Several aspects contribute to road crashes and one important part is the ‘human factor’. This information is interesting but insufficient unless we also try to understand what is meant by the term. Three different features have been defined: errors, lapses and violations and the latter, which is a deliberate act, has been found to be the main contributor to road crashes. The crucial issue is therefore to understand what motivates drivers to commit an act, which puts both themselves and others at risk. The aim of this thesis is to explore the motives behind this behaviour through the use of an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Four different studies were carried out: The first study is qualitative, investigating the intention to violate. The second one assesses speeding in an urban area and dangerous overtaking. In addition to variables within the model, descriptive norms and past behaviour are included. The third study explores what particular beliefs are responsible for the behaviour. The fourth study uses the TPB to predict intention to speed on a rural road and assesses some underlying factors, such as ambivalence and gender. The results of the thesis show that the theory explains 33 to 53% of the variance in intention to violate and that descriptive norm and past behaviour significantly increase the explained variance. Descriptive norm is also related to risk and past behaviour is not only related to intention but also to the variables within the model. The results show that drivers’ beliefs can distinguish between intenders and non-intenders. With regard to attitudes the general conclusion is that the main difference lay in the effect of positive outcomes. Although in a more ‘risky’ situation the behaviour is more controlled by a denial of negative consequences. Finally, the results indicates that in the context of driving violations an expressed low level of control over the behaviour could be interpreted as a form of denial of responsibility rather than an inability to control their own actions. Implications of the current findings for the development of intervention programmes are discussed.

Ohälsa bland ungdomar i Sverige inkluderar flera typer av folkhälsoproblem där psykisk ohälsa ökar och drabbar allt fler, vilket bland annat tar sig uttryck i självskadebeteende. Denna uppsats behandlar relationen mellan självskadebeteende och andra riskbeteenden utifrån datamaterialet kopplat till Liv & Hälsa ung i Sörmland. Det är en återkommande totalundersökning om levnadsvanor, riskbeteenden och hälsa bland elever i årskurs 7, 9 och 2 på gymnasiet. Enkäten besvarades av 2750 elever från årskurs 9 och 2770 elever från årskurs 2. Endast flickor i årskurs 9 (n=1313) och år 2 (n=1384) på gymnasiet inkluderas i denna uppsats. För att undersöka förekomst och skillnader bland populationen har en kvantitativ metod använts. Teorin att empowerment anses vara ett viktigt verktyg för hur samhället kan hjälpa individer att stärka och bygga upp sitt självförtroende och på det sättet öka hälsan bland ungdomar diskuteras. Resultaten visar att det är vanligare att de individer som självskadar sig även utför andra riskbeteenden som till exempel daglig rökning och snatteri jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Detta kan vara en indikator för att mer fokus bör läggas på att ytterligare forska kring detta område för att framtida preventiva åtgärder skall kunna minska antalet flickor som självskadar sig. / Unhealthiness among youths in Sweden includes several kinds of public health problems where mental illness is increasing and affecting more and more people, resulting in, for example, deliberate self-harm. This thesis discusses the relations between self-harm and other dangerous behaviors based on the data set from Liv & Hälsa ung in Sörmland. It is a recurring total population survey about lifestyle, dangerous behaviors and health among pupils in year 7, 9 and second year at high school. The survey was answered by 2750 pupils in year 9 and 2770 pupils in year 2 at high school. Only girls in year 9 (n=1313) and year 2 (n=1384) at high school is included in this thesis. A quantitative method was used to investigate occurrence and differences among the population. The empowerment theory is discussed, which is considered to be an important tool in order for the society to help individuals strengthen their self confidence and in that way increase the health level among youths. The results show that it is more common that self-harming individuals are also engaged in other dangerous behaviors, such as daily smoking and shoplifting, in comparison to the control group. This could serve as an indicator that the area requires more research in order to develop future preventive measures to reduce the number of girls harming themselves.

