L'objectif du présent travail est double : d'une part mettre au point un dispositif de microscopie in situ qui permette de faire des observations de l'endommagement de surface en fatigue d'une éprouvette standard en acier duplex, à l'échelle de la microstructure (images de 120 x 90 Μm2), en cours d'essais ; d'autre part acquérir régulièrement des images durant le cyclage à l'aide de ce dispositif, afin d' analyser l'endommagement grâce aux champs cinématiques calculés par corrélation d'images numériques (CIN) (logiciels CORRELILMT et CORRELIQ4). Des observations de surface permettent d'identifier et de suivre le développement et la localisation de la déformation plastique cyclique, d'identifier les sites d'amorçage des microfissures et de suivre la propagation des microfissures en surface. Ces observations, associées à des analyses EBSD, permettent d'identifier les systèmes de glissement activés dans chaque phase. Des mesures de relief de surface par profilométrie interférométrique permettent de caractériser la morphologie des marques de glissement apparues en surface. La texture de niveaux de gris de l'image, nécessaire à la CIN, est obtenue par attaque électrochimique. Les champs mesurés mettent en évidence les hétérogénéités de déformations à l'échelle des grains, le niveau des déformations plastiques cumulées et leur dispersion, dans chacune des phases. Ils permettent par ailleurs de détecter les sites probables d'amorçage des microfissures, bien avant leur observation. L'étude montre la complémentarité des diverses techniques utilisées, et en particulier l'intérêt des mesures de champs à l'échelle de la microstructure, vis-à-vis de la compréhension de l'endommagement en fatigue plastique oligocyclique dans le matériau biphasé qu'est l'acier duplex (taille de grain de l'ordre de 10 Μm).

There is growing interest in developing reliable, high performance, underwater acoustic networks (UWANs). However, the acoustic communication channel, with its slow sound propagation, high signal attenuation, and low bandwidth, presents significant challenges to network designers. One advantage offered by the acoustic channel is the ability to form directional communication beams, which improve signal strength and reduce interference. The work presented here describes a novel medium access control protocol for UWANs designated Beam-Enabled Acoustic Link Establishment (BEALE). BEALE addresses the inherent challenges of the acoustic channel by incorporating two techniques: link-level scheduling and dynamic directional beam steering. BEALE neighbors exchange packets based on a link-level schedule negotiated between the two nodes. This scheduling allows nodes to steer transmit and receive beams in the appropriate direction at the appropriate time while minimizing control overhead. Using steered, directional beams increases the gain between sender and receiver, reduces the senders interference with other nodes, and, at the receiver, rejects possible interference from other nodes and noise sources common in the ocean, resulting in increased spatial reuse. The core protocol has been modeled in a UWAN simulator developed specifically for this research. The results demonstrate significant improvement in throughput and packet loss over two benchmark UWAN random access protocols when evaluated over a variety of spatial node topologies and traffic patterns. The core BEALE protocol is further enhanced herein by a Half-Duplex Sliding Window algorithm. The HDX Sliding window is shown through point-to-point simulation to markedly improve bandwidth utilization and error rate in large Bandwidth Delay Product (BDP) situations. Extension of the HDX Sliding Window to more complex multi-flow, two-way and multi-hop cases requires an additional level of communication coordination provided by the BEALE Sliding Window Scheduler presented here. The functional challenges and novel concept of the scheduler are described in detail. The BEALE protocol performance promotes a rich list of potential future research, such as rigorous characterization of the BEALE Sliding Window Scheduler, BEALE accommodation of mobile nodes, conceptual operability of a BEALE-enabled network of a central multi-beam sink node supporting large numbers of simple source nodes, and rate adaptation. / text

