rocky-reefs in the nearshore Northeast Pacific on the coast of British Columbia, Canada. I test if the baited video survey data yield equivalent insight to those data derived from the methods commonly used in shallow (dive surveys) and deeper waters (towed video surveys). Paired dive and baited video surveys took place inside and outside of spatial marine conservation areas designated for inshore rockfish called Rockfish Conservation Areas. I test whether the baited video data generate the same conclusions about Rockfish Conservation Area effectiveness as data derived from the dive surveys, and whether the Rockfish Conservation Areas have greater inshore rockfish abundance and fish diversity than paired locations outside the conservation areas. I find similar inshore rockfish abundance estimates between towed and baited video, but baited video surveys detect a greater number of unique species than the towed video surveys. The dive surveys detect greater inshore rockfish abundance and fish diversity than the baited video surveys, but the baited video data yield equivalent insight on Rockfish Conservation Area effectiveness to data derived from the dive surveys. I find little evidence that inshore rockfish recovery is influenced by Rockfish Conservation Area protection. When data were combined across all sites sampled, Rockfish Conservation Areas did not produce more inshore rockfish, bigger rockfish, or greater fish diversity than paired sites outside of Rockfish Conservation Areas, whether measured using a dive survey or a baited video survey. However, I did observe a positive effect of Rockfish Conservation Area protection for some of the individual Rockfish Conservation Areas surveyed that rated as having a high Conservation Score. This suggests certain Rockfish Conservation Areas may be effective conservation areas for inshore rockfish recovery. The differences I observe in inshore rockfish abundance and fish diversity between the paired surveys reveals the methodology used can influence species abundance and diversity estimates. Baited video surveys are a low cost and effort methodology that can be used to examine inshore rockfish abundance and fish diversity over rocky reefs from nearshore waters down to depths greater than 20 m, and to monitor the effectiveness of spatial marine conservation areas. / Graduate

Bakgrund: I Sverige bistår barnmorskan vid den normala förlossningen och har en nyckelroll i att stödja kvinnan till avslappning under förlossningen. Avslappning minskar känsligheten för förlossningssmärta och främjar förloppet. Det ingår i barnmorskans förhållningssätt och yrkeskunskap. Syfte: Att beskriva barnmorskors erfarenhet av att stödja den födande till avslappning med dyktekniken under värkarbete. Metod: Kvalitativ deskriptiv design med individuella intervjuer. Nio legitimerade barnmorskor som stött den födande kvinnan till avslappning med dyktekniken under värkarbete intervjuades. Resultat: Resultatet beskrivs utifrån barnmorskans upplevelse och erfarenhet av att stödja födande kvinnor till avslappning med dyktekniken under värkarbete. Ett övergripande tema i analysen var hur dyktekniken är ett verktyg för barnmorskan att i barnafödandet stödja kvinnan till avslappning och för att göra hennes partner delaktig. Hur barnmorskan gjorde detta kan förstås genom följande kategorier som utkristalliserades genom analysen: dyktekniken ger positiva effekter för kvinnan och hennes partner i födandet, kvinnans förberedelse till att använda dyktekniken, dyktekniken stärker partnerns delaktighet samt barnmorskans förhållningssätt till dyktekniken. Slutsats: Flera faktorer styr kvinnornas val att välja aktiv avslappning. De intervjuade barnmorskorna delade med sig av sina erfarenheter om att stödja den födande kvinnan till avslappning under värkarbete. Barnmorskorna informerade, guidade med ord och stödde aktivt kvinnan till djup avslappning för att hantera värkarna. / Background: In Sweden, the midwife manages normal childbirth. The midwife has a key role in supporting the woman to relax during birth. Relaxation reduces the sensitivity to labor pain and promotes the process. It is part of the midwife's approaches and professional knowledge. Objective: To describe the midwives' experience of supporting the woman giving birth with the Dive Relaxation Method during the labor pain. Method: A qualitative and descriptive design using individual interviews. Nine licensed midwives who have supported women during labor to relaxation with the dive relaxation method were interviewed. Results: The result can be described on the basis of the midwife's experience and the experience of supporting women in labor to relaxation with the dive relaxation method during the labor pain. An overall theme in the analysis was how the method is a tool for the