Forensic analysis of DNA from sexual assault kits is a laborious process. These samples may be a mixture of sperm and male or female epithelial cells (E-cells). Generally, it is the sperm cells that are of greatest forensic value. Since its introduction in 1985 by Gill, Jefferys and Warrett, differential extraction has remained an essential pre-PCR extraction procedure adopted by most forensic laboratories for the preferential lysis of E-cells and isolation of sperm cells/male fraction prior to DNA profiling. The differential extraction procedure operates based on the packaging of DNA in these two types of cells. The E cells are first lysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Proteinase K which leaves the sperm cells intact. The mixture is centrifuged leaving E-cell DNA in the supernatant and sperm cells in the pellet. After several wash steps to remove residual E cell DNA, the sperm fraction is then subjected to lysis using SDS, proteinase K, and dithiothreitol (DTT). DTT reduces the disulfide bonds present in the sperm nucleus, thereby releasing sperm cell DNA. The traditional Gill method of differential extraction, while proven to be highly effective in providing two separate fractions for a simplified interpretation of profiles, is a labor intensive and time-consuming process, requiring approximately six hours of an analyst’s concentration. In a casework scenario where an evidence sample is of a higher E cell concentration compared to sperm cells, it is inevitable to obtain mixture profiles that becomes more difficult to interpret. To mitigate carryover from the female fraction, the sperm cell fraction is usually subjected to multiple wash steps. Furthermore, the resulting fractions must be subjected to additional pre-PCR DNA purification procedures to remove PCR inhibitors such as SDS and Proteinase K which result in varying degrees on DNA loss. Progress has been made over the years to introduce methods that allow for PCR-ready lysates without additional purification steps, often referred to as direct lysis methods. However, none have been proven to be viable options for use in sexual assault samples. Our laboratory has developed a novel differential extraction procedure that is not only time-efficient and less laborious but also utilizes a direct-lysis procedure requiring no further pre-PCR purification for most samples. The novel procedure uses ZyGEM, which contains the thermophilic EA1 protease proven to effectively digest biological samples and produce PCR-ready lysates suitable for downstream nucleic acid amplification, thereby minimizing DNA loss. The procedure uses a multi-enzymatic approach and utilizes the different optimal activity temperatures of the enzymes to perform most of the process in a DNA extraction lab thermocycler, requiring only a single centrifugation for the usual separation of the E-cell fraction and no subsequent washing steps for the sperm cell fraction. It has the potential to be a rapid, robust procedure that can be easily implemented in any forensic laboratory. This thesis will describe the procedure and report progress in the procedure optimization. / 2019-10-24T00:00:00Z

There are numerous challenges encountered during the manufacturing and storage of cheese by both the large-scale and artesian producers. One such challenge has been the formation of late gassy defect, which occurs when gas is produced by certain lactic acid bacteria found in the cheese block during storage and aging over a three month time period. Negative consequences of late gas production are slits and cracks in the cheese block and puffy cheese packaging, which cause significant financial losses for manufacturers along with poor consumer acceptance. Lactobacillus wasatchensis is one such lactic acid bacterium shown to produce gas during cheese storage. This bacterium has now been found in cheese samples exhibiting late gas defect in the Midwest and Western states. The goal of this study was to further characterize and understand the growth attributes of Lb. wasatchensis, and thereby gain some understanding on how it enters the cheese vats and if there are possible ways to limit or inhibit its subsequent growth. An additional goal was to determine if we could effectively extract Lb. wasatchensis DNA from cheese samples and visualize using the qPCR molecular technique. If possible, this detection method would allow a faster and more sensitive approach to determining if Lb. wasatchensis is present in cheese blocks, which would help manufacturers know how long they should age their cheeses. It was discovered that Lb. wasatchensis does not survive processing through an industrial heat exchanger and therefore must be entering the cheese vats by other means such as: cross-contamination, biofilm formation or aerosolizing. We also showed growth of Lb. wasatchensis is limited at an increased salt-in-moisture ratio in cheese. Additionally, we found that Lb. wasatchensis DNA can be extracted from cheese and visualized using qPCR, although further experimentation is needed to optimize this method.

