Ventilation might seem like a minor consideration, but when properly installed, it can extend the life of the attic and roof structure of residential buildings saving huge dollar amounts in repair costs. The objectives of this study were to measure the wind effect on different kind of vents as the problem is vents are subjected to high wind loads during hurricane events and often fail causing water penetration and damage of interior contents. Wind-induced failure of rooftop vents during a hurricane may result in large openings in the roof that will allow water to penetrate into the building, a puncturing of the roof membrane, again allowing water infiltration, and detached rooftop vents can pose considerable threats as windborne debris. The study found that water infiltration through a vent system is dependent upon the differential pressure as well as the vent mechanism. For vents experiencing higher differential pressures, vent covers can be used during storms to reduce water infiltration. Active controls can also be designed to close the vents automatically as differential pressure increases based on the wind speed and wind angle of attack.

The aim of this master thesis is to characterize the fluid forces applied to a fuel assembly inthe core of a nuclear power plant in case of seism. The forces are studied with a simplifiedtwo-dimensional model constituted of an array of 3 by 3 infinite cylinders oscillating in aclosed box. The axial flow of water, which convects the heat in the core of a nuclear powerplant, is also taken into account. The velocity of the axial flow reaches 4m/s in the middle ofthe assembly and modifies the forces features when the cylinders move laterally.The seism is modeled as a lateral displacement with high amplitude (several cylinderdiameters) and low frequencies (below 20 Hz). In order to study the effects of the amplitudeand of the frequency of the displacement, the displacement taken is a sine function withboth controlled amplitude and frequency. Four degrees of freedom of the system will bestudied: the amplitude of the displacement, its frequency, the axial velocity amplitude andthe confinement (due to the closed box).The fluid forces exerted on the cylinders can be seen as a combination of three terms: anadded mass, related to the acceleration of cylinders, a drift force, related to the damping ofthe fluid and a force due to the interaction of the cylinder with residual vortices. The firsttwo components will be characterized through the Morison expansion, and their evolutionwith the variation of the degree of freedom of the system will be quantified. The effect ofthe interaction with the residual vortices will be observed in the plots of the forces vs. timebut also in the velocity and vorticity map of the fluid.The fluid forces are calculated with the CFD code Code_Saturne, which uses a second orderaccurate finite volume method. Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations arerealized with a k-epsilon turbulence model. The Arbitrary Lagrange Euler model is used todescribe the structure displacement. The domain is meshed with hexahedra with thesoftware gmsh [1] and the flow is visualized with Paraview [2]. The modeling techniquesused for the simulations are described in the first part of this master thesis.

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Hydrodynamic drag testing was conducted for eleven different configurations of IsoTruss® lattice structures. Flow visualization of prototypical IsoTruss® wind towers was also performed using Particle Image Velocimetry instrumentation. The drag test and flow visualization specimens included 6-node and 8-node configurations, single and double-grid geometries, thick and thin member sizes, smooth and rough surface finishes, a helical-only structure, and a smaller outer diameter test specimen. Three sets of hydrodynamic drag tests were conducted in a closed-circuit water tunnel: 1) orientation drag tests, 2) water velocity drag tests, and 3) height variation drag tests. The orientation drag tests measured the hydrodynamic drag force of the IsoTruss® test specimens at five different orientations with an average water velocity of 1.43 mph (0.64 m/s). The water velocity drag tests measured the maximum drag for each IsoTruss® test specimen at water velocities ranging from 0.0 to an average 1.43 mph (0.64 m/s). Based on the average outer structure diameter of the IsoTruss® specimens, the water velocities corresponded to a Reynolds number range of 7,000 to 80,000. Based on the average member diameter, the corresponding Reynolds number spanned from 600 to 3,000. In addition, the height variation drag tests were performed by vertically extracting the IsoTruss® test specimens from the test section at four different immersed height levels, with a maximum immersed height of 7.22 in (18.1 cm). The height variation testing corresponded to a Froude number range of 0.40 to 0.90. The IsoTruss® specimens exhibited an average lower drag coefficient based on the projected cylindrical area than the smooth circular cylinder data throughout the Reynolds number and Froude number ranges. The drag coefficient based on solid member area showed no correlation when shown as a function of the solidity ratio. However, for the drag coefficient calculated from the solid member projected area, the data for all IsoTruss® test specimens collapsed to a 2nd order polynomial when presented as a function of the Froude number, with an R2 of 0.99. Conversely, no significant relationship was shown when the drag coefficient based on projected cylindrical area was plotted versus the Froude number. The hydrodynamic data was compared to aerodynamic data, and the orientation testing results were identical. The hydrodynamic data differed by an average of 17% compared to the non-dimensional aerodynamic results. The flow visualization research revealed that the velocity returned to 2% of the freestream velocity at 1.24 diameters upstream from the prototypical IsoTruss® wind tower. Likewise, the velocity returned to a maximum 4% of the freestream velocity at 0.94 diameters sidestream of the model IsoTruss® wind tower.

