Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-10T12:36:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGHM.pdf: 1501036 bytes, checksum: c01a6f35eb3f6b3347f3be5bfed6db93 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-11T14:25:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGHM.pdf: 1501036 bytes, checksum: c01a6f35eb3f6b3347f3be5bfed6db93 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-11T14:25:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGHM.pdf: 1501036 bytes, checksum: c01a6f35eb3f6b3347f3be5bfed6db93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T19:59:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGHM.pdf: 1501036 bytes, checksum: c01a6f35eb3f6b3347f3be5bfed6db93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-16 / Não recebi financiamento / The analysis of DNA for the purpose of obtaining genetic profile has become essential for criminal investigation and judicial procedure. Since the origins of the techniques of human identification, nothing has been discovered with greater discriminatory power, between two randomly chosen individuals. Genetic proof has assumed great importance in the courts, however, for the operators of law this whole theme is cloaked in great mystery. The objective of this study was to obtain, and to offer to the operators of Law, a general view on the utilization of genetic profiles, and their consequences for the system, and Brazilian society. However, this powerful tool of human identification, DNA and its interconnections, has been thrust forward by very recent advances, in such volume as to alter in a significant way procedures and results, being obliged to follow the paths beaten by scientists, for a simplified form to put into order the information which has directed the forensic genetics to it's current point in time. A review of human identification was made until the discovery of DNA, its structure, evolution and development. The procedures and the various techniques were analyzed, which were being perfected for the obtaining results from the collecting of biological traces at the crime scene to the laboratory analysis, culminating with automatization by PCR and the elaboration of a genetic profile. DNA in the Forensic world, it's birth and consecration were examined. The presence of the instruments available for working the markets, bestowing greater means of discrimination, the STR tests, the future of the SNPs, the sequence of the second generation, and the obtaining of phenotypic characteristics, were duly dealt with. It was analysed, since its origin and implantation up to the current time, the working of the more significant Genetic Profile Data Banks, its technical and legal concerns, as well as the situation in Brazil, with its advances and obstacles, to become part of the forensic DNA community. Experiments in the testing of carbonized human bones were carried out, for identification in criminal procedure, with full details of the materials utilized, methodology, laboratory equipment and software for analyzing the results, ending up with a conclusive result. Following on the exploratory part was carried out through visits to the most expressive world DNA centres, located in the USA, France, the United Kingdom and Brazil, aimed at by means of interviews to discuss this topic, from technical to ethical aspects, and of the data banks to the operations of the system. Finally, in the discussion, the points observed in the centres of excellence, the results of the interviews, and the possible advantages of each system, in a totally fractioned global posture, were addressed. / A análise do DNA com a finalidade de obtenção de perfil genético tornou-se imprescindível para a investigação criminal e a persecução judicial. Desde os primórdios das técnicas de identificação humana, nada havia sido descoberto com maior poder discriminatório entre dois indivíduos escolhidos ao acaso. A prova genética assumiu grande importância nos tribunais, no entanto, para os operadores do direito, toda essa temática se reveste de grande mistério. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter, e poder oferecer aos operadores do Direito, uma visão geral sobre a utilização de perfis genéticos, e suas consequências para o sistema e a sociedade brasileira. No entanto, essa poderosa ferramenta de identificação humana, o DNA e suas interligações, vêm sendo impulsionada por recentíssimos avanços, de tal monta a alterar de forma significativa procedimentos e resultados, obrigando percorrer os caminhos trilhados pelos cientistas, para de forma simplificada ordenar as informações que nortearam a genética forense até nossos dias. Fez-se uma revisita à identificação humana, até a descoberta do DNA, sua estrutura, evolução e desdobramento. Foram analisados os procedimentos, e as várias técnicas, que foram sendo aperfeiçoadas, para obtenção de resultados desde a coleta de vestígios biológicos na cena do crime, até a análise laboratorial, culminando com a automatização pela PCR e a elaboração de um perfil genético. Examinou-se o DNA no mundo Forense, seu nascimento e consagração. A presença do instrumental à disposição para trabalhar marcadores, conferindo maior poder de discriminação, o exame dos STRs (Short Tandem Repeats), o futuro com SNPs, o sequenciamento de segunda geração e a obtenção de características fenotípicas foram