midwife to support the woman during childbirth to relaxation and to make her partner participate. How the midwife support the woman can be understood by the categories that were taken out of the analysis: the dive relaxation method has positive effects for the woman and her partner during childbirth, the woman's preparation for using the method, the method strengthens the partner's participations and the midwife's approach to the method. Conclusion: Several factors control women's choice to choose active relaxation. The interviewed midwives shared their experience about supporting the woman to relaxation during labor pain. The midwives informed, guided with words and actively supported the woman to deep relaxation to manage the pain.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As tartarugas marinhas são espécies ameaçadas, altamente migratórias que apresentam um ciclo de vida longo e uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Assim, melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre a ecologia espacial das tartarugas marinhas é essencial para a elucidação de aspectos da sua história de vida e para o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação. Esta tese compreende um conjunto de artigos ou capítulos que visam contribuir ao conhecimento da ecologia espacial da tartaruga-de-couro, Dermochelys coriacea. Este estudo utilizou novas tecnologias como à telemetria por satélite (que proporciona um método útil para monitorar os movimentos de espécies migratórias) e um conjunto de ferramentas de geoprocessamento como abordagem metodológica que visou: examinar os movimentos e migrações da tartaruga-de-couro, identificar áreas de uso intenso e padrões espaço-temporais no uso do habitat, e integrar dados biológicos e oceanográficos para descrever as estratégias comportamentais desta espécie. Cinco tartarugas-de-couro (um subaduto, dois machos adultos e duas fêmeas adultas) foram equipadas com transmissores por satélite no Atlântico Sul Ocidental entre 2005 e 2008. Além de fornecer dados de localização geográfica os tansmissores permitiram registrar informações de mergulho tais como profundidade e duração máxima e media dos mergulhos, perfis completos de mergulhos individuais e dados de temperatura do mar. Movimentos e migrações de tartarugas-de-couro marcadas no Atlântico Sul foram documentados pela primeira vez. Alem disso, foi posível identificar áreas de uso intenso (ou alimentação) previamente desconhecidas para a espécie, assim como uma residência sazonal nestas áreas localizadas em águas tropicais e temperadas fora da costa sul-americana (19-45S). A sazonalidade dos movimentos esteve intimamente associada a processos físicos sazonais de pequena e mesoescala. Dependendo do ambiente marinho explorado, durante os períodos de residência, as tartarugas apresentaram diferentes estratégias alimentares identificadas através da análise dos padrões de mergulho. / Sea turtles are long-lived, highly migratory endangered species with a wide distribution. Thus improving our knowledge of the spatial ecology of sea turtles is essential for elucidating aspects of their life history and for the development of effective conservation measures. This thesis comprises a collection of articles or chapters that aim to contribute to the knowledge of the spatial ecology of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. This study used new technologies such as satellite telemetry (which provides a useful approach for tracking the movements of migratory species) and a set of geoprocessing tools as a methodological approach that aimed to: examine the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles, identify high use areas and spatio-temporal patterns of habitat use, and integrate biological and environmental data to describe foraging strategies of this species. Five leatherback turtles (a subadut, two adult males and two adult females) were fitted with satellite transmitters in the Southwest Atlantic between 2005 and 2008. Besides providing geographical location data the transmitters also recorded dive information such as mean and maximum dive depth and duration, individual dive profiles and water temperature data. For the first time the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles tagged in the South Atlantic were documented. Previously unidentified high use areas (or foraging areas) were recognized for this species, also a seasonal residence along those areas located in tropical and temperate areas off the coast of South America (19-45 S). The seasonal movements were closely associated with small and mesoscale physical seasonal processes. Depending on the marine environment exploited during periods of residence, the turtles showed different foraging strategies identified through the analysis of the diving patterns.

