It has been desired that this work will provide interested students informative reading concerning doorways as a part of architecture. It is hoped that it will be a literary contribution to the beginning architectural student and that he study will provide a point of interest for the further study of architecture and its many elements.

Recent terrorist attacks and accidental explosions have prompted increased interest in the blast resistant design of high-risk facilities, including government offices, private sector buildings, transportation terminals, sporting venues, and military facilities. Current blast resistant design standards prioritize the protection of the primary structural system, such as walls, columns, and beams, to prevent a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure. Secondary structural systems and non-structural components, such as blast resistant doors, are typically outside the focus of standard building design. Components such as blast resistant doors are designed and manufactured by private sector entities, and their details are confidential and considered proprietary business information. For this reason, scientific research on blast resistant doors is sparse and most test results are unavailable for public consumption. Nevertheless, the performance of blast doors is crucial to the survival of building occupants as they are relied upon to contain blast pressures and remain operable after a blast event to allow ingress/egress. These important roles highlight the critical need for further research and development to enhance the level of protection provided by components that are often not considered in any detail by protective design practice. This thesis presents a combined experimental and analytical research program intended to support the development of blast resistant hollow metal doors. A total of 18 static beam-assembly tests were conducted, which consisted of the flexural four-point bending of door segments, to inform on the performance characteristics of full-sized blast resistant doors. Six tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of three skin-core construction methodologies, which consisted of one epoxy and two weld attachment specifications, between door skins and their internal reinforcing structures. The remaining 12 tests were performed to evaluate the in-situ performance of hinge hardware typically installed on blast resistant door assemblies. The results of the skin-core construction tests demonstrated that closely spaced weld patterns would provide the best blast performance. The results of the hinge hardware tests demonstrated that hinges which provided a continuous load-path directly into the primary ii structural core elements of the door frame and door were ideal; furthermore, robust hinges with fully-welded or continuous knuckles were best suited for limiting undesirable deformations. A semi-empirical analytical methodology was developed to predict the global deformation response of full-sized hollow metal doors subjected to blast loading in the seated direction. The goal was to provide practicing engineers who are competent but non-expert users of high fidelity simulations with the flexibility to conduct in-house evaluation of the blast resistance of hollow metal doors without having to conduct live explosive or simulated blast tests. A finite element analysis was first performed to compute the door resistance function. Hollow metal door construction was idealized using a bulk material sandwiched between sheet metal skins and internally stiffened by stringers. The properties of the bulk material were calibrated such that the deformability of the idealized core reasonably approximated the global load-deformation behavior which occurs due to loss of composite action when welds fail. The resistance curves were then used in a singledegree-of-freedom dynamic analysis to predict the displacement response of the door subjected to blast loading. The proposed methodology was first validated against the static beam-assembly flexural tests. It was then extended to the case of a full-sized door subjected to shock tube blast testing using results published in the literature. The proposed methodology was found to reasonably approximate the out-of-plane load-deformation response of beam-assemblies and full-size doors, provided the bulk material properties of the idealized core are calibrated against experimental data. Finally, the new Virginia Tech Shock Tube Testing Facility was introduced. A description of the facility, including an overview of the shock tube's location, construction, main components, instrumentation, and key operating principles, were discussed. Operating guidelines and procedures were outlined to ensure safe, controlled, and repeated blast testing operations. A detailed calibration plan was proposed, and future work pertaining to the development of blast resistant hollow metal doors was presented. / Master of Science / Recent terrorist attacks and accidental explosions have motivated an increase in the demand for blast protection of critical infrastructure. Secondary components, such as doors, play a pivotal role in the protection of occupants as they ensure blast pressures are contained and ingress/egress is possible after a blast event. Experiments have been conducted to characterize the performance of several door construction methodologies (i.e., epoxy, reduced weld requirements) and the in-situ performance of hinge hardware through quasi-static testing of beams whose construction closely mimics that of a full-size door. Results of door construction testing indicated that, whenever possible, blast resistant doors should be constructed with full weld attachment (maximum specification with weld spaced every 3”) as these doors were found to provide the greatest resistance. Due to inconsistent and sudden failure mode, epoxy skin-core construction is not recommended for use in blast resistant doors at this time. Hinge testing determined that hinge mounting plates (which hinge hardware leaves are attached to) should be integrally connected to the frame and door internal reinforcing elements to provide adequate strength and that hinges with fully welded knuckles should be used for blast applications to limit deformation and facilitate post-blast operability. An ABAQUS finite element analysis methodology utilizing a “skins and stringers” approach to generate a beam-assembly model resulted in an adequate prediction of load deflection results recorded during beam-assembly testing after calibration of the model. An extension of this modeling approach was used to model full-size doors and adequately captured their dynamic performance when subjected to blast loading. Finally, preparation of the Virginia Tech Shock Tube Testing Facility, which is currently in progress, is summarized with regards to its calibration and the first round of testing which will focus on providing more data for comparison with the analysis methodology developed in this research.