The demand for wireless data services has been dramatically growing over the last decade. This growth has been accompanied by a significant increase in the number of users sharing the same wireless medium, and as a result, interference management has become a hot topic of research in recent years. In this dissertation, we investigate feedback and transmitter cooperation as two closely related tools to manage the interference and achieve high data rates in several wireless networks, focusing on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) interference, X, and broadcast channels. We start by a one-to-many network, namely, the three-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel, where we assume that the transmitter obtains the channel state information (CSI) through feedback links after a finite delay. We also assume that the feedback delay is greater than the channel coherence time, and thus, the CSI expires prior to being exploited by the transmitter for its current transmission. Nevertheless, we show that this delayed CSI at the transmitter (delayed CSIT) can help the transmitter to achieve significantly higher data rates compared to having no CSI. We indeed show that delayed CSIT increases the channel degrees of freedom (DoF), which is translated to an unbounded increase in capacity with increasing signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). For the symmetric case, i.e. with the same number of antennas at each receiver, we propose different transmission schemes whose achievable DoFs meet the upper bound for a wide range of transmit-receive antenna ratios. Also, for the general non-symmetric case, we propose transmission schemes that characterize the DoF region for certain classes of antenna configurations. Subsequently, we investigate channels with distributed transmitters, namely, Gaussian single-input single-output (SISO) K-user interference channel and 2×K X channel under the delayed CSIT assumption. In these channels, in major contrast to the broadcast channel, each transmitter has access only to its own messages. We propose novel multiphase transmission schemes wherein the transmitters collaboratively align the past interference at appropriate receivers using the knowledge of past CSI. Our achievable DoFs are greater than one (which is the channel DoF without CSIT), and strictly increasing in K. Our results are yet the best available reported DoFs for these channels with delayed CSIT. Furthermore, we consider the K-user r-cyclic interference channel, where each transmitter causes interference on only r receivers in a cyclic manner. By developing a new upper bound, we show that this channel has K/r DoF with no CSIT. Moreover, by generalizing our multiphase transmission ideas, we show that, for r=3, this channel can achieve strictly greater than K/3 DoF with delayed CSIT. Next, we add the capability of simultaneous transmission and reception, i.e. full-duplex operation, to the transmitters, and investigate its impact on the DoF of the SISO Gaussian K-user interference and M×K X channel under the delayed CSIT assumption. By proposing new cooperation/alignment techniques, we show that the full-duplex transmitter cooperation can potentially yield DoF gains in both channels with delayed CSIT. This is in sharp contrast to the previous results on these channels indicating the inability of full-duplex transmitter cooperation to increase the channel DoF with either perfect instantaneous CSIT or no CSIT. With the recent technological advances in implementation of full-duplex communication, it is expected to play a crucial role in the future wireless systems. Finally, we consider the Gaussian K-user interference and K×K X channel with output feedback, wherein each transmitter causally accesses the output of its paired receiver. First, using the output feedback and under no CSIT assumption, we show that both channels can achieve DoF values greater than one, strictly increasing in K, and approaching the limiting value of 2 as K→∞. Then, we develop transmission schemes for the same channels with both output feedback and delayed CSIT, known as Shannon feedback. Our achievable DoFs with Shannon feedback are greater than those with the output feedback for almost all values of K.

abstract: Telomerase is a special reverse transcriptase that extends the linear chromosome termini in eukaryotes. Telomerase is also a unique ribonucleoprotein complex which is composed of the protein component called Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and a telomerase RNA component (TR). The enzyme from most vertebrate species is able to utilize a short template sequence within TR to synthesize a long stretch of telomeric DNA, an ability termed "repeat addition processivity". By using human telomerase reconstituted both in vitro (Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate) and in vivo (293FT cells), I have demonstrated that a conserved motif in the reverse transcriptase domain of the telomerase protein is crucial for telomerase repeat addition processivity and rate. Furthermore, I have designed a "template-free" telomerase to show that RNA/DNA duplex binding is a critical step for telomere repeat synthesis. In an attempt to expand the understanding of vertebrate telomerase, I have studied RNA-protein interactions of telomerase from teleost fish. The teleost fish telomerase RNA (TR) is by far the smallest vertebrate TR identified, providing a valuable model for structural research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Biochemistry 2010

