Táto práca sa zaoberá vývojom a testovaním konfigurovateľného SPI slave zariadenia, ktorého hlavným účelom je testovanie reálnych SPI master zariadení. Zariadenie je implementované pomocou STM32 mikrokontroléra na vývojovej doske NUCLEO. Medzi základné funkcionality zariadenia patrí meranie frekvencie SPI prenosu, stream mód, ktorý umožní umožní presne sledovať, čo pripojené master zariadenie posiela po SPI zbernici a LUT mód, ktorý umožňuje nakonfigurovať zariadenie tak, aby odpovedalo prednastavenými odpoveďami na aktuálnu príchodziu správu. Rozšírená funkcionalita sa skladá z EEPROM emulátor módu. V tomto móde sa zariadenia správa ako virtuálna náhrada reálneho EEPROM zariadenia. Zariadenie je pripojené k počítaču pomocou sériového portu a je možné toto zariadenie konfigurovať pomocou python programáterského rozhrania. Zariadenie taktiež hlási každú aktivitu na SPI zbernici tomuto python programátorskému rozhraniu.

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Les systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce, tel que le processeur CELL ou plus récemment Platform 2012, sont des architectures multicœurs hétérogènes constitués d'un processeur host et d'une fabric de calcul qui consiste en plusieurs petits cœurs dont le rôle est d'agir comme un accélérateur programmable. Les parties parallélisable d'une application, qui initialement est supposé etre executé par le host, et dont le calcul est intensif sont envoyés a la fabric multicœurs pour être exécutés. Ces applications sont en général des applications qui manipulent des tableaux trés larges de données, ces données sont stockées dans une memoire distante hors puce (off-chip memory) dont l 'accès est 100 fois plus lent que l 'accès par un cœur a une mémoire locale. Accéder ces données dans la mémoire off-chip devient donc un problème majeur pour les performances. une characteristiques principale de ces plateformes est une mémoire local géré par le software, au lieu d un mechanisme de cache, tel que les mouvements de données dans la hiérarchie mémoire sont explicitement gérés par le software. Dans cette thèse, l 'objectif est d'optimiser ces transfert de données dans le but de reduire/cacher la latence de la mémoire off-chip . / Multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC) such as the CELL processor or the more recent Platform2012 are heterogeneous multi-core architectures, with a powerful host processor and a computation fabric, consisting of several smaller cores, whose intended role is to act as a general purpose programmable accelerator. Therefore computation-intensive (and parallelizable) parts of the application initially intended to be executed by the host processor are offloaded to the multi-cores for execution. These parts of the application are often data intensive, operating on large arrays of data initially stored in a remote off-chip memory whose access time is about 100 times slower than that of the cores local memory. Accessing data in the off-chip memory becomes then a main bottleneck for performance. A major characteristic of these platforms is a software controlled local memory storage rather than a hidden cache mechanism where data movement in the memory hierarchy, typically performed using a DMA (Direct Memory Access) engine, are explicitely managed by the software. In this thesis, we attempt to optimize such data transfers in order to reduce/hide the off-chip memory latency.

La difficulté de recyclage des pneus usagés en raison de la réticulation de la gomme représente un enjeu environnemental important. Une solution envisagée dans cette étude est la mise en œuvre de poudrettes de pneumatique recyclées (GTR) dans la conception de produits de plasturgie visant un bon amortissement choc, acoustique et vibratoire. Notre travail s’est orienté vers la conception et la caractérisation de deux types de matériaux : 1) Des composites Thermoplastique/GTR, sur 2 matrices thermoplastiques (TP) différentes (Acétate de vinyle (EVA) et polypropylène (PP) mis en œuvre par extrusion/injection, 2) Des plaques composées à 100% de poudrettes GTR élaborées par compaction/chauffage. La qualité de l’interface TP/GTR a été estimée par analyse micrographie électronique à balayage MEB. L’influence des charges GTR sur la cristallinité des matrices a été évaluée par DSC. Une étude en traction a permis de déterminer le module de Young en traction, le seuil d’écoulement ainsi que l’allongement à rupture. L’amortissement vibratoire a été caractérisé par analyse mécanique dynamique (DMA) avec la détermination du facteur de perte η sur une large gamme de températures permettant la construction des courbes maîtresses en fréquence (équivalence fréquence/température WLF). L’amortissement choc a été déterminé par impact de chute de masse instrumenté. Le coefficient d’absorption acoustique a été mesuré au moyen d’un tube de Kundt par la méthode des deux microphones. Ces différents moyens de caractérisation ont montré que l’amortissement de vibrations et d’impacts était augmenté par l’incorporation de charges GTR dans une matrice TP. L’étude de la résilience des mélanges PP/GTR a mis en évidence l’influence de la structure