A study was conducted to investigate the use of bacterial numbers and metabolites for their Value in predicting potential shelf-life of pasteurized fluid milk. The study consisted of two phases. In the first phase, chemical inhibitors were evaluated for their ability to allow growth of gram-negative psychrotrophic bacteria while inhibiting growth of gram-positive organisms. Crystal violet, benzalkonium chloride, a mixture of crystal violet and benzalkonium chloride, and alkylaryl sulfonate were tested. These were incubated with milk samples separately inoculated with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, at 2l°C for 18 hours. Alkylaryl sulfonate allowed growth of gram-positive organisms. Crystal violet inhibited gram-positive organisms but was not as effective as the mixture of crystal violet and benzalkonium chloride, The inhibitor of choice was benzalkonium chloride as it inhibited growth of all gram-positive organisms tested and allowed growth of the gram-negative psychrotrophic organisms. / Master of Science

The objective of this research was to determine the optimal number, size, and location of fluid bottling and manufacturing plants, under a totally coordinated marketing system, in the southeastern United States. A transshipment model was developed through which economies of size in processing were taken into consideration. Sources of Grade A and B raw milk, fluid consumption centers, each a potential fluid processing site, and potential manufacturing sites were delineated. Quantities supplied or demanded at 1976 levels were estimated for each location. Consumption centers were given the option of being served from distant plants. Transportation costs were calculated from raw sources to processing sites and from processing sites to final demand points. Processing cost functions for both types of plants were specified. The results indicated that, given the data and assumptions, the economies of size in processing are not great enough to offset the diseconomies in transportation to the extent that fluid consumption centers can be served from plants in other locations at a lower total cost. The number of manufacturing plants operated was limited to the number of plants necessary to provide sufficient total processing capacity to manufacture the regional manufactured product requirement. It was concluded that considerable adjustment in the fluid processing sector has taken place with respect to location and number of plants. It was further concluded that once fluid processing locations and quantities are known, that an organization may coordinate only the assembly and manufacturing functions in a manner approaching optimal. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.Tech.: Food Technology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xiii, 100 leaves / There are many ways for milk and dairy products to develop flavour defects. Sensory evaluation, has been the traditional approach to characterize off flavours. The need for odour sensing devices becomes greater when volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds are present in the product in parts per billion or even in the parts per trillion concentration range that cause off flavours. Today, sophisticated, sensitive instrumental tests such as electronic nose technology coupled with gas chromatography are capable of detecting, identifying and quantifying the specific chemical agents responsible for off flavours. This study focused on the use of the electronic nose as a novel technology for the detection and monitoring of milk quality by testing the effects of heat treatment at 63˚C and shelf life. Microbiological testing, sensory evaluation and gas chromatographic analysis were carried out together with aroma profiling using the electronic nose to determine milk quality.

2008年三鹿三聚氰胺毒奶粉事件震驚國內外，該事件導致六名嬰兒腎結石死亡，逾三萬嬰幼兒從此生活在各種腎疾病的陰霾之下。此後奶產品安全問題尋出不窮，對國內奶產業造成嚴重的負面影響，令消費者對整個國內奶產業信心下降。事實上，在很多奶產品安全的危機中，遭受質疑的企業組織最後均被政府的檢測結果證實是無辜的。在危機中，組織的形象受到威脅，組織需通過不同的方法進行自我辯護。現存的文獻提出，危機溝通策略和組織對責任承擔的態度是兩個影響公眾對組織信心和媒體報導語調的重要因素。組織類型（國有或外資）也會影響公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調。過往研究也發現，公眾對組織的信心與媒體報導語調之間存在正相關的聯繫。此研究通過對兩個犯行危機情景的案例研究（2009多美滋危機事件和2010聖元危機事件），目的在於評估危機溝通策略的效用，同時也探討在不同的階段中危機溝通策略、組織責任承擔、組織類型、公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調之間的關係。研究成果發現文獻建議之在不同階段的最佳策略和組織責任承擔對公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調均無重要影響。然而，使用越少藉口和越多提供信息策略的組織贏得更多公眾信心，從而提升正面媒體報導。研究也發現，外企在第一和第二階段報導更正面，但最後國企反而取得正面的媒體報導。另外，組織類型與階段對組織選取策略與組織責任承擔均有影響。本研究結果顯示西方危機處理理論在低信任度社會如中國等未必適用。研究一方面透過更複雜的情境角度，進一步加深對現有危機傳播文獻的理解，例如引入不同階段的概念來評估危機管理的成效，另一方面也為在低信任社會中的奶產業企業提供有效的危機管理建議。 / Sanlu Melamine-contaminated Milk Scandal, the frequent outbreak of dairy product safety crises had a severe impact on the domestic dairy industry, resulting in a general loss of the consumers' confidence in the entire domestic dairy industry. In fact, in many crises the crisis-ridden organizations were eventually proven innocent by governmental departments. During a crisis, an organization's image is threatened, so that various communicative entities are used to defend this image. Based on the existing literature, this study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of crisis communicative strategies (CCSs) as well as investigating the relationships among CCSs, organization responsibility acceptance, organization ownership type (domestically owned or foreign-invested), confidence in organization and media coverage in different stages during the crisis by comparing the Dumex case in 2009 and the Synutra case in 2010. The results found that the posited optimal CCS in a particular stage and organization responsibility acceptance generally did not have significant effects on confidence in organization or media image coverage. However, the findings revealed that the less excuses and the more information providing strategies were employed, the higher the stakeholders' confidence in organization would be, which in turn significantly increased the positive image coverage. Certain CCSs, i.e., diversion, no response, also showed significant direct effects on media coverage. Moreover, foreign-invested organization appeared to enjoy favorable image coverage in Stage 1 and Stage 2, but domestically owned organization surpassed it in the last stage. Organization ownership type and stages also had significant impacts on the choices of CCSs and degree of organization responsibility acceptance. Stage was also a significant negative predictor of confidence in organization but not for media coverage. This study on one hand revealed that the western crisis management theory might not be accommodative to the low-trust context in mainland China and thus theoretically further the understanding of existing crisis communication literature in a more complex contextual perspective through integrating stages as a significant time factor into the evaluation of crisis management. On the other hand it also pragmatically provides useful suggestions on effective crisis strategic management to dairy corporate in low-trust societies. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Huang, Peiyi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-177). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (English version) --- p.i / ABSTRACT (Chinese version) --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- CONCEPTUALIZATION --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Crisis Management --- p.9 / Crisis --- p.9 / Crisis Management --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Outcome: Media Image Coverage --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- Time Factor: Stages --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4 --- Strategic Factors --- p.20 / Crisis Communicative Strategies (CCSs) --- p.20 / Organization Responsibility Acceptance --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5 --- Organizational Factor: Organization Ownership Type --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- Mediator: Confidence in Organization --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7 --- Research Framework, Hypotheses and Research Questions --- p.55 / Chapter 3. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Case Selection --- p.58 / Case --- p.58 / Design --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Content Analysis --- p.65 / Data Collection --- p.65 / Data Coding --- p.67 / Inter-coder Reliability --- p.70 / Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Basic Sample Information --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Hypothesis Tests of Two Individual Cases --- p.71 / Case 1 (Dumex) --- p.73 / Chapter tCase 2 (Synutra) --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Overall Results of Cases and Research Questions --- p.91 / Media Valance --- p.92 / Research Question 1 --- p.95 / Research Question 2 --- p.99 / Research Question 3 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.116 / Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.126 / Chapter 5.1 --- Stage as A Complex Concept --- p.126 / Controlling Other Dangers in a Dynamics Crisis --- p.127 / The Role of Governmental Intervention in a Low-trust Society --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2 --- Effects of CCSs on Media Image Coverage inLow-trust Society --- p.132 / Chapter 5.3 --- Mediating Effects of Confidence in Organization --- p.139 / Chapter 5.4 --- Suggestions of Applications of CCSs in Low-trust Society --- p.141 / Chapter 5.5 --- Limit Predictive Power of Organization Responsibility Acceptance --- p.148 / Chapter 5.6 --- Effects of Organization Ownership Type --- p.150 / Chapter 6. --- LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS --- p.154 / Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.159 / Chapter 8. --- APPENDIXES --- p.178