The pressure retaining door is obviously a sensible part of an aircraft, and the design criteria is much more critical than for the fuselage, so a problem caused by this critical criteria is the heavy weight of the door structure because it should be strong enough to withstand loads and stiff enough to meet the sealing requirements. In spite of the pressure retaining door being so important, it is difficult to find design references. So, in this thesis, the pressure retaining door is investigated first, and then a typical structure of a type A door is selected as the study case using both metallic and composite material, in order to generate a standard method for door structure design, and to identify the key factors which can affect the structure weight. The study indicates that the structure weight of a type A door can be kept in a range for different combinations of beams and stringers, and the composite door structure can be 20% lighter than the metallic door while the stiffness of the two doors remains similar. It is found that the skin contributes much more weight to the door structure than other components and the skin thickness is affected by the short edge of the skin panel divided by beams and stringers. The results also found that it is much more serious when the end stop fails than when the middle stops fail. Therefore, it appears that the composite door is a good material as an alternative to aluminium. Also the method of door structure design is reasonable for the composite door, although it would be better to consider the stiffness of beams while in the theory design period. Besides IRP, the Group Design Project (GDP) is another important part of the MSc study; it lasts nearly half a year and we complete the Fly-wing concept design. The main contribution of the author to the GDP is the arrangement of doors, and also includes the family issues, cabin layout arrangement and a 3D model construct, which can be seen in APPENDIX B. According to the GDP work, I will have broadened my professional knowledge and will have an overall view of aircraft design.

Reklamfilmer till förmån för välgörande ändamål är ett välkänt fenomen. Som publik möts vi dagligen av filmklipp föreställande svältande barn, hus i spillror, krig, naturkatastrofer och annat elände. Frågan är; Hur mycket av detta tar vi egentligen till oss? Det är högst intressant att undersöka hur olika vi som mottagare upplever den här sortens marknadsföring. En del av oss snyftar medlidande medan andra fnyser och muttrar något i stil med "spel för gallerierna". Begreppet "spel för gallerierna" kan liknas vid en föreställning tillägnat de sämsta åskådarplatserna. Åskådarna på första parkett kan höra hur sufflören viskar fram replikerna som skådespelarna har glömt. Åskådarplatserna längst bak i salongen är lättare att lura då hörseln såväl som synen är försvagad. Medan första parkett himlar med ögonen åt sprickorna i kulisserna sitter åskådarna längst bak och jublar. Ovanstående fenomen skulle även kunna appliceras på åskådandet av en reklamfilm; en del åskådare observerar sprickorna i kulisserna och andra gör det inte.  Min analys är baserad på hur vi som mottagare reagerar på två av UNICEF:s reklamfilmer. Till grund för mitt ämnesval ligger främst intresset av att lyfta fram känslorna som den här sortens marknadsföring väcker hos sina mottagare. Jag är även intresserad av att undersöka hur reklamfilmerna påverkar alternativt inte påverkar mottagarnas inställning till organisationen. En återkommande fråga är; ”Leder filmerna till någon utmärkande handling?”.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-81).

Inaug.-diss.--Erlangen. / Lebenslauf. "Quellen und Literatur": p. iv-viii.

What is the role of mechanisms and change in architecture? How does a building relate to the people in and around it? How might architecture interact with people, not as an object, but as a participant in a dialogue? / Master of Architecture

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1910.

Originally issued as a Thesis--Leipzig, 1912. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [74]-75). Also available in print.

<p><h2>Problem</h2><p>The problem of the paper is the structure and characteristics of the interior door market in Sweden.</p><h2>Purpose</h2><p>The purpose of the paper is to provide the possibly deepest research of the Swedish market of interior door.</p><h2>Method</h2><p>The research constitutes of several parts. The theoretical framework derives from dependable literature, namely books, articles and journals. The data about the focal company is mostly of the primary type, gathered through series of interviews with Classen Pol's vice-chairman and a questionnaire filled in by the marketing manager of the company.</p><h2>Result</h2><p>The result of this paper is a description of the interior doors market in Sweden. Existing producers, distributors, sellers and importers are presented. Moreover, the author presents the optimal distribution for Classen Pol to pursue while entering Sweden.</p></p>