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la dynamique des prismes orogéniques à travers l'étude du cas Himalayen. J'ai utilisé une approche pluri-disciplinaire combinant modélisation numérique, cartographie de terrain, analyse structurale et microstructurale, thermochronologie Ar-Ar et détermination des pics de température métamorphique par RSCM (Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material).La modélisation numérique m'a permis d'apporter des contraintes sur les paramètres contrôlant la géométrie actuelle de la chaine. A la suite de cette étude, je propose que les variations latérales observées le long de la chaîne Himalayenne soient générées par la combinaison de deux mécanismes : 1) l'advection asynchrone d'une rampe crustale sous le Moyen Pays Himalayen le long de différents segments, qui entraine la présence et le déplacement de la transition topographique le long de la chaîne; 2) des variations dans le contraste rhéologique entre le plateau du Tibet et la croûte continentale Indienne, qui controlent la formation des klippes et influence la largeur de la chaîne.Le travail de terrain a permis d'apporter des données sur une zone jusqu'alors peu documentée de l'Ouest Népalais. Les observations réalisées, ainsi que les analyses effectuées sur les échantillons rapportés de cette campagne de terrain, m'ont amené à proposer une nouvelle coupe géologique pour cette zone. L'existence du “lesser Himalayan Duplex”, jusqu'alors utilisé pour expliquer cette zone, est ainsi discuté ainsi que la géométrie et la signification du “Ramgarh Thrust”.Par ailleurs, un code de modélisation numérique a été développé afin d'étudier les mécanismes thermiques ayant lieu dans la croûte continentale en cours de migmatisation. Ce modèle, appliqué au massif métamorphique de El Oro en Equateur, nous a amené à mettre en évidence l'existence de mécanismes de convection crustale, lors de la migmatisation, dans cette région. Cette étude méthodologiquement proche de celle réalisée sur le prisme orogénique himalayen, apporte des contraintes sur la formation et la dynamique des plateaux continentaux. / This PhD focuses on the dynamics of orogenic wedges using the Himalayas as a case study. I used a multi-disciplinary approach combining numerical modeling, field mapping, structural and microstructural analysis, Ar-Ar thermochronology and metamorphic peak temperature estimation by RSCM (Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material) to provide geometrical and timing constraints on the development and evolution of an upper-crustal scale nappe system.Numerical modeling provided the intuition on the parameters that control the current geometry of the belt. According to this study, I propose that along-strike variations observed along the Himalayan Belt are generated by two parallel mechanisms: 1) The asynchronous underthrusting of a crustal ramp beneath the Lesser Hiamalaya, responsible for the presence and displacement of the topographic transition observed along the belt; and 2) variations in the rheological contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and the colliding Indian continental crust, controlling the formation of klippes and the range width.The fieldwork campaign allowed us to bring new data on an area so far poorly documented: the far western Nepal. Field observations as well as analyses performed on samples collected during the field campaign led us to propose a new geological cross section for this area. The existence of the lesser Himalayan duplex, used so far to explain the structure of the belt in the Karnali River area (Western Nepal), is discussed as well as the geometry and tectonic significance of the Ragmarh thrust.In a parallel study, a numerical code has been developed in order to study the thermal behavior of a partially melted continental crust. This model, applied to the El Oro massif in Equator, led us to show the likely presence of crustal convection during partial melting for this area, in the Triassic. This study is similar to the one on the Himalayan orogenic wedge from a methodological point of view and brings new constraints on the formation and kinematics of continental plateau.