interne des éprouvettes moulées sur les mécanismes d’amortissement des chocs. Les plaques constituées à 100% de poudrettes compactées/chauffées ont démontré une bonne cohésion et d’excellentes propriétés d’amortissement aux chocs. Le coefficient d’absorption acoustique n’est intéressant qu’au voisinage de la résonance des différentes plaques testées. / The difficulty of recycling used tires due to the crosslinking of the gum is an important environmental issue. One solution proposed in this study consists in the integration of recycled tire crumb (GTR) in the design of plastic products aiming for a good impact, sound and vibration damping. Our work focused on the design and characterization of two types of materials : 1) Thermoplastic/GTR composites with two different thermoplastic matrix (TP) : vinyl acetate (EVA) and polypropylene (PP)processed by extrusion/injection, 2) plates made from 100 % GTR crumb processed by sintering. The quality of the TP/GTR interface was estimated with a Scanning Electron Microscope SEM. The influence of the GTR fillers on the TP matrix crystallinity was evaluated by DSC. Tensile test determined the Young’s modulus in tension, the yield point and the elongation at break. The vibration damping has been characterized by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) with the determination of loss factor η on a wide range of temperatures to allow the construction of master curves frequency (frequency/temperature equivalence WLF). The shock damping was determined by an intrumentad drop test. The sound absorption coefficient was measured using a Kundt tube using the two microphones method. These different means of characterization showed that the vibration damping and impact energy absorption was increased by the incorporation of GTR fillers in a TP matrix. The study of PP/GTR blends revealed the influence of the internal damages of the molded specimens on the shock absorption mechanisms. Plates consisting of sintered GTR showed good cohesion and excellent shock absorption properties. The sound absorption coefficient only proved interesting in the vicinity of the resonance of various plates being tested.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la problématique industrielle du « grip » des semelles de chaussures de randonnées et de course-à-pied (le « trail »). Nous menons une démarche exploratoire pluridisciplinaire pour prédire a priori la performance d’adhérence des mélanges de caoutchoucs chargés, réticulés pour semelles. Nous envisageons trois méthodologies : tribologique, mécanique et numérique.- En tribologie, nous utilisons l’approche normée des équipements de protections individuels (EPI). Nous discutons les conditions d’essais et les préparations surfaciques pertinentes pour les pratiques de plein air.- En mécanique, nous caractérisons la dissipation d’énergie lors d’une déformation car nous considérons cette hystérèse comme contribution majoritaire du frottement des caoutchoucs sur des surfaces rigides et mouillées. Comme dans l’industrie pneumatique nous recherchons une démarche prédictive basée sur l’analyse mécanique dynamique (DMA) en estimant les pertes par hystérèses en conditions de frottements.- Numériquement, nous utilisons des données mécaniques (hystérèse issue de la charge-décharge en traction grande déformation : viscohyperélasticité) et tribologiques (transition entre le frottement statique et dynamique) pour mettre en place des simulations par éléments finis qui devront aider la conception des futurs crampons.Chaque méthodologie est indépendante même si les mécanismes physiques considérés sont communs à toutes les démarches. Que ce soit de manière tribologique, mécanique, surfacique ou numérique, nous nous intéressons aux relations entre les déformations du caoutchouc et son frottement. / This thesis addresses the grip of hiking and trail-running shoes. We focus on cross-linked, silica-filled, outsoles rubbers. Our aim is to predict grip quality perceived by users. To do so, we explore multidisciplinary techniques. We consider three methodologies: tribological and mechanical characterizations and modelling.- Tribological study is based on footwear standard (personal protective equipment). We discuss an adaptation for outdoor outsoles. We set test conditions and surface preparations required for a pertinent and reproducible characterization.- Mechanical study deals with hysteresis phenomena as a major contributor to rubber friction on wet surfaces. We try to set a predictive characterization based on dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) by estimation of hysteresis loss in mechanical conditions representative of friction solicitations.- Tribological (static-dynamic transition) and mechanical (hyperelasticity or viscohyperelasticity obtained from tension: large cyclic loading-unloading) phenomena are implemented with finite element modelling. 2D and 3D modelling would support future lugs development.Each methodology is independent considering identical physical mechanisms. Based on mechanics, tribology and surface science or modelling we study the relationship between rubber deformation and friction.