Following by the signing of ECFA recently, the industrial environment is changed rapidly forcing many small and medium enterprises to face various kinds of internal and external challenges. They encounter the obstacles to advance their technical and producing system which is their weakness as well. In the earlier year, these enterprises was founded basing on the trusting relationship between the owner and the employees, and the working regulations, salary, and bounces were created according to their cooperating consensus. However, when their original mode of production could not catch up in time along with the growth of capacity, advance of the industry and expansion of market, the relationship has started to change. Hence, they tried to change the original structure by looking for transforming or through the organizational improvement in response to the upcoming crisis and challenges. Among these changes, the establishment and import of systematization has become the major pattern in present. This research is focused on a traditional machinery factory which produces non-standard products internationally hoping to create new experience inspired by the success in the past including introducing the new management mode and new strategy from the stage of contract signing, design to post service making the company on the invincible position. During the process of transforming, many relationship-oriented enterprises including the one discussed in this research are facing several different factors among clients vs. company, agency vs. company, company vs. suppliers, and company vs. employees and what influence will be caused due to the establishment of the new system is the main discussion in this research. Furthermore, whether the customized production is suitable for the new system? What kind of obsolete will the company encounter? Will there be any problem caused? Also, the research will discuss how to locate the most suitable method within all kinds of possible limiting factors through hard facts, dangerous half-truths & total nonsense and convert these knowhow into power to decrease all the impacts brought by the changes.

Base rivalry arises at replication of monotonous DNA – sequences. Irreparable mutations can arise by tunnel processes if the developed energy is high enough. The tunnel probability depends not only on the base rivalry energy but also depends on the temperature of surroundings. The tunnel probability diminishes with decreasing temperature. The cytoplasm viscosity increases in the long term with decreasing temperature. The length of the monotonous sequence in which happens an irreparable mutation (caused by base rivalry) then will be larger than at higher temperatures. This means that the possible distribution variety of all base components on the given matrix will diminish; therefore the probability increases that one base component which possesses the necessary energy, comes into the certain monotonous sequence to provoke a tunnel process. These different temperature dependences are the subject of the following examinations; they lead to the equation (32) which is valid for coming off of an irreparable mutation which is caused by base rivalry. Because of the dependence between temperature change and mutating sequence length from s1 to s1+1 (expressed in this equation), there result informations about evolution, and informations about mutation of DNA – viruses. The calculations are performed with very small DNA fragments so called residual fragments.