abstract: Full-duplex communication has attracted significant attention as it promises to increase the spectral efficiency compared to half-duplex. Multi-hop full-duplex networks add new dimensions and capabilities to cooperative networks by facilitating simultaneous transmission and reception and improving data rates. When a relay in a multi-hop full-duplex system amplifies and forwards its received signals, due to the presence of self-interference, the input-output relationship is determined by recursive equations. This thesis introduces a signal flow graph approach to solve the problem of finding the input-output relationship of a multi-hop amplify-and-forward full-duplex relaying system using Mason's gain formula. Even when all links have flat fading channels, the residual self-interference component due to imperfect self-interference cancellation at the relays results in an end-to-end effective channel that is an all-pole frequency-selective channel. Also, by assuming the relay channels undergo frequency-selective fading, the outage probability analysis is performed and the performance is compared with the case when the relay channels undergo frequency-flat fading. The outage performance of this system is performed assuming that the destination employs an equalizer or a matched filter. For the case of a two-hop (single relay) full-duplex amplify-and-forward relaying system, the bounds on the outage probability are derived by assuming that the destination employs a matched filter or a minimum mean squared error decision feedback equalizer. For the case of a three-hop (two-relay) system with frequency-flat relay channels, the outage probability analysis is performed by considering the output SNR of different types of equalizers and matched filter at the destination. Also, the closed-form upper bounds on the output SNR are derived when the destination employs a minimum mean squared error decision feedback equalizer which is used in outage probability analysis. It is seen that for sufficiently high target rates, full-duplex relaying with equalizers is always better than half-duplex relaying in terms of achieving lower outage probability, despite the higher RSI. In contrast, since full-duplex relaying with MF is sensitive to RSI, it is outperformed by half-duplex relaying under strong RSI. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016

INTRODUÇÃO: A varicocele é a dilatação das veias do plexo pampiniforme do testículo. A associação entre a varicocele e a infertilidade é diagnosticada em 20 a 40% dos homens inférteis. Atualmente, o estudo ultrassonográfico da varicocele é realizado com o paciente na posição supina antes e durante a realização de Valsalva, levando-se em consideração o diâmetro das veias (> 0,20cm), e a presença de refluxo maior que 1, segundo ao estudo Doppler espectral. OBJETIVO: A) Propor uma nova metodologia na avaliação ultrassonográfica da varicocele. B) Avaliar a concordância dos achados no exame ultrassonográfico com Doppler colorido dos vasos dos plexos pampiniformes e as alterações no espermograma na infertilidade masculina. C) Avaliar a correlação entre o diâmetro de um dos vasos dos plexos pampiniformes e as alterações no espermograma na infertilidade masculina. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 266 pacientes, provenientes do setor de reprodução humana do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (HCUSP), por meio de duplex Doppler colorido, inicialmente com o paciente em decúbito dorsal e posteriormente, após 5 minutos de espera, na posição ortostática, realizando as medidas dos diâmetros transversais dos plexos pampiniforme nas duas posições, tanto em repouso como em Valsalva. Ao estudo pulsado foi considerado refluxo patológico apenas quando persistia por mais de 1 segundo, com uma velocidade superior que 2 cm/s. Estes pacientes também foram submetidos a analise seminal. RESULTADOS: Em relação à metodologia de realização do exame, observou-se aumento no diâmetro do plexo pampiniforme apenas com a variação da posição de cerca de 18% à direita e 5,9% à esquerda, bem como aumento na detecção do refluxo venoso na posição ortostática, de 23% à direita e 6,8% à esquerda. Observou-se também correlação direta entre as alterações no espermograma com o refluxo venoso, 65% à direita e 86% à esquerda, o mesmo não ocorrendo com o diâmetro do plexo pampiniforme. CONCLUSÕES: A) O exame de ultrassongrafia com Doppler colorido deve ser realizado na posição ortostática, após um período de latência de no mínimo cinco minutos, com condições ambientais confortáveis e manobra de esforço. B) Houve concordância significativa entre o refluxo venoso nos plexos pampiniformes e as alterações do espermograma. C) Não há correlação significativa entre o diâmetro de um dos vasos dos plexos pampiniformes e o espermograma / INTRODUCTION: Varicocele is the dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus of the testicle. The association between varicocele and infertility is diagnosed in 20 to 40% of the infertile men. Currently, in the ultrasound study of varicocele, the diameter of the veins is carried through