Orientador : Roberto de Andrade Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T09:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castaneda_LuziaAurelia_D.pdf: 14078463 bytes, checksum: 7b7fd486cc155059230365ab03a9798a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992 / Doutorado / Genetica e Evolução / Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis focuses on a selection of biographical treatments of Charles Darwin dating from 1887 to 1991, and through these explores certain shifts in the purposes and assumptions of biography since the Victorian period. An introductory discussion of problematic features in standard histories of biography is followed by an overview of the biographical material that surrounds Darwin. Four works are then analysed in detail. These are: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin edited by his son Francis Darwin. (1887); Charles Darwin: The fragmentary man by Geoffrey West (1937); Darwin and the Beagle by Alan Moorehead (1969); and Darwin by Adrian Desmond and James Moore (1991). The disparities between these works - disparities in purpose, form, and the image of Darwin that each presents - are so great that one must question whether biography is a continuous, evolving family of texts. Is it not, rather, a conglomeration of approaches to life-writing - approaches which critics have grouped into a single genre much as the ancients grouped whales with fishes, on the basis that "because certain of their structural features are analogous, they must be generically-related"? The findings of this thesis do not supply a comprehensive answer, but affirm that we need to re-evaluate concepts like "the evolution of biography". In an appendix I analyse The Life of Richard Owen by R.S. Owen (1894) and thereby reconsider certain of my conclusions about Victorian biography. (Owen was the most eminent naturalist of the era and is often supposed to have been Darwin's greatest rival, hence my choice of this particular work.) / AC 2018

Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T07:14:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_LilianaGuimaraesPompeude_M.pdf: 5715692 bytes, checksum: 96ccd244b7109b2e40a9c4331cecb7e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: O estudo das idéias e valores acerca do mundo natural nos faz ver que a relação do homem com a natureza assume diversas formas, dependendo dos interesses da sociedade da época. Atualmente, com a contribuição da enorme divulgação e circulação das questões ecológicas, tudo o que se relaciona à natureza é considerado bom e verdadeiro e ruim quando o homem a degrada. Imagens ligadas à natureza atribuem idéias de verdade e confiabilidade a valores sociais. Assim, a produção dos vídeos, devido ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento tecnológico, toma-se cada vez melhor e mais elaborada no sentido de transmitir imagens/sons cada vez mais carregadas de realismo. Esse realismo aliado à linguagem exageradamente antropomórfica das fitas de vídeo sobre comportamento animal nos dá a idéia/imagem de que os animais são dotados de ações e sentimentos morais. E os animais, pertencendo ao mundo natural. fazem com que essas ações e sentimentos sejam considerados verdadeiros e, portanto, aceitos / Abstract: The study of ideas and values about the natural world makes us perceive that the relationship between man and nature assumes a variety of forms,depending on the interests of society at that time. At the moment / Mestrado / Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas à Educação / Mestre em Educação

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2016. / Submitted by Marianna Gomes (mariannasouza@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-13T18:55:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-09T21:17:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T21:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5) / O presente trabalho propõe um modelo evolucionário para simulação da evolução da camuflagem em seres vivos virtuais na presença de seus predadores. Neste modelo contém gerente, ambiente, presas, predadores, recursos para as presas, recursos para os predadores e recursos compartilhados. Foram definidos seus atributos e comportamentos básicos incluindo as relações entre eles. A partir do modelo geral, duas aplicações específicas foram propostas: (a) o caso particular dos lebistes (Poecilia reticulata) estudado por John A. Endler. Os predadores se alimentam dos lebistes que, por sua vez, se alimentam de outros recursos. Os três elementos do modelo (predador, lebiste e os recursos dos lebistes) estão inseridos no ambiente; e (b) um cenário fictício que simula um ambiente com espécies terrestres de presas e predadores, onde as presas representam uma espécie herbívora que possue plantas como recurso alimentar ao mesmo tempo que são recursos alimentares dos predadores. Além disso, há lagos que representam recursos compartilhados por ambas as espécies. Os atributos e comportamentos dos organismos simulados foram modelados a partir de pesquisa por observação. Um software computacional de simulação foi desenvolvido com base no modelo proposto com a finalidade de validá-lo. Os resultados obtidos a partir de simulações utilizando o software mostram que o modelo proposto atinge um nível satisfatório em relação ao trabalho biológico utilizado como referência. A ferramenta de simulação pode principalmente ser utilizada por pesquisadores que precisam trabalhar com diversas variáveis para compreensão de modelos complexos de interação entre presas e predadores, podendo auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre problemas de conservação de espécies além de possuir um carácter didático, podendo ser utilizado para demonstrar e estudar o processo de evolução dos seres vivos pela seleção natural. / This paper proposes an evolutionary model for simulation of the evolution of camouflage in virtual living beings in presence of predators. In this model contains a manager, an environment, preys, predators, resources for preys, resources for predators and shared resources. Their basics attributes and behaviors were defined beyond the relations among them. From the general model, two specific applications have been proposed: (a) the particular case of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) studied by John A. Endler. The predators feed of guppies and they feed of other resources. The three elements of model (predator, guppy and resource of guppy) are inserted in the environment; and (b) a fictitious scenario that simulates an environment with terrestrial species of preys and predators, which preys represent an herbivorous specie that take plants as food resources and are food resources for predators. Furthermore, there are lakes that represent shared resources for both species. The simulated organism' attributes and behaviors were modeled from researches through observation. A computational software was developed based on proposed model in order to validate it. The results obtained by simulations using the software show that the proposed model reaches a satisfactory level in relation to the biological work used as reference. The simulation tool can mainly be used by researchers who need to work with several variables for understanding of complex interaction models between preys and predators to assist in decision-making on species conservation issues and it has a didactic character and can be used to demonstrate and study the process of evolution of living beings by natural selection as well.