The presence of vegetation in open channel flow has a significant influence on flow resistance, turbulence structures and sediment transport. This study will evaluate flow resistance and scale velocity profile in depth limited flow conditions, specifically investigating the impact of vegetation on the flow resistance under submerged flow conditions. The resistance induced by vegetation in open channel flows has been interpreted differently in literature, largely due to different definitions of friction factors or drag coefficients and the different Reynolds numbers. The methods utilized in this study are based on analytical and numerical models to investigate the effects of vegetation presence on flow resistance in open channel flows. The performing strategy approach was applied by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, using artificial cylinders for the velocity profile. This is to estimate the average flow velocity and resistance coefficients for flexible vegetation, which results in more accurate flow rate predictions, particularly for the case of low Reynolds number. This thesis shows different formulas from previous studies under certain conditions for a length scale metric, which normalises velocity profiles of depth limited open channel flows with submerged vegetation, using both calculated and simulated model work. It considers the submerged vegetation case in shallow flows, when the flow depth remains no greater than twice the vegetation height. The proposed scaling has been compared and developed upon work that have been influenced by logarithmic and power laws to present velocity profiles, in order to illustrate the variety of flow and vegetation configurations.

Drag polars for three Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) were measured at Reynolds numbers of 70,000, 50,000, 30,000, and 10,000 and compared to predictions generated using the classical approach. The MAVs tested had different configurations and aspect ratios varying from 1.2 to 1.6 and ratios of wetted surface area to planform area from 2.6 to 3.9. A force balance was used to measure the lift and drag on the MAVs at angles of attack ranging from -5 degrees (or -10 degrees) to 10 degrees. The force balance allowed the MAVs to rotate in the pitching axis. The MAV angle of attack was set using an elevator installed on the MAV and controlled using a standard radio control used by RC plane enthusiasts. Uncertainty analysis performed on the data showed the uncertainty for high Reynolds numbers was dominated by velocity uncertainty, and uncertainty for the lower Reynolds numbers was dominated by uncertainty in the force measurements. Agreement between measured and predicted drag polars was good with the measured drag never being more than two times the predicted drag. For the majority of the tests, the drag coefficients followed the expected Reynolds number trend: increasing with decreasing Reynolds number.