devidamente abordadas. Verificou-se, desde sua origem e implantação até nossos dias, o funcionamento dos Bancos de Perfis Genéticos mais significativos, sua problemática técnica e legal, assim como a situação do Brasil, com seus avanços e entraves para fazer parte da comunidade forense do DNA. Realizou-se experimentalmente o exame de ossos humanos carbonizados, para identificação em procedimento criminal, com detalhamento dos materiais utilizados, metodologia, equipamentos laboratoriais e software para análise de resultados, finalizando com resultado conclusivo. Na parte exploratória vivencial deste trabalho, foram realizadas visitas aos mais expressivos centros mundiais de DNA, localizados no EUA, França, Reino Unido e Brasil, objetivando por meio de entrevistas discutir a temática, da técnica à ética, e dos bancos de dados à operacionalidade do sistema. Finalmente, na discussão foram abordados os pontos observados nos centros de excelência, o resultado das entrevistas, e as possíveis vantagens de cada sistema, em uma totalmente fracionada postura global.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Forensic DNA profiling is widely used as an identification tool for associating an individual with evidence of a crime. Analysis of a DNA sample involves observation of data in the form of an electropherogram, and subsequently annotating a DNA “profile” from an individual or from the evidence. The profile obtained from the evidence can be compared to reference profiles deposited in a national DNA database, which may include the potential contributor. Following a match, a random match probability is calculated to determine how common that genotype is in the population. This is the probability of obtaining that same DNA profile by sampling from a pool of unrelated individuals. Each state has adopted various laws requiring suspects and/or offenders to submit a DNA sample for the national database (such as California’s law that all who are arrested must provide a DNA sample). These profiles can then be associated with past unsolved crimes, and remain in the database to be searched in the event of future crimes. In the case of database samples, a physical sample of the offender’s DNA must be kept on file in the laboratory indefinitely so that in the event of a database hit, the sample is able to be retested. Current methods are to collect a buccal swab or blood sample, and store the DNA extracts under strict preservation conditions, i.e. cold storage, typically -20° C. With continually increasing number of samples submitted, a burden is placed on crime labs to store these DNA extracts. A solution was required to help control the costs of properly storing the samples. FTA™ paper was created to fulfill the need for inexpensive, low maintenance, long term storage of biological samples, which makes it ideal for use with convicted offender DNA samples. FTA™ paper is a commercially produced, chemically treated paper that allows DNA to be stored at room temperature for years with no costly storage facilities or conditions. Once a sample is required for DNA testing, a small disc is removed and is to be used directly in a PCR reaction. A high quality profile is important for comparing suspect profiles to unknown or database profiles. A single difference between a suspect and evidentiary sample can lead to exclusion. Unfortunately, the DNA profile results yielded from the direct addition have been unfavorable. Thus, most crime laboratories will extract the DNA from the disc, leading to additional time and cost to analyze a reference sample. Many of the profiles from the direct addition of an FTA™ disc result in poor quality profiles, likely due to an increase in PCR inhibitors and high concentrations of DNA. Currently, standardized protocols regarding the recommended locations for removal of a sample disc from a bloodspot on an FTA™ card does not exist. This study aims to validate the optimal location by comparing DNA profiles obtained from discs removed from the center, halfway, and edge locations of a bloodspot from 50 anonymous donors. Optimal punch location was first scored on the number of failed, partial or discordant profiles. Then, profile quality was determined based on peak characteristics of the resulting DNA profiles. The results for all three disc locations were 5.3% failed amplifications, 4.2% partial amplifications, and one case of a discordant profile. Profile quality for the majority of the samples showed a high incidence of stutter and the absence of non-template adenylation. Of the three disc locations, the edge of the blood stain was ideal, due to a presumably lower concentration of DNA and likely more dilute amount of the PCR inhibitor heme. Therefore, based on the results of this study, there is a greater probability of success using a sample from the edge of a blood stain spotted in FTA™ paper than any other location of the FTA™ card.