A radiação ionizante de fontes de radiação gama ou geradores de raios-x é frequentemente utilizada na ciência médica, como em exames de radiodiagnóstico, radioterapia e esterilização de aloenxertos. A radiação ionizante é capaz de quebrar cadeias polipeptidicas e provocar a libertação de radicais livres, pela radiólise de moléculas de água. A radiação ionizante interage também com o material orgânico a nível molecular, podendo alterar as suas propriedades mecânicas. No caso específico do tecido ósseo, estudos reportam que a radiação ionizante induz alterações nas moléculas de colágeno e reduzem a densidade de ligações cruzadas intermoleculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações promovidas por diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Transformada de Fourier com Reflexão Total Atenuada (ATR-FTIR), e também a análise dinâmico-mecânica. Amostras de osso bovino foram irradiadas usando irradiador de Cobalto-60, com cinco doses diferentes: 0,01 kGy, 0,1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy e 75 kGy. Para estudar os efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre a estrutura química do osso foram avaliadas a relação material orgânico por material inorgânico, a relação de sub-bandas de amida I e o índice de cristalinidade. As alterações mecânicas foram determinadas por meio do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do amortecimento. Para verificar se as mudanças químicas e as características mecânicas de osso possuem alguma relação, realizou-se um estudo sobre a correlação entre as análises feitas com os dados espectroscópicos e as análises mecânicas. Foi possível avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo. Com a análise por espectroscopia ATR-FTIR, foi possível observar as modificações dos componentes orgânicos e na organização cristais de hidroxiapatita. Também foram observadas alterações no módulo elástico e na tangente de delta (dissipação de energia mecânica). Foram encontradas altas correlações com significância estatística entre a relação das bandas (amida III + colágeno)/v1,v3, PO43- com a tangente de delta, e entre a relação 1/FHMW e o módulo elástico. / Ionizing radiation from gamma radiation sources or X-ray generators is frequently used in Medical Science, such as radiodiagnostic exams, radiotherapy, and sterilization of haloenxerts. Ionizing radiation is capable of breaking polypeptidic chains and causing the release of free radicals by radiolisys.of water. It interacts also with organic material at the molecular level, and it may change its mechanical properties. In the specific case of bone tissue, studies report that ionizing radiation induces changes in collagen molecules and reduces the density of intermolecular crosslinks. The aim of this study was to verify the changes promoted by different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Samples of bovine bone were irradiated using Cobalt-60 with five different doses: 0.01 kGy, 0.1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy and 75 kGy. To study the effects of ionizing irradiation on the chemical structure of the bone, the sub-bands of amide I, the crystallinity index and relation of organic and inorganic materials, were studied. The mechanical changes were evaluated using the elastic modulus and the damping value. To verify whether the chemical changes and the mechanical characteristics of the bone were correlated, the relation between the analysis made with spectroscopic data and the mechanical analysis data was studied. It was possible to evaluate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue. With ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, it was possible to observe changes in the organic components and in the hidroxyapatite crystals organization. Changes were also observed in the elastic modulus and in the damping value. High correlation with statistical significance was observed among (amide III + collagen)/v1,v3, PO43- and the delta tangent, and among 1/FHWM and the elastic modulus.

A radiação ionizante de fontes de radiação gama ou geradores de raios-x é frequentemente utilizada na ciência médica, como em exames de radiodiagnóstico, radioterapia e esterilização de aloenxertos. A radiação ionizante é capaz de quebrar cadeias polipeptidicas e provocar a libertação de radicais livres, pela radiólise de moléculas de água. A radiação ionizante interage também com o material orgânico a nível molecular, podendo alterar as suas propriedades mecânicas. No caso específico do tecido ósseo, estudos reportam que a radiação ionizante induz alterações nas moléculas de colágeno e reduzem a densidade de ligações cruzadas intermoleculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações promovidas por diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo utilizando a técnica de Espectroscopia Transformada de Fourier com Reflexão Total Atenuada (ATR-FTIR), e também a análise dinâmico-mecânica. Amostras de osso bovino foram irradiadas usando irradiador de Cobalto-60, com cinco doses diferentes: 0,01 kGy, 0,1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy e 75 kGy. Para estudar os efeitos da radiação ionizante sobre a estrutura química do osso foram avaliadas a relação material orgânico por material inorgânico, a relação de sub-bandas de amida I e o índice de cristalinidade. As alterações mecânicas foram determinadas por meio do módulo de elasticidade e do valor do amortecimento. Para verificar se as mudanças químicas e as características mecânicas de osso possuem alguma relação, realizou-se um estudo sobre a correlação