Dans un système de machines rotatives comme un moteur à turbine, les paliers d'éléments roulants à grande vitesse jouent un rôle important dans le support de l'arbre ou du rotor rotatif, et ont besoin d'une lubrification pour assurer leur fonction. Sauf qu'une petite quantité d'huile est nécessaire pour former le film lubrifiant élastohydrodynamique dans la zone de contact, la plus grande partie du lubrifiant reste en suspension dans l'air, formant un mélange huile/air. Ce phénomène entraîne des pertes hydrauliques parasitaires excessives lorsque les éléments roulants se translatent et tournent dans l'environnement fluide, ce qui peut constituer une partie relativement importante de la perte de puissance totale du roulement, appelée traînée d'enroulement et pertes de barattage. Pour une vitesse de rotation jusqu'à 3× 106 Ndm, la contribution de la traînée/dérive au total peut atteindre 50%. Cependant, jusqu'à présent, il existe peu d'approches utilisées directement pour l'estimation des pertes par traînage, qui ne pouvait fournir qu'une approximation plutôt grossière. Dans cette thèse, la méthode CFD est utilisée pour analyser d'abord l'écoulement autour d'un cylindre circulaire de longueur finie avec deux extrémités libres dans un espace ouvert. Ensuite, le modèle est remplacé par plusieurs cylindres circulaires en ligne pris en sandwich par deux parois plates, ce qui représente une approche simplifiée. Le fluide est ici considéré comme incompressible, représentant un fluide monophasé équivalent pour l'écoulement diphasique huile/air à l'intérieur de la cavité de palier avec des propriétés de fluide spécifiées. Les résultats indiquent que l'écoulement autour de l'élément de rouleau de longueur finie est perturbé par ses deux extrémités libres, les anneaux environnants, la cage et d'autres éléments roulants. Il est proposé une relation entre le coefficient de traînée et le nombre de Reynolds approprié pour un cylindre circulaire dans les roulements à rouleaux (1<L/D<6), ainsi qu'une formulation pour la prévision des pertes de barattage. L'écoulement diphasique huile/air à l'intérieur de la cavité de palier avec lubrification sous la course est également étudié dans ce travail. Le volume couplé de niveau de fluide (CLS-VOF) est utilisé pour démontrer la distribution du lubrifiant le long de la circonférence du palier. L'effet de divers facteurs est étudié, par ex. la vitesse d'injection d'huile, le diamètre de la buse, les propriétés de l'huile et l'angle d'injection de l'huile. La vitesse de rotation de tous les composants du palier est étudiée en particulier pour quantifier leur influence sur la fraction du volume d'huile à l'intérieur de la cavité du palier. Les résultats démontrent que non seulement la vitesse de rotation relative de l'anneau interne, mais la vitesse de la cage elle-même pourrait changer la distribution d'huile. / In a rotating machinery system like turbine engine, high speed rolling element bearings play an important role in supporting the rotating shaft or rotor, and need lubrication to insure their function. Except a small quantity of oil is needed to form the elastohydrodynamic lubricant film in the contact zone, most of lubricant remains in suspension in air, forming an oil/air mixture. This phenomenon leads to excessive parasitic hydraulic losses when rolling elements translate and rotate into the fluid environment, which may constitute a relatively large portion of the bearing's total power loss, named windage drag and churning losses. For high speed applications, i.e. for rotational speed up to 3× 10^6 Ndm, the contribution of drag/windage loss to the total one may reach up to 50%. However, so far there are few approaches used directly for drag and churning losses estimation, which could only provide a rather gross approximation. In this thesis, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is employed to analyze first the flow around one finite-length circular cylinder with two free ends in an open space. Then the model is changed to several in-line circular cylinders sandwiched by two flat walls, which represents a simplified approach. The fluid here is regarded as incompressible, representing an equivalent one-phase fluid for the oil/air two-phase flow inside the bearing cavity with specified fluid properties. The results indicate that the flow around the finite length roller element is perturbed by its two free ends, the surrounding rings, the cage and other rolling elements. A relationship between the drag coefficient and the Reynolds number suitable for circular cylinder in roller bearings (1<L/D<6) is proposed, as well as a formulation for churning losses prediction. The oil/air two phase flow inside the bearing cavity with under-race lubrication is also studied in this work. The coupled level-set volume of fluid (CLS-VOF) method is employed to demonstrate the lubricant distribution along the bearing circumference. The effect of various factors is studied, e.g. the oil injection velocity, the nozzle diameter, the oil properties, and the oil injecting angle. Rotational speed of all the bearing components are studied particularly to quantify their influence to the oil volume fraction inside the bearing cavity. The results demonstrate that not only the inner-ring relative rotational speed, but the cage speed itself could change the oil distribution. The results can be used for the precise lubrication design to optimate the oil distribution inside the bearing.