No description available.

A magnetic bead-based DNA extraction and purification device has been designed to be used for extraction of the target DNA molecules from whole blood sample. Mixing and separation steps are performed using functionalised superparamagnetic beads suspended in the cell lysis buffer in a circular chamber that is sandwiched between two electromagnets. Non-uniform nature of the magnetic field causes temporal and spatial distribution of the beads within the chamber. This process efficiently mixes the lysis buffer and whole blood in order to extract DNA from target cells. Functionalized surface of the magnetic beads then attract the exposed DNA molecules. Finally, DNA-attached magnetic beads are attracted to the bottom of the chamber by activating the bottom electrode. DNA molecules are extracted from the magnetic beads by washing and re-suspension processes. The numerical simulation approach has been adopted in order to design the magnetic field source. The performance of the magnetic field source has been investigated against different physical and geometrical parameters and optimised dimensions are obtained with two different magnetic field sources; integrated internal source and external source. A new magnetic field pattern has been introduced in order to efficiently control the bulk of magnetic beads inside the mixing chamber by dynamic shifting of magnetic field regions from the centre of the coils to the outer edge of the coils and vice versa. A Matlab code has been developed to simulate beads trajectories inside the designed extraction chip in order to investigate the efficiency of the magnetic mixing. A preliminary target molecule capturing simulation has also been performed using the simulated bead trajectories to evaluate the DNA-capturing efficiency of the designed extraction chip. The performance of the designed extraction chip has been tested by conducting a series of biological experiments. Different magnetic bead-based extraction kits have been used in a series of preliminary experiments in order to extract a more automation friendly extraction protocol. The efficiency of the designed device has been evaluated using the spiked bacterial DNA and non-pathogenic bacterial cell cultures (B. subtilis, Gram positive bacteria and E. coli, Gram negative bacteria) into the blood sample. Excellent DNA yields and recovery rates are obtained with the designed extraction chip through a simple and fast extraction protocol.

The fundamental challenge to prevent species from going extinct is difficult but of grave importance. Halting species from going extinct minimizes the loss of biodiversity. One way of researching biodiversity is by studying species on a genetic level. This creates a dilemma as studying species genetically often requires using destructive sampling and is not desirable or even allowed when studying threatened species. Thus, there is a necessity for alternate sampling methods. In this study both non-lethal and lethal methods were used to gather tissues from the butterfly species Vanessa cardui. The DNA extractions turned out to give varying amounts of DNA, but it was successfully extracted from all the different tissue types. Amplifiable DNA was successfully gained using PCR and confirmed using gel electrophoresis. Existing and newly designed primers for multi-copy genes were used and several of them gave amplifiable DNA. Even if amplifiable DNA has been obtained in other studies, using various tissues, it turned out to only work with a live butterfly’s body in this study.

Barcode identification is a method that uses genetic information to differentiate species. Because of its general versatility it can be applied to contexts from archaeology to the food industry. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a fish species commonly hunted in modern times and has been found in archaeological settings. However, barcoding requires enough quality DNA for amplification and abiotic exposure tends to degrade it. High temperatures, such as when boiling, can diminish DNA quality. The extent of DNA degradation between fresh and boiled tissues and whether all tissues retain the same amount of DNA is unclear. In this study DNA was extracted from S. salar tissues fins, muscle, bones and scales without treatment and with boiling treatment. DNA concentrations between fresh and boiled bones were not significantly different, nor were comparisons between samples with the same treatments. Muscles had higher DNA concentrations when boiled and fins had higher when fresh. These findings show that regarding certain tissue types can be expected to better retain DNA concentrations after boiling.