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Le transport de matières dangereuses (TMD) représente une source de danger pour les zones traversées. Ce danger peut produire des conséquences graves pour l’environnement, les biens ou les humains surtout si un accident aura lieu lors du transport. Due à l’importance de ces produits (essence, matières premières, médicaments) dans la vie quotidienne et à l’augmentation de la demande sur ces matières, il est utile d’analyser et d’évaluer le niveau de risque lié au TMD pour le minimiser. Ce risque dépend de la route suivie, de la quantité transportée, du moment de la journée, du trafic, des conditions météorologiques ainsi que de la densité de population des zones traversées. Il est caractérisé par les cibles qui sont exposées pour un temps donné et son niveau qui varie selon le temps et l'espace. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer et d’estimer le niveau de risque lié à un accident, et plus précisément le risque lié à l’expédition de marchandises dangereuses. Diverses méthodes sont élaborées pour proposer des modèles permettant de résoudre ce problème tout en tenant compte de différents paramètres tels que, le trafic, les conditions météorologiques, le coût et le temps du transport, ainsi que de leurs changements au cours du temps afin de détecter la meilleure route à suivre. La première partie de cette thèse représente l’état de l’art sur les différentes techniques d’analyse de risque pour le transport de matières dangereuses. Ensuite, deux approches sont proposées et étudiées en détail : une approche basée sur la simulation de Monte Carlo qui sert à évaluer le niveau de risque lié à un accident, et une autre qui estime le niveau de risque lié à une expédition de MD. La deuxième partie traite le problème de l’aspect temporel dans l’analyse de risque. En effet, l’importance du trafic, le taux d’occupation des bâtiments et les conditions météorologiques changent fortement selon le moment de la journée. À cause de la complexité de notre système (plusieurs entités, systèmes distribués, entités avec plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction, etc.), nous sommes tournés vers une approche de simulation multi-agents et nous proposons et implémentons un méta modèle d’agents avec une facette « risque ». Cette facette nous permet de représenter l’analyse de risque et la propagation de défaillance dans un modèle multi-agents. La troisième partie de cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation du niveau de risque lié au TMD. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une approche d’évaluation basée sur l’évaluation de la fréquence d’un accident et de sa gravité. Ensuite, nous implémentons un simulateur en proposant le couplage de chacune de deux approches présentées dans la première partie avec le méta modèle d’agents présenté dans la seconde partie. Dans un second temps, comme la prise de décision est affectée par l’aspect économique et temporel (coût d’une expédition et durée du trajet), nous sommes face à un problème de décision multicritère (MCDM). Pour prendre en compte le fait que plusieurs paramètres utilisés dans l’analyse de risque sont incertains, nous avons utilisé une approche à base de nombres flous avec une extension de méthodes MCDM pour traiter ces incertitudes. Toutes ces méthodes sont implémentées sous Eclipse. Ensuite, un outil de simulation est développé. Il permet d’analyser le niveau de risque et de réaliser des cartographies qui illustrent la position instantanée du camion avec les zones impactées au cas d’accident. Ce travail est inscrit dans le cadre du projet GEOTRANS-MD. / Dangerous Goods Transport (DGT) represents a source of danger to the crossed areas. This danger can produce serious consequences for the environment, property or human beings. Due to the importance of these products (gasoline, first material, medicines) in everyday life and the increasing demand on these products, it is important to analyze and assess the level of risk related to DGT in order to minimize it. This risk depends on the followed route, the quantity of transported products, the time of day, the weather conditions and the population density of crossed areas. It is characterized by the targets that are exposed for a given time, and by the risk level that varies with time and space.The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and assess the risk level related to an accident and especially risk related to DGT. Several methods to calculate the risk level, related to DGT, have been proposed in the literature. In most of these methods, the temporal aspect has not been taken explicitly into account in spite of its importance. Indeed, the volume of traffic, the building occupancy rates or weather conditions could greatly change depending on the time of day.The first part of this thesis summarizes the state of the art on risk analysis. Next, we present two approaches for assessing risk related to DGT systems: the former serves to evaluate the risk level of an accident and it is based on Monte Carlo Simulation, while the latter aims at assessing the risk level along a trajectory.The second part focuses on the temporal aspect and due to the complexity of our system (several entities, distributed systems, entities with multiple levels of abstraction, etc.), we are turned to a multi-agent simulation approach and we define a meta-model agent with a risk facet, a generic facet. This facet allows us to represent the risk analysis and failure propagation in an agent model.The third part of this thesis illustrates a proposed approach to assess the risk level related to DGT. Firstly, we propose formulas to assess the accident frequency and severity. Then, we present the implementation of both simulation approaches proposed in the first part using the agent based model proposed in the second part. Secondly, as decision-making is affected by the economic and temporal aspects (cost of shipping and travel time), we are facing a multi-criteria decision making problem (MCDM). In addition, to take into account the fact that several parameters used in risk analysis are uncertain, we have used fuzzy numbers. Next, we have proposed an approach, which integrates MCDM methods with fuzzy numbers, to identify the best route for DGT among a set of alternatives. The purpose of this approach is to provide decision support for decision makers such as, public authorities and emergency services in case of emergency.A simulation tool is developed in Eclipse, which allows us to analyze the level of risk and realizes maps that show the instantaneous position of the truck with the impacted areas in the case of accident. This work is a part of the GEOTRANS-MD project.

The offence of dangerous threatening pursuant to Section 353 of the Criminal Code Abstract This master thesis focuses on the detailed analysis and description of the criminal offence of dangerous threatening with the goal to evaluate the current legal regulation of this criminal offence. For this purpose, Czech and foreign sources were used. This master thesis is divided into five parts. The first part describes individual regulations which amended the criminal offence of dangerous threatening up to the present. In the second part, the misdemeanour of dangerous threatening is categorised from the point of view of seriousness and systematic nature of the Criminal Code. In addition, the specific features of the merits of the criminal offence are described with the focus on the possibility to raise legitimate concern. Last but not least, the individual terms which are included into the basic and qualified merit of the criminal offence are described. The third part is dedicated to the description of individual types of criminal penalties which can be imposed for the misdemeanour of dangerous threatening on adults, minors and legal entities. The main focus of this part is on the evaluation of the effectiveness of imposing individual penalties. In addition, the specific ways of expiration of the criminal...