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Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation I enquire into the status, scope and limits of human knowledge, given the fact that our perceptual and cognitive faculties are the product of evolution by natural selection. I argue that the commonsense representations these faculties provide us with yield a particular, species-specific scope on the world that does not ‘correspond’ in any straightforward way to the external world. We are, however, not bound by these commonsense representations. This particular, species-specific view of the world can be transgressed. Nevertheless, our transgressing representations remain confined to the conceptual space defined by the combinatorial possibilities of the various representational tools we possess. Furthermore, the way in which we fit representations to the external world is by means of our biologically determined epistemic orientation. Based on the fact that we are endowed with a particular set of perceptual and cognitive resources and are guided by a particular epistemic orientation, I conclude that we have a particular cognitive relation to the world. Therefore, an accurate representation for us is a particular fit (our epistemic orientation) with particular means (our perceptual and cognitive resources). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die aard, omvang en limiete van kennis, gegewe dat ons perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns die resultaat van evolusie deur middel van natuurlike seleksie is. Eerstens, word daar geargumenteer dat die algemene voorstellings wat hierdie vermoëns aan ons bied ‘n partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld aan ons gee, wat nie op ‘n eenvoudige manier korrespondeer aan die werklikheid nie. Ons is egter nie gebonde aan hierdie voorstellings nie. Hierdie partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld kan oorskry word. Ons is egter wel beperk tot die konseptuele ruimte wat gedefinieër word deur die kombinatoriese moontlikhede van die voorstellingsmiddele tot ons beskikking. Verder word die manier waarop ons hierdie voorstellings aan die wêreld laat pas deur ons biologies gedetermineerde epistemiese oriëntasie bepaal. Dus, gegewe dat ons ‘n spesifieke stel perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns het en deur ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe epistemiese oriëntasie gelei word, staan ons in ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe verhouding tot die wêreld. ‘n Akkurate voorstelling (m.a.w. kennis vir ons) is om spesifieke vermoëns (perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns) op ‘n spesifieke manier (epsitemiese oriëntasie) aan die wêreld te laat pas.

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The series of papers in this dissertation are aimed at testing evolutionary hypotheses concerning the adaptive advantages of religious values or experiences, a gender difference in purpose in life and the evolutionary relationship between deception and self-deception. Explanations are argued for in terms of their consequences for evolutionary fitness contributing to individual survival within the human species. Darwin's theory of natural selection within the framework of evolutionary psychology provides the theoretical background for the study. In psychology as well as in other social sciences, Darwinian theories of natural and sexual selection have been undergoing a revival with a significant upsurge of an interest in evolutionary psychology as a unifying paradigm for the understanding of human functioning as a living organism, optimising its fitness to survive the exigencies of environmental and social selection pressures. The broad or covering hypothesis addressed is that religious values or experiences, purpose in life, deception and self-deception each involve a kind of consciousness or strategic cognitive process that has evolved through the operation of natural selection due to its importance and worth for the survival of the individual. The study is empirical, conducted by using the technique of secondary analysis on the data yielded by the World Values Survey collected in 43 countries in its second wave of 1990 to 1993 as well as on a South African dataset containing variables of interest to the second and third papers of this dissertation. National aggregate data has been obtained from the United Nations Development Reports for the corresponding years under study. Findings showed a significantly positive relationship between religious values and evolutionary fitness promoting factors derived by factor analysis; a significantly greater purpose in life in females as compared to males; and a significantly positive relationship between deception and self-deception. However, the relationship between deception and evolutionary fitness promoting factors, derived by factor analysis, was inconclusive. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1999.

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