entre as análises feitas com os dados espectroscópicos e as análises mecânicas. Foi possível avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de radiação ionizante no tecido ósseo. Com a análise por espectroscopia ATR-FTIR, foi possível observar as modificações dos componentes orgânicos e na organização cristais de hidroxiapatita. Também foram observadas alterações no módulo elástico e na tangente de delta (dissipação de energia mecânica). Foram encontradas altas correlações com significância estatística entre a relação das bandas (amida III + colágeno)/v1,v3, PO43- com a tangente de delta, e entre a relação 1/FHMW e o módulo elástico. / Ionizing radiation from gamma radiation sources or X-ray generators is frequently used in Medical Science, such as radiodiagnostic exams, radiotherapy, and sterilization of haloenxerts. Ionizing radiation is capable of breaking polypeptidic chains and causing the release of free radicals by radiolisys.of water. It interacts also with organic material at the molecular level, and it may change its mechanical properties. In the specific case of bone tissue, studies report that ionizing radiation induces changes in collagen molecules and reduces the density of intermolecular crosslinks. The aim of this study was to verify the changes promoted by different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Samples of bovine bone were irradiated using Cobalt-60 with five different doses: 0.01 kGy, 0.1 kGy, 1 kGy, 15 kGy and 75 kGy. To study the effects of ionizing irradiation on the chemical structure of the bone, the sub-bands of amide I, the crystallinity index and relation of organic and inorganic materials, were studied. The mechanical changes were evaluated using the elastic modulus and the damping value. To verify whether the chemical changes and the mechanical characteristics of the bone were correlated, the relation between the analysis made with spectroscopic data and the mechanical analysis data was studied. It was possible to evaluate the effects of different doses of ionizing radiation in bone tissue. With ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, it was possible to observe changes in the organic components and in the hidroxyapatite crystals organization. Changes were also observed in the elastic modulus and in the damping value. High correlation with statistical significance was observed among (amide III + collagen)/v1,v3, PO43- and the delta tangent, and among 1/FHWM and the elastic modulus.

De nombreux gestes médicaux utilisent des aiguilles. Il est proposé une solution de principe pour contrôler la trajectoire d’une aiguille lors son insertion. Ce contrôle de trajectoire permet d’éviter des obstacles et atteindre une cible avec plus de précision. La solution de principe proposée repose sur l’utilisation des alliages à mémoires de forme de type Nickel-Titane (NiTi) et des traitements thermiques localisés. Une méthode expérimentale originale pour caractériser les alliages NiTi est développée. Cette méthode repose sur l’utilisation d’un dispositif expérimental permettant de faire des mesures et analyses mécaniques dynamiques (DMA) lors d’un essai de traction ou au cours d’un balayage en température sous contrainte. Ces mesures DMA ont permis de détecter les nombreux phénomènes présents dans ces alliages : élasticité, transformation de phase, réorientation,localisation, plasticité. Les résultats des mesures effectuées sur un fil commercial de NiTi sont présentés et analysés. L’analyse de l’évolution du module de conservation a permis de mettre en évidence les différentes séquences de transformation et de définir les domaines d’existence des phases en fonction de la contrainte et de la température. Des valeurs de modules d’élasticité de l’austénite, de la martensite et de la phase R sont proposées. Enfin,des modèles d’évolution du module de conservation lors d’un essai de traction et d’un balayage en température sous contrainte sont proposés. Une dernière partie concerne l’étude des effets des traitements thermiques sur un fil NiTi étiré à froid. Une gamme de traitements thermiques a été réalisée sur un fil NiTi. Les propriétés thermomécaniques ont été investiguées à la fois par des essais de traction isothermes et des mesures DMA en balayage en température sous contrainte. / Many medical procedures use needles. A solution is proposed to control and modifyneedle trajectory during its insertion. This steerable needle must be able to avoid anobstacle and reach the target with more accuracy. The solution uses Nickel Titanium(NiTi) shape memory alloy. A new experimental method is proposed to characterize NiTiwires. This method is based on experimental device wich allows to perform DynamicMechanical Analysis (DMA) during a tensile test or during a temperature sweep understress. DMA measurements can detect many phenomena : elasticity, phase transformation,reorientation, plasticity. Results for a commercial NiTi wire are presented and analyzed.Storage modulus evolution analysis shows multistage phase transformations for which thestress-temperature diagram has been established. Values of elastic modulus are determinedfor austenite, martensite and R phase. Estimation models are proposed to determinestorage modulus evolution during tensile test with DMA and temperature sweep understress with DMA. The last part of this work studies the effect of heat treatment on acold worked Niti wire. A range of heat treatments was performed. Thermomechanicaltreatment effects were investigated both with tensile tests and temperature sweeps understress with DMA.