with the patient in the supine position, before and during the Valsalva maneuver, taking the diameter of the veins consideration (> 0,20cm), and a more than 1 second bigger presence of reflux according to spectral Doppler study. OBJECTIVE: A) To consider a new methodology in the ultrasonographic evaluation of varicocele. B) To evaluate the agreement of the findings in the colorful Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the pampiniform plexus vases with the alterations in the spermogram in masculine infertility. C) To evaluate the correlation between the diameter of one the pampiniform plexus vases and the alterations in the spermogram in the masculine infertility. METHODS: 266 patients from the reproduction sector human being of the Hospital of the Clinics of the University of São Paulo (HCUSP) had been examined, by means of colorful duplex-Doppler, initially with the patient in dorsal decubitus and later, after 5 minutes, in the orthostatic position, carrying through the transversal measures of the diameter of the pampiniform plexus in the two positions, in rest and in Valsalva. To the pulse study reflux was considered pathological only when persisted for more than 1 second, with speed superior to 2 cm/s. These patients were also submitted to seminal analysis. RESULTS: Regarding the methodology of accomplishment of the examination, an increase in the diameter of pampiniform plexus was noted only with the variation of the examination position, about 18% to the right and 5,9% to the left, as well as an increase in the detection of venous reflux in the orthostatic position, 23% to right and 6,8% to the left. It was also detected a correct correlation between variations in the spermogram and the venous reflux, 65% to the right and 86% to the left, the same not occurring with the diameter of pampiniform plexus. CONCLUSIONS: A) The colorful Doppler ultrasound examination must be carried through in the orthostatic position, after a period of latency of at least five minutes, with comfortable environement conditions and effort maneuver. B) A significant accordance between the pampiniform plexus venous reflux and the alterations of the spermogram. C) It does not have significant correlation between the diameter of one of the pampiniform plexus vases and the spermogram

Orientador: Maria Clara Filippini Ierardi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T14:11:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_AlexMaiado_D.pdf: 11719577 bytes, checksum: b0fc7e160f9271407620f8cdd96e489b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudaram-se as relações de orientação entre a austenita e ferrita de três aços inoxidáveis duplex fundidos, ASTM A890 1A, 3A e 6A, na condição solubilizada. Logo após, tratamentos superficiais de refusão a laser simples (RL) e com injeção simultânea de partículas cerâmicas (RLI) foram realizados sobre as ligas. As mudanças microestruturais e os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as propriedades de dureza, resistência ao desgaste e à corrosão das ligas foram analisadas. As mudanças microestruturais foram caracterizadas por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com detectores de EDAX e EBSD acoplados, difração de raios-X e microdureza Vickers. Realizaram-se ensaios de desgaste do tipo pino sobre disco sobre as três ligas, nas condições superficiais: inicial, RL e RLI. A análise do comportamento corrosivo das ligas, antes e após os tratamentos a laser, foi realizada usando-se ensaios de polarização em solução de 0,5M de H2SO4 + 0,5M de NaCl na temperatura ambiente. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as ligas na condição inicial apresentaram a existência de relações de orientação preferenciais entre a austenita e a ferrita, próxima aos modelos teóricos de Greninger-Troiano, Kurdjumov-Sachs e Bain. As superfícies tratadas por laser, apresentaram mudanças microestruturais significativas, as quais produziram durezas e resistências ao desgaste superiores as da condição inicial, e com a manutenção da elevada resistência à corrosão típica dos aços inoxidáveis duplex / Abstract: In this work was studied the orientation relations between austenite and ferrite in three cast duplex stainless steels, ASTM A890 1A, 3A, 6A on solution treatment. After that, simple laser surface remelting (LR) and laser melt injection (LMI) treatments were carried out on the alloys. The microstructural changes and the effects of laser treatments on hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance properties were analyzed. The microstructural changes were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with integrated EDS and EBSD systems, X-ray diffraction and Vickers microhardness. The wear properties were measured by pin-on-disc tests on the three alloys in all different conditions : initial, LR and LMI. In order to analyze the corrosive behavior of the alloys before and after the treatments, polarization tests were carried out in the 0,5M de H2SO4 + 0,5M de NaCl solution at room temperature. The results obtained showed that the austenite and ferrite of alloys in the initial