Thesis (M.Tech.: Food Technology)-Dept. of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2007 xiii, 100 leaves / There are many ways for milk and dairy products to develop flavour defects. Sensory evaluation, has been the traditional approach to characterize off flavours. The need for odour sensing devices becomes greater when volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds are present in the product in parts per billion or even in the parts per trillion concentration range that cause off flavours. Today, sophisticated, sensitive instrumental tests such as electronic nose technology coupled with gas chromatography are capable of detecting, identifying and quantifying the specific chemical agents responsible for off flavours. This study focused on the use of the electronic nose as a novel technology for the detection and monitoring of milk quality by testing the effects of heat treatment at 63˚C and shelf life. Microbiological testing, sensory evaluation and gas chromatographic analysis were carried out together with aroma profiling using the electronic nose to determine milk quality.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world population is growing rapidly and places additional pressure on the natural resources of the world. The increase in the world population leads to increasing focus on food security and the nutrition of the world population. Developed countries can only produce up to a certain level to satisfy the demand for food in the world. The additional production needs to come from countries where economic and agricultural development has been lagging. The research identified five major drivers of the future growth of agriculture. These drivers of future growth create opportunities for countries in Africa and help to address the development challenges for their different agricultural sub-sectors. The dairy industry in Southern Africa can play a significant role in addressing food security and nutritional needs of the growing population. Large numbers of livestock are present in Southern Africa because the landscape is lending itself to livestock farming and cultural believes see livestock as wealth in the hands of the owner. There are however serious challenges to address in order to achieve sustainable growth in the dairy industry in Southern Africa. The focus of the report is on the identification of the challenges in the dairy industry in Southern Africa, thus helping with the formulation of a growth strategy and business model. The report used a qualitative method of literature study to determine the challenges faced by the dairy industry in three Southern African countries, i.e. South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. The contrasts between these countries are significant, but there are also many common elements and challenges. From this range of factors a set of key “challenges for action” has been derived, which are put forward as a basis for public and private sector efforts to strengthen growth in the sector. The list of challenges also assisted in the proposal of a business model to address part of the challenges of development in the dairy industry.

Tyrimo objektas - ekologiškų pieno produktų pardavimai. Tyrimo tikslas - nustačius ekologiškų pieno produktų pardavimų Lietuvoje būklę, pateikti jų pardavimų skatinimo sprendimus. Tyrimo tikslui įgyvendinti numatyti tokie uždaviniai: 1. atskleisti ekologiškų pieno produktų ypatumus ir jų pardavimus įtakojančius veiksnius; 2. išanalizuoti ekologiškų pieno produktų rinką ir jų būklę; 3. parengti ekologiškų pieno produktų pardavimų skatinimo veiksmų planą. Tyrimo metodai - Lietuvos ir kitų šalių autorių mokslinės literatūros analizė, sisteminimas ir apibendrinimas, anketinė apklausa, duomenų grupavimas statistiniai duomenys. Duomenys rinkti anketinės apklausos metodu. Respondentai 2014 m., sausio – kovo mėn. tyrime dalyvavo internetu. Iš viso atsakyta 404 anketos. Tyrimo rezultatai pateikti trijose baigiamojo darbo dalyse. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje atlikta ekologiškų pieno produktų pardavimus įtakojančių veiksnių teorinė analizė. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pateikta ekologiškų pieno produktų rinkos ir būklės analizė bei ekologiškų produktų vartojimo tyrimo rezultatai. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje pasiūlytos naudotinos ekologiškų pieno produktų pardavimų skatinimo priemonės ekologiškais produktais prekiaujančioms elektroninėms parduotuvėms ir prekybos centrams. Darbo pabaigoje pateiktos išvados. Baigiamojo darbo rengimo metu gauti rezultatai buvo pristatyti ASU 2014 04 24 vykusioje konferencijoje Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto studentų mokslinėje konferencijoje „Jaunasis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research methods – analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature by Lithuanian and foreign authors, questionnaire survey, data grouping and statistical data analysis. The respondents participated via Internet during the period from January to March, 2014. There were totally responded 404 questionnaires. Research outcomes are presented in three parts of the final thesis. In the first part of the thesis the theoretical analysis of the factors, that impact the sales of ecological dairy products is completed. In the second part of the thesis, the analysis of market and condition of ecological dairy products, and research outcomes of ecological dairy product consumption are presented. In the third part of the thesis, applicable sales promotion measures of ecological dairy products for e-shops and supermarkets, that sell ecological products are proposed. At the end of the thesis the conclusions are drawn. The outcomes gained during the final thesis preparation were presented at the students’ scientific conference ‘Junior Scientist 2014’ at Aleksandras Stulginskis University that took place on the 24th April, 2014 at ASU and were published in the set of the conference articles (‘Production and Sales Trends of Ecological Products in Lithuania’. Annex 1).