With an increasingly large amount of data being collected in numerous application areas, the importance of online analytical processing (OLAP) workloads increases constantly. OLAP queries typically access only a small number of columns but a high number of rows and are, thus, most efficiently executed by column-stores. With the significant developments in the main memory domain even large datasets can be entirely held in the main memory. Thus, main memory column-stores have been established as state-of-the-art for OLAP scenarios. In these systems, all values of every column are encoded as a sequence of integer values and, thus, query processing is completely done on these integer sequences. To improve query processing, vectorization based the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) parallel paradigm is a state-of-the-art technique. Aside from vectorization, lightweight integer compression algorithms also play an important role to reduce the necessary memory space. Unfortunately, there is no single-best lightweight integer compression algorithm, and the algorithm selection decision depends most importantly on the data characteristics. Nevertheless, vectorization and integer compression complement each other, and the combined usage improves the query performance. Unfortunately, the benefits of vectorization are limited on modern x86-processors due to predefined and fixed SIMD instruction set extensions. Nowadays, the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) offers a novel opportunity with regard to hardware reconfigurable capability. For example, we can use an arbitrary length of processor word in FPGA leading to a higher performance, we can prepare proper pipeline-based custom-made database accelerators, and we can develop embedded systems through utilizing such accelerators. Moreover, modern hybrid CPU-FPGA systems have a direct data communication channel between the main memory and FPGA which is useful for throughput acceleration. Based on these advantages, this thesis examines the utilization of FPGA for main memory column-stores. This examination is two-fold. First, we investigate the column scan on compressed data as important operation and second, we systematically look at lightweight integer compression. These two aspects are considered from the hardware perspective to guarantee a certain level of query performance acceleration. In particular, this thesis explores different embedded design options and proposes an adaptive lightweight integer compression system. Based on a comprehensive evaluation, we find out the optimal design constraint as per implementation mechanism for column scan and lightweight integer compression. Finally, we conclude this thesis by mentioning our upcoming research activities.:CONTENTS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Analytical Data Systems 2 1.2 Query Acceleration 3 1.3 Thesis Contributions 5 2 BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM DEFINITION 7 2.1 Main Memory Column-Store Database Systems 8 2.2 State-of-the-art Optimization of Query Processing 11 2.2.1 Optimization using SIMD-Vectorization 11 2.2.2 Optimization using GPU-Accelerator 13 2.2.3 Summary 14 2.3 Opportunities and Challenges of FPGA-based Acceleration 15 2.3.1 Hybrid CPU-FPGA Architecture 15 2.3.2 Related Works on FPGA-based Acceleration 17 2.3.3 Research Challenges 19 3 COLUMN SCAN ON COMPRESSED DATA 21 3.1 Column Scan 22 3.1.1 Naïve 22 3.1.2 BitWeaving 24 3.1.3 SIMD Implementation 26 3.2 FPGA Implementation 29 3.2.1 Processing Element 30 3.2.2 Basic Architecture 31 3.2.3 Hybrid Architecture 31 3.3 Comparative Evaluation 32 3.3.1 SIMD Evaluation 33 3.3.2 FPGA Evaluation 36 3.4 Lessons Learned and Summary 38 4 ADAPTIVE LIGHTWEIGHT COMPRESSION SYSTEM 40 4.1 Lightweight Integer Compression 41 4.1.1 Overview and Classification 41 4.1.2 State-of-the-art Implementation Concepts 43 4.1.3 Discussion 46 4.2 FPGA-based Implementation of Lightweight Integer Compression Algorithms 46 4.2.1 Recap FPGA-based Architecture 47 4.2.2 Custom-made Compression HW Implementation 47 4.2.3 Lightweight Integer Compression System Implementation 56 4.2.4 Discussion 57 4.3 Adaptive Compression Systems 57 4.3.1 User-Specified Adaptive System 58 4.3.2 HW-Specified Adaptive Systems 59 4.4 Experimental Evaluation 63 4.4.1 Data Properties Definition 64 4.4.2 Physical-Level Compression 65 4.4.3 Logical-Level Compression 67 4.4.4 Cascaded Compression 69 4.4.5 Adaptive Compression 74 4.5 Lessons Learned and Summary 78 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 81 5.1 Conclusion 82 5.2 Future Work 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY 86 LIST OF FIGURES 91 LIST OF TABLES 94 CONTENTS