condition have orientation relations close to Greninger-Troiano, Kurdjumov-Sachs and Bain theoritical models. However, the laser treated surfaces showed accentuated microstructural changes and the microhardness and wear resistance were increased in comparing with the wear of the substrate. The three alloys in all conditions showed an excellent corrosion resistance what it is typical for the duplex stainless steels / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Nesta Dissertação são apresentados os resultados do estudo da evolução microestrutural de um aço inoxidável dúplex UNS S32205 durante o processo de laminação a frio e posterior recozimento em 1080ºC. Amostras do aço na condição como-recebida, laminadas a frio e recozidas isotermicamente foram caracterizadas utilizando as técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, dilatometria, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), microdureza Vickers, difração de raios X, magnetização de amostra vibrante, macrotextura e difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). No material na condição como-recebido foi possível observar uma microestrutura com a austenita parcialmente recristalizada (53%) apresentando maclas de recozimento e a ferrita recuperada. Uma fração volumétrica de cerca de 50% de cada fase foi encontrada. Cálculos termodinâmicos e análises químicas via EDS mostram boa concordância quanto à partição de soluto existente entre a ferrita e a austenita. Análises de magnetização mostraram que não houve variação considerável na fração de fase magnética nas amostras laminadas a frio até 79% de redução em espessura, ou seja, não foi possível observar a formação de martensita induzida por deformação nas condições de laminação utilizadas. Medidas do campo coercivo (Hc) e magnetização remanente (MR) mostram, porém, um comportamento quase linear em relação ao grau de deformação. Por meio de medidas de difração de raios X, utilizando uma análise qualitativa do alargamento de picos difratados, observou-se maior encruamento da austenita durante a laminação a frio. O mesmo comportamento foi encontrado em medidas de dureza individual de fases, assim como em análises de desorientação média de kernel (KAM) obtidos via EBSD. Análises de macrotextura e microtextura mostraram que o material na condição como-recebido possui uma textura forte, principalmente a ferrita, apesar de ser proveniente de um processo de laminação a quente. Durante a laminação a frio não foram observadas grandes mudanças nas componentes de textura em ambas as fases, porém, observou-se a intensificação da componente Goss-Latão na austenita, devido à deformação plástica e à formação de bandas de cisalhamento. Na ferrita observou-se uma típica intensificação da fibra ??com o aumento da deformação plástica. As amostras deformadas 43% e 64% recozidas em 1080 ºC apresentaram uma microestrutura totalmente recristalizada após 3 min de tratamento, caracterizada pela formação de uma estrutura tipo \"bambu\". Com 1 min de tratamento, através de análises de espalhamento da orientação de grão (GOS), observou-se a ocorrência de recristalização primária na ferrita (42% de grãos recristalizados) na amostra laminada 43%. Por outro lado, a austenita manteve uma microestrutura levemente recuperada. Com uma deformação de 64%, a fração recristalizada da ferrita não foi alterada significativamente enquanto que a austenita apresentou uma fração recristalizada de 43%. Análises de KAM mostraram uma maior diferença de energia armazenada na austenita do que na ferrita entre as amostras laminadas até 43% e 64%. Após o recozimento não foram observadas mudanças significativas na microtextura de ambas as fases. Porém, na ferrita observou-se um aumento considerável da fração dos contornos especiais (CSL) ?3, ?13b e ?29a (entre 11% e 12% no total) enquanto que na austenita somente um aumento na fração dos contornos tipo ?3 (cerca de 15%) associados aos contornos de macla foi identificado. / In this Dissertation, results of the study of the microstructural evolution of a duplex stainless steel UNS S32205 during the cold rolling process and further isothermal annealing at 1080ºC are reported. Samples of the steel in the as-received, cold-rolled and annealed conditions were characterized using light and scanning electron microscopy, dilatometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetization, macrotexture (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). In the as-received material it was possible to observe a microstructure with partially recrystallized austenite (53%) with the presence of annealing twins and recovered ferrite. A volume fraction of approximately 50% of each phase was found. Thermodynamic calculations and chemical analysis via EDS showed good agreement on solute partitioning between ferrite and austenite. Magnetization analysis showed that there was no considerable changes in the magnetic phase fraction in the samples cold rolled up to 79% in thickness reduction. Hence, it was not possible to observe the formation of deformation induced martensite with the rolling conditions used in this work. Measurements