O objetivo desta dissertação é contribuir para o entendimento do conceito de customer service e como ele pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o desenvolvimento de estratégias logísticas. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se um aprofundamento teórico do conceito, baseado na literatura sobre customer service e logística. Também estão presentes conceitos como o de valor, o de preço e qualidade, os tipos de relacionamento e os canais de distribuição. Por fim, aborda-se o setor varejista e o seu comportamento de compra. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa exploratória, mediante um estudo em uma empresa do setor de laticínios refrigerados. Nesta empresa, foi analisada apenas a logística de seus produtos refrigerados. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a empresa não domina o conceito de customer service. Foi constatada, ainda, uma grande desvantagem competitiva da empresa com relação à empresa líder do mercado. Verificou-se, ainda, que a empresa deve reformular totalmente suas estratégias logísticas se ela pretende ser uma empresa competitiva e que satisfaça seus clientes e acionistas. Concluiu-se que customer service pode ser uma importante ferramenta no processo de estabelecimento de uma estratégia logística competitiva que agrega valor aos produtos da empresa. / The aim of this dissertation is to contribute for the understanding of the concept of customer service and how it can be a useful tool for the development of logistic strategies. Indeed, the theory used was based on customer service and logistics literature. Concepts of value, price, quality, type of relationship among companies and channels of distribution are also present. Moreover, the retail sector and its purchase behavior are studied. An exploratory research was conducted as a case study in a company of dairy products industry. In this company, only the logistics of its refrigerated products was analyzed. The outcome of this research pointed out that the company doesn’t have enough knowledge about the concept of customer service. It was verified that the company has a great disadvantage if compared with the leading company of the industry. Therefore, the company should enhance its logistics strategies if it intends to be a competitive company that brings satisfaction to its customers and stockholders. So, customer service could be an important tool in the process of establishing a competitive logistics strategy that adds value to its products.

O setor de produtos lácteos transforma-se constantemente, uma vez que exigências feitas tanto pelo consumidor como por órgãos fiscalizadores, requerem produtos inócuos e com elevado padrão de qualidade, provocando mudanças significativas em toda a cadeia produtiva. Para tanto, medicamentos veterinários, em especial os antimicrobianos, têm sido amplamente utilizados na pecuária, quer para tratamento e prevenção de doenças, quer para incremento da produção. No entanto, quando utilizados em desrespeito às boas práticas, colocam em risco tanto a saúde animal como a humana, predispondo a população a eventuais reações alérgicas e expressão de resistência microbiana. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de resíduos de antimicrobianos de uso veterinário em amostras de diferentes tipos de leite comercializados na cidade de São Paulo, verificando se a freqüência de ocorrência observada para essa contaminação correspondia à estimada de 1%. Foram analisadas, através do Delvotest® SP, 1.500 amostras de leite, durante os meses de abril de 2003 a março de 2004 e obteve-se dez amostras positivas, o que significa uma freqüência de ocorrência de antimicrobiano no leite de 0,66%, com intervalo de confiança entre 0,32 a 1,22%, valor este, menor que o estimado / The dairy industry have been transformed day by day, because the consumer and the competent inspection groups that have been demanded good products without contamination and them have to be a increasing quality, so, this facts provokes significants chances in all dairy segment. About that, the antimicrobians had to been used in large scala in animals to terapy and to increase the weight quickly, so is necessary to be careful to use those products because theirs residues may be cause irritatation or allerrgy and bacteria resistense. The presense of the antimicrobian in the milk is a very important theme since the pecuary untill the public health, because that, this assignment (work) had like objetive research the presense of residues of veterinary antimicrobian in milk sample salled in the Sao Paulo city and check if the observaded frequence is similar to the stimated frequence like 1%. The results was ten positives samples of the 1.500, that means occurence of frequency 0,66% with break between 0,32 to 1,22%, this result was smaller than hope for