Recreational scuba diving is a highly social activity where divers are encouraged to work in groups of two or more people. Though collaborative, divers are unable to freely and naturally communicate. Additionally, the distortion of sensory information (e.g. distances and sounds cannot be judged as accurately underwater) affects the ability to keep track of critical information which impairs their ability to engage in this underwater world. We have studied and designed a fault tolerant system, including the software, the device, and the network, to foster underwater communication. We studied the technology required, the software design for both single user and multiple users, as well as, the network design in order to support such a system. In the thesis, we have set up and analyzed the result of three user studies and a simulation to investigate the viability of the proposed design.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As tartarugas marinhas são espécies ameaçadas, altamente migratórias que apresentam um ciclo de vida longo e uma ampla distribuição geográfica. Assim, melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre a ecologia espacial das tartarugas marinhas é essencial para a elucidação de aspectos da sua história de vida e para o desenvolvimento de medidas eficazes de conservação. Esta tese compreende um conjunto de artigos ou capítulos que visam contribuir ao conhecimento da ecologia espacial da tartaruga-de-couro, Dermochelys coriacea. Este estudo utilizou novas tecnologias como à telemetria por satélite (que proporciona um método útil para monitorar os movimentos de espécies migratórias) e um conjunto de ferramentas de geoprocessamento como abordagem metodológica que visou: examinar os movimentos e migrações da tartaruga-de-couro, identificar áreas de uso intenso e padrões espaço-temporais no uso do habitat, e integrar dados biológicos e oceanográficos para descrever as estratégias comportamentais desta espécie. Cinco tartarugas-de-couro (um subaduto, dois machos adultos e duas fêmeas adultas) foram equipadas com transmissores por satélite no Atlântico Sul Ocidental entre 2005 e 2008. Além de fornecer dados de localização geográfica os tansmissores permitiram registrar informações de mergulho tais como profundidade e duração máxima e media dos mergulhos, perfis completos de mergulhos individuais e dados de temperatura do mar. Movimentos e migrações de tartarugas-de-couro marcadas no Atlântico Sul foram documentados pela primeira vez. Alem disso, foi posível identificar áreas de uso intenso (ou alimentação) previamente desconhecidas para a espécie, assim como uma residência sazonal nestas áreas localizadas em águas tropicais e temperadas fora da costa sul-americana (19-45S). A sazonalidade dos movimentos esteve intimamente associada a processos físicos sazonais de pequena e mesoescala. Dependendo do ambiente marinho explorado, durante os períodos de residência, as tartarugas apresentaram diferentes estratégias alimentares identificadas através da análise dos padrões de mergulho. / Sea turtles are long-lived, highly migratory endangered species with a wide distribution. Thus improving our knowledge of the spatial ecology of sea turtles is essential for elucidating aspects of their life history and for the development of effective conservation measures. This thesis comprises a collection of articles or chapters that aim to contribute to the knowledge of the spatial ecology of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. This study used new technologies such as satellite telemetry (which provides a useful approach for tracking the movements of migratory species) and a set of geoprocessing tools as a methodological approach that aimed to: examine the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles, identify high use areas and spatio-temporal patterns of habitat use, and integrate biological and environmental data to describe foraging strategies of this species. Five leatherback turtles (a subadut, two adult males and two adult females) were fitted with satellite transmitters in the Southwest Atlantic between 2005 and 2008. Besides providing geographical location data the transmitters also recorded dive information such as mean and maximum dive depth and duration, individual dive profiles and water temperature data. For the first time the movements and migrations of leatherback turtles tagged in the South Atlantic were documented. Previously unidentified high use areas (or foraging areas) were recognized for this species, also a seasonal residence along those areas located in tropical and temperate areas off the coast of South America (19-45 S). The seasonal movements were closely associated with small and mesoscale physical seasonal processes. Depending on the marine environment exploited during periods of residence, the turtles showed different foraging strategies identified through the analysis of the diving patterns.

No description available.