of the coercive field (Hc) and remnant magnetization (MR) show, however, an almost linear behavior in relation to the degree of deformation. Through X-ray diffraction measurements, using a qualitative analysis of the diffracted peaks broadening, a higher work hardening of austenite was observed during cold rolling. The same behavior was found in hardness measurements of individual phases, and in the average kernel misorientation analysis (KAM) obtained by EBSD. Analysis of macrotexture and microtexture showed a strong texture in the as-received material, especially in ferrite, although this material was obtained by a hot-rolling process. During cold-rolling, no significant changes were observed in the texture components of both phases. However, an increase of the Goss-to-Brass component in austenite was noticed, and it may be related to the work hardening and to the formation of shear bands. In ferrite, the strengthening of the ?-fiber was noticed with increasing strain. The samples deformed 43% and 64% and annealed at 1080ºC showed a fully recrystallized microstructure after 3 min of annealing, forming a \"bamboo\" like structure. After 1-min annealing, by using grain orientation spread (GOS) analyzes, it was possible to observe the occurrence of primary recrystallization in ferrite (42% of recrystallized grains) in the 43% cold-rolled sample. On the other hand, austenite kept a slightly recovered microstructure. With a strain of 64%, the recrystallized fraction of ferrite did not change significantly, whereas austenite presented a recrystallized fraction of 45%. KAM analyzes showed a higher stored energy difference in austenite than in ferrite between the 43% and 64% rolled samples. Nevertheless, after annealing, a considerable increase in the fraction of special boundaries (CSL) ?3, ?13b and ?29a (between 11% and 12% in total) was observed in ferrite, while in austenite only an increase in the ?3 boundaries (about 15%), associated with the twin coherent boundaries, was identified.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da operação de torneamento na integridade superficial do aço inoxidável super-duplex ASTM A890 - Gr 6A. O foco do trabalho foram as operações de acabamento, porém também foram realizados alguns estudos com operações de desbaste, ambas utilizando planejamentos fatoriais completos com 2 níveis e 5 fatores. Os ensaios foram realizados em centros de torneamento com ferramentas de metal duro e tiveram como variáveis: a geometria da ferramenta / classe da pastilha, avanço, profundidade de corte, velocidade de corte e utilização ou não de fluido de corte. As respostas estudadas foram: análise microestrutural óptica e por difração de raios-X, medição de forças através de um dinamômetro piezoelétrico, rugosidade superficial, micro-dureza, tensão residual através de difração de raios-x e estabilidade dimensional. Os resultados não mostraram alterações microestruturais no material mesmo nas operações de desbaste que foram as mais severas. As outras respostas foram correlacionadas com os parâmetros de corte e a melhor combinação destes foi encontrada para a obtenção da melhor integridade superficial. O menor avanço (0,1mm/v), a menor velocidade de corte (110m/min) e a maior profundidade de corte (0,5mm) obtiveram os menores valores para a tensão residual, a menor rugosidade e o maior valor de micro-dureza. A correlação entre as respostas foi bastante difícil de ser estabelecida, uma vez que as interações tiveram grande influência nas análises, porém para algumas combinações estas correlações se mostraram possíveis de serem estabelecidas. / The objective of this work was to study the effects of the turning operations in the surface integrity in a super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) ASTM A890-Gr6A. The focus of the work was the finishing operations but some tests in rough operations were carried out. A complete factorial planning was used for both, with 2 levels and 5 factors. The tests were conducted on turning centers with carbide tools and the main input variables were: tool geometry / tool material class, feed rate, cutting depth, cutting speed and the cutting fluid utilization. The analyzed answers were: microstructure analysis by optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction, cutting measurements by a piezoelectric dynamometer, surface roughness, micro-hardness, residual stress by x-ray diffraction technique and dimensional stability. The results do not showed any changes in the microstructure of the material, even when the greater cutting values were used. All the other answers were correlated with the cutting parameters and the best combination of cutting parameters was founded for the best surface integrity. The smaller feed rate (0,1mm/v), smaller cutting speed (110m/min) and greater cutting depth (0,5mm) provided the smaller values for the tension residual stress, the smaller roughness and the greater micro-hardness. The correlation between all the answers was very difficult to analyze because there was great interaction between the factors, but for some data groups it was possible.