O protozoário parasita Cryptosporidium parvum tem sido reconhecido como um importante patógeno emergente. Para estudos moleculares, a maioria das técnicas para extração do DNA requer o uso de kits importados para concentrar, romper a parede muito resistente do oocisto e purificar o DNA das matrizes das amostras. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um método simples e rápido, baseado na reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para detectar Cryptosporidium em fezes preservadas. Oocistos foram concentrados das amostras fecais pela flutuação em gradiente de sacarose. Dos oocistos purificados foi extraído o DNA genômico através de incubação em tampão de lise contendo 70 mM -mercaptoetanol, digerido com proteinase K e extraído com fenol-clorofórmio-álcool isoamílico. A padronização foi iniciada com a PCR única para detectar Cryptosporidium spp usando um par de primer genérico (AWA). Para identificar C. parvum foi realizada a PCR única com o par de primer especifico (LAX). Para aumentar a sensibilidade do método, foi testada a nested-PCR, usando o primer externo XIA. Foram analisadas 39 amostras de DNA do bezerro padrão, 52 amostras de 17 pacientes e 45 amostras de 14 animais. Os resultados foram: 54,28% de positividade na PCR AWA, e 71,42% na nested-PCR XIA/AWA, 67,74% na PCR LAX e 44,44% na nested-PCR XIA/LAX das amostras do bezerro. A positividade geral nas amostras de pacientes e de animais foi: 34,48% pela PCR and 54,83% pela nested-PCR para Cryptosporidium spp e 16,00% pela PCR e 50,00% pela nested-PCR para C. parvum. O emprego do corante Vistra Green melhorou significativamente a visualização do gel. Os resultados mostram que este método simples e de baixo custo pode ser melhorado para aplicação na rotina do laboratório. / The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum has become recognised as important emerging human pathogens. For molecular studies, most of the techniques to extract genomic DNA require the use of imported kits to concentrate, rupture the very resistant oocyst wall, and purify the DNA from the samples matrix. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Cryptosporidium in preserved faeces. Oocysts were concentrated from faecal specimens by flotation on sucrose gradient. Genomic DNA was prepared from purified oocysts by adding a lysis buffer containing 70 mM -mercaptoethanol, digested with proteinase K and extracted with phenol-chlorophorm-isoamyl. The standardization was started by performing a one step PCR to detect Cryptosporidium spp using a generic set of primer (AWA). To detect C. parvum a one step PCR was assayed using the specific primer (LAX). To increase the sensitivity of the method, were tested nested-PCR assays, using an outer primer (XIA). Thirty nine DNA samples were analysed from the standard calf, 52 samples from 17 patients and 45 samples from 14 animals. The results were: 54.28% positive samples by single PCR AWA, 71.42% by nested-PCR, 67.74% by single PCR LAX and 44.44% by nested-PCR for the standard calf. The overall positivity for human and animal samples were: 34.48% by single PCR and 54.83% by nested-PCR for Cryptosporidium spp and 16.00% by single PCR and 50.00% by nested-PCR for C. parvum. Using Vistra Green for staining agarose gel, yielded the visualisation of the amplicons. These results show that this simple and cheap method could be improved to be used on the routine laboratory work.