This thesis deals with the occurrence, biology and control of dangerous weeds on arable land. The thesis aims to process the selected weeds in stands of cultivated crops overview of the biology, extension and suggest regulatory measures for especially dangerous weeds on arable land as for example Elytrigia repens L., Cirsium arvense L. and other. For selected species were assayed determination germination of seeds and detection weight thousands of seeds.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Classes perigosas é um conceito elaborado pela elite nacional em fins do século XIX, na tentativa de definir, assim, a massa pobre, oriunda, especialmente, do regime de escravidão que durou três séculos. Nossa proposta de estudo busca compreender a utilização atual desse conceito, propagado pelos aparelhos midiáticos, que resulta num processo de criminalização da pobreza e aviltamento crescente dos direitos humanos da parcela populacional que se encontra nessas condições. Como ponto vista teórico partimos da concepção de hegemonia em Gramsci, e a partir disso refletimos acerca de outro pensamento fundamental deste autor que trata sobre aparelhos privados de hegemonia, para, desta forma, compreendermos a importância do desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação na construção dos processos hegemônicos que sustentam a ideologia da classe dominante. Indo além, buscaremos traçar um breve resgate histórico sobre o mito das classes perigosas no Rio de Janeiro e levantar um debate sobre a construção social do medo e sentimento de insegurança pública, o que legitima a atuação dos aparelhos coercitivos do Estado. Dito isto, pretendemos relacionar a questão apontada com o debate sobre os atuais mecanismos de controle social, explicitados e analisados, em seu discurso, através da exposição de notícias publicas em jornais de grande circulação em novembro de 2010. / The concept of Dangerous classes was elaborated by national elite in the end of the XIX century, in an attempt to define, thus, the poor mass, originated, specially, from the slavery regime, which lasted over three centuries. Our study proposal intends to comprehend the current usage of this concept disseminated by media devices, what results in a process of criminalization of the poverty and the growing degradation of the human rights of the population portion under these conditions. As a theoretical point of view, we start from Grasmscis concept of Hegemony, and then, from that, we reflect upon another fundamental thought of this author who talks about private devices of hegemony, to thus understand the importance of the development of the media in the construction of hegemonic processes that maintain the ideology of the dominant class. Farther, we will trace a brief historical review about the myth of the dangerous classes in Rio de Janeiro, and begin a debate about the social construction of the fear and the feeling of public insecurity, which legitimizes the action of coercive apparatus of the State. That being said, we intend to link the question mentioned to the current debate on the mechanisms of social control, explained and analyzed, in his speech, through the exposing of public news in major newspapers in November 2010.

Há uma grande incidência de acidentes com produtos perigosos, na tipologia rodoviária. A tese se situa no contexto da elaboração e da implementação dos planos de emergência, ou seja, do planejamento formal para lidar com as emergências. Dividem-se, neste trabalho, os planos de emergência em duas classes: os planos individuais e os planos integradores. Os planos individuais tem o seu foco centrado na atuação, considerando as ênfases técnico-operacional e de comunicação. Já os planos integradores, usualmente na alçada do poder público ou na área corporativa de grandes empresas, devem, como o nome sugere, integrar os recursos técnicos e humanos disponíveis. O principal ponto desta tese é a conceituação e a análise crítica tomando como base a situação atual e futura do CONLESTE, de quatro eixos estruturais a serem considerados nos planos integradores: de acompanhamento, fiscalizador, autorizador e operacional. Apresenta-se, adicionalmente, um modelo que se divide em nove itens, articulados com os eixos estruturais já citados. / There is a high incidence of accidents with dangerous products in the road typology. This thesis aims to create and implement emergency plans, that is, the formal planning to deal with emergencies. The emergency plans are divided into two classes in this work: individual and integrating plans. The individual plans focus on the action, taking into consideration technical-operational and communication emphases. The integrating plans, usually under the government scope or in the corporate area of big companies, should be able to integrate technical and human resources. The main item of this work is the concept and critical analysis based on the present and future situation of CONLESTE, of four structural axes to be considered in the integrating plan: observation, supervision, authorization and operational axes. Additionally, we present a model divided into nine items, articulated with the structural axes mentioned above.