To understand and to predict the weather and climate, numerical models are important tools and it is crucial that the controlling processes are described correctly. Since 70% of the global surface is covered with water the description how the ocean and atmosphere communicates has a considerable impact. The ocean–atmosphere exchange occurs through transport of momentum (friction) and heat, governed by turbulent eddies. The sea surface is also an important source of turbulence in both directions. The scales of the turbulent eddies cannot be resolved in ocean and climate models. Therefore, the turbulent exchanges have to be related to mean variables, such as wind speed and temperature differences. By using measurements, new methods to describe the air–sea exchange during two specific processes were developed. These processes are the so-called UVCN-regime (Unstable Very Close to Neutral stratification) and swell, i.e. waves which are not produced by the local wind. These processes were included in an ocean model and in a regional atmospheric climate model and the impact was investigated. The UVCN-regime enhances the heat transport significantly during the autumn and winter months in the ocean model. This results in a shallower well-mixed surface layer in the ocean. Wind-following swell reduces the surface friction, which is very important for the atmosphere. Some secondary effects in the climate model are reduced low-level cloud cover and reduced precipitation by more than 10% over sea areas. Locally and for short periods the impact is large. It is important to include the UVCN-regime and the swell impact in models, to make simulations more reliable.

Previous field demonstration projects in metro-Atlanta have shown that seep berms, which are elongated sedimentation basins at the outlet of a disturbed land area, can provide high suspended sediment trap efficiencies with respect to coarse sediments on construction sites having drainage areas greater than five acres. Previous literature has shown that vegetative filter strips are efficient traps for fine suspended sediment in stormwater runoff. A combination of a seep berm and vegetative filter in series was studied in this thesis as an erosion control measure with quantification of its flow resistance and sediment removal efficiency. First, a field demonstration project was implemented to evaluate seep berms as a viable erosion control measure through a side-by-side comparison with the more commonly-used silt fences on construction sites with drainage areas less than five acres in metro Atlanta. High suspended sediment trap efficiencies were recorded for the seep berm on two separate sites, and the seep berm was shown to be superior to silt fences with respect to sediment control in the site runoff. Then a vegetative filter was studied in the laboratory in a specially-built flume for that purpose. The relationship between vegetative drag coefficient and various parameters reflecting flow conditions and vegetation density in steady, uniform open channel flow was studied in the flume. Both rigid, emergent vegetation and submerged, flexible vegetation were studied at two different plant densities. The application of porous media flow concepts to open channel flow through vegetation resulted in a collapse of data for vegetative drag coefficient for the various vegetation types and densities into a single relationship when plotted against vegetative stem Reynolds number. Point velocity and turbulence intensity profiles at different locations in the vegetative filter were recorded with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter to observe the turbulence structure of the flow and its effects on vegetative drag and settling of sediment. A sediment slurry consisting of a suspension of fine sand was fed into the flume, and an automated sampler was used to measure suspended sediment concentrations along the vegetative filter length for a series of discharges from which sediment flux and trap efficiency could be determined. Experimental data for trap efficiency were plotted against a dimensionless settling efficiency for each type of vegetation and density. These relationships, along with the one developed for the coefficient of drag, were applied in a numerical design technique that allows designers to determine the flow depth, velocity and trap efficiency of a vegetative filter of known dimensions for a given flow rate, sediment grain size distribution, slope, and vegetation density. In a typical design example, the combined trap efficiency proved that a seep berm followed by a vegetative filter can be a very effective erosion control measure.

The diploma thesis is focused on a quantification of hydrodynamic load of overflowed bridge deck. Solution was pursued by using two–dimensional numerical simulation of open channel flow in vertical plane created in ANSYS 15.0 software (modules: Workbench, Design Modeler, Meshing, Fluent). Values of drag force, lift force, moment, drag coefficient, lift coefficient and moment coefficient is result of computation. Various types of bridge decks were tested in relation to the degree of inundation (inundation ratio) and flow velocity.The thesis provides comparison of numerical simulation with physical experimental testing and result published in accessible resources.