OBJETIVO: A perda de heterozigosidade (LOH) é capaz de avaliar as alterações genéticas de lesões potencialmente malignas. Este ensaio avalia as regiões cromossômicas polimórficas que estão próximas ou na região dos oncogenes e genes supressores de tumor conhecidos. Os objetivos desta tese foram três principais: 1) Avaliar a frequência de perda de heterozigosidade de leucoplasias bucais com diferentes graus de severidade histopatológico em regiões cromossômicas próximas aos genes supressores de tumores. 2) Comparar e correlacionar o perfil de perda de heterozigosidade entre indivíduos da British Columbia (Canadá) e Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). 3) Avaliar os danos ao DNA que podem ocorrer durante o processamento e armazenamento das amostras de tecido parafinado. MÉTODOS: Amostras de leucoplasia bucal (com e sem displasias), fixadas em formalina tamponada 10% e parafinadas, obtidas nos laboratório de patologia bucal do Canadá e do Brasil foram selecionadas e microdissectadas. Procedeu-se a extração de DNA, amplificação por PCR das seguintes regiões microssatélites: 4q (D4S243, FABP2), 9p21 (IFNA, D9S171, D9S1748, D9S1751), 17p11.2 (CHRNB1) e 17p13.1 (tp53 e D17S786). Após o produto do PCR foi separado e visualizado em gel de poliacrilamida por autoradiografia. RESULTADOS: Observou-se uma forte correlação entre o perfil de perda de heterozigosidade entre indivíduos com leucoplasia bucal de ambos os países, independentemente da etnicidade. Além disso, pode-se notar que amostras de tecidos parafinados submetidos a mais de 24 horas de fixação em formalina tamponada 10% não serão, em sua maioria, boas amostras para análises de DNA. CONCLUSÃO: As lesões potencialmente malignas, provavelmente não são influenciadas em sua etiopatogênia pelas diferenças étnicas. O modelo de risco genético validado por Zhang e colaboradores (2012) parece ser aplicável em nossa comunidade, sendo necessário a sua validação, respeitando procedimentos técnicos padronizados. Ainda, vale ressaltar, que é imprescindível que a comunidade científica passe a adotar metodologias que preservem o material genético das peças dos bancos de tecidos parafinados, que são de inestimável valor para a pesquisa biomédica. / OBJECTIVE: Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) can evaluate genetic alterations of pre-malignant lesions. This assay evaluates the chromosomal polymorphic regions that are present in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. The main objectives of this thesis were: 1) Evaluate the frequency of LOH of oral leukoplakias with different histopathological degrees at chromosomal regions of tumor suppressor genes. 2) Compare the profile of LOH between individuals from British Columbia (Canada) and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). 3) Evaluate the DNA damage that may occur with FFPE (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded) tissues. METHODS: FFPE samples of oral leukoplakia (with and without dysplasia), obtained in Canadian and Brazilian oral pathology laboratories were selected and microdissected. DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the following microsatellite regions were conducted: 4q (D4S243, FABP2), 9p21 (IFNA, D9S171, D9S1748, D9S1751), 17p11.2 (CHRNB1) and 17p13.1 (tp53 and D17S786). PCR products were separated and visualized on polyacrylamide gel by autoradiography. RESULTS: A strong correlation between the LOH profile among individuals with oral leukoplakia from both countries was observed, regardless ethnicity. Furthermore, FFPE tissues subjected to more than 24 hours of fixation in 10% buffered formalin are not, generally, good samples for DNA analysis. CONCLUSION: Pre-malignant lesions etiopathogenesis may not be influenced by ethnicity. The genetic risk model validated by Zhang et al. (2012) seems to be applicable in our community, requiring its own validation, respecting standardized procedures. Still, it is important to emphasize that it is imperative that a scientific community adopts methodologies that preserve the genetic material FFPE tissues that are an invaluable resource for biomedical research.

A simple, but innovative microfluidic Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device which is broadly applicable in point of care diagnostics of biological pathogens was designed, fabricated and assembled utilising explicit microfluidic techniques. The purpose of this design was to develop a cartridge with the capability to perform multiplex DNA amplification reactions on a single device. To achieve this outcome, conventional laboratory protocols for sample preparation; involving DNA extraction, purification and elution were miniaturized to suit this lab-on-a-chip device of 75mm X 50mm cross-sectional area. The extraction process was carried out in a uniquely designed microchamber embedded with chitosan membrane that binds DNA at pH 5.0 and elutes when a different solution at pH 9.0 flows through. Likewise, purification protocol that occurs in the designed waste reservoir is very significant in biomedical field because it is concerned with waste treatment and cartridge disposability, was performed with a super absorbent powder that converts liquid to a gel like substance. This powder is known as sodium polyacrylate, which is also they treated with anti-bacterial chemicals to prevent environmental contamination. Furthermore, this process also employed the use of a passive valve for a precise fluid handling operation involving flow regulation from extraction to waste reservoir. In order to achieve the intended multiplexing function a multiplexer was created to distribute flow simultaneously through a bifurcated network of channels connected to six similar amplification microchambers. Prior to fabrication, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was utilized at flowrates less than 10μL/s as the means to test the effectiveness of each design components and also to specifically deduct empirical values that can be analyzed to improve or understand the relationship between the fluid and geometrical constraints of the microfluidic modular elements. The device produced was a hybrid cartridge composed of PDMS and glass which is the most widely used materials microfluidics research due to their low cost and simplicity of fabrication by soft lithography technique. The choice of material also took into account the various physical and chemical properties advantages and disadvantages in their bio-medical applications. Such properties include but not limited to surface energy that determines the wetting fluid characteristics, biocompatibility, optical transparency. Subsequently, after a prototype cartridge was developed fluid flow experimentation using liquid coloured dye was used on the fully fabricated cartridge to test the efficacy of its microfluidic functionalities before expensive DNA amplification reagents were utilised at similar flowrates to the CFD simulations. This gave rise to comparison between similar and dissimilar flow Peculiarities in the microfluidic circuit of both experiments. The final experiment was performed with the aid of a recent molecular technique in DNA amplification known as of RPA kit (recombinase polymerase amplification reaction). It involved performing two main reaction experiments; first, was the positive experiment that bears the sample DNA and the latter, negative that served as the control without DNA. In the end, quantitative analysis of results was done using an agarose gel that showed 143 base pairs, for the positive samples, thus validating the amplification experiment.

O protozoário parasita Cryptosporidium parvum tem sido reconhecido como um importante patógeno emergente. Para estudos moleculares, a maioria das técnicas para extração do DNA requer o uso de kits importados para concentrar, romper a parede muito resistente do oocisto e purificar o DNA das matrizes das amostras. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um método simples e rápido, baseado na reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para detectar Cryptosporidium em fezes preservadas. Oocistos foram concentrados das amostras fecais pela flutuação em gradiente de sacarose. Dos oocistos purificados foi extraído o DNA genômico através de incubação em tampão de lise contendo 70 mM -mercaptoetanol, digerido com proteinase K e extraído com fenol-clorofórmio-álcool isoamílico. A padronização foi iniciada com a PCR única para detectar Cryptosporidium spp usando um par de primer genérico (AWA). Para identificar C. parvum foi realizada a PCR única com o par de primer especifico (LAX). Para aumentar a sensibilidade do método, foi testada a nested-PCR, usando o primer externo XIA. Foram analisadas 39 amostras de DNA do bezerro padrão, 52 amostras de 17 pacientes e 45 amostras de 14 animais. Os resultados foram: 54,28% de positividade na PCR AWA, e 71,42% na nested-PCR XIA/AWA, 67,74% na PCR LAX e 44,44% na nested-PCR XIA/LAX das amostras do bezerro. A positividade geral nas amostras de pacientes e de animais foi: 34,48% pela PCR and 54,83% pela nested-PCR para Cryptosporidium spp e 16,00% pela PCR e 50,00% pela nested-PCR para C. parvum. O emprego do corante Vistra Green melhorou significativamente a visualização do gel. Os resultados mostram que este método simples e de baixo custo pode ser melhorado para aplicação na rotina do laboratório. / The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum has become recognised as important emerging human pathogens. For molecular studies, most of the techniques to extract genomic DNA require the use of imported kits to concentrate, rupture the very resistant oocyst wall, and purify the DNA from the samples matrix. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Cryptosporidium in preserved faeces. Oocysts were concentrated from faecal specimens by flotation on sucrose gradient. Genomic DNA was prepared from purified oocysts by adding a lysis buffer containing 70 mM -mercaptoethanol, digested with proteinase K and extracted with phenol-chlorophorm-isoamyl. The standardization was started by performing a one step PCR to detect Cryptosporidium spp using a generic set of primer (AWA). To detect C. parvum a one step PCR was assayed using the specific primer (LAX). To increase the sensitivity of the method, were tested nested-PCR assays, using an outer primer (XIA). Thirty nine DNA samples were analysed from the standard calf, 52 samples from 17 patients and 45 samples from 14 animals. The results were: 54.28% positive samples by single PCR AWA, 71.42% by nested-PCR, 67.74% by single PCR LAX and 44.44% by nested-PCR for the standard calf. The overall positivity for human and animal samples were: 34.48% by single PCR and 54.83% by nested-PCR for Cryptosporidium spp and 16.00% by single PCR and 50.00% by nested-PCR for C. parvum. Using Vistra Green for staining agarose gel, yielded the visualisation of the amplicons. These results show that this simple and cheap method could be improved to be used on the routine laboratory work.