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Eduardo Malheiros.pdf: 253787 bytes, checksum: 09ad32242083bf7d361de370ac6f7e68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-13 / The dissertation herein is aimed at the obtaining of a Master´s degree provided by PUC-SP, in the specific area of Comsumer Relation Rights, as a part of Collective and Diffuse Rigths, and approaches the theme Data Banks and Consumer Registers Art. 43 to 45 of the C.D.C. (Brazilian Code of Consumers´ Defense). In its first part, (Items 1 to 4), this dissertation considers general aspects of Data Banks and Consumer Registers by means of their definitions, concepts and the history of their appearance at national and international level. In its second part (Items 5 to 8), the focus is on the information contained in the Data Banks and Consumer Registers in relation to the characteristics, period of effectiveness and time limit of such information, way of communicating it to consumers and information that is sub judice . In the final part (Items 9 to 14), the subject matter falls on more objective elements relating to the judicial procedure. Starting from the juridical nature of the Data Banks and Consumer Registers, which are considered entities of public character, it approaches the abusiveness committed by such entities; constitutional tutelage that is appropriate to the matter; responsibility for damages caused for consumers and the respective tutelage type that is applicable in accordance with their juridical nature. The end part draws a conclusion that Data Banks and Consumer Registers have their validity, but this fact cannot interfer in consumers´ rights and still less allow that suppliers reach their material objectives in a distorted way, with deflection from purpose, mainly by means of coercion and threats / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo obtenção da titulação de mestre pela PUC-SP, na área específica de Direitos das Relações de Consumo, pertencente ao gênero de Direitos Difusos e Coletivos, trata do tema Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores art. 43 a 45 do C.D.C.. Em sua primeira parte (item 1 a 4), versa sobre aspectos gerais dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, através de suas definições, conceitos e histórico de surgimento a nível nacional e internacional. Na segunda parte (item 5 a 8), o enfoque é referente as informações constantes dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, no que diz respeito a suas características, vigência e prescrição, forma de comunicação ao consumidor e quando sub judice. Na parte final (item 9 a 14), a temática recai em elementos mais objetivos, no que se refere ao procedimento judicial, iniciando pela natureza jurídica dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, que são considerados entidades de caráter público, para abordar a abusividade praticada por estas entidades, qual a tutela constitucional pertinente a matéria, a responsabilidade dos danos causados aos consumidores e respectiva forma de tutela cabível em consonância com a sua natureza jurídica. O encerramento traz conclusão de validade dos Bancos de Dados e Cadastros de Consumidores, mas isto não pode interferir em direitos dos consumidores, muito menos permitir que fornecedores com desvio de finalidade, principalmente através de coação e ameaça atinjam seus objetivos materiais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Luiz de Almeida Ribeiro.pdf: 960554 bytes, checksum: 933a380e14a9abc84a29f86a8f043069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-24 / This dissertation is about the habeas data and its procedural aspects, as a mean to protect privacy. The main objective of this study is to analyze the usefulness of this feature as a specific instrument for protection of individuals' privacy, as well as to ensure that citizens may control the wrongful use of their personal data through social networks and credit protection institutions. In this sense, the habeas data would not be restricted to obtaining general information or rectifying data before public authorities and private companies. In order to achieve this purpose, and based on the deductive method and bibliographical research, the following topics have been addressed in this paper: historical aspects, concept and objetive of the habeas data, proceedings upon habeas data under Law 9507/1997, and, lastly, controversial aspects on habeas data. As a conclusion, the main criticism developed herein is related to the comparison between the habeas data and the writ of mandamus, which has caused a procedural impact on the Law 9507/97. This Law, that rules the habeas data, changed the primary constitutional objective of it, which was very much related to the protection of privacy and the proceedings to achieve this objective. Another criticism that is addressed herein is related to the rule that imposes to the parties the burden of having an entire administrative process before making use of the habeas data to obtain information or rectify personal data. In theory, this rule refrains the habeas data to become an effective instrument for the avoidance of damages to individuals' privacy caused by credit protection institutions and social networks, for instance / Versa a presente dissertação sobre o instituto do habeas data como tutela jurisdicional da intimidade e seus aspectos processuais. O principal objetivo é analisar a utilidade do referido instituto como instrumento específico de proteção da vida íntima e evidenciar a possibilidade de o indivíduo exercer preventivamente o controle do manuseio indevido de dados pessoais por entidades mantenedoras de bancos dados, como é o caso de redes sociais e órgãos de proteção ao crédito, não se restringindo apenas ao meio processual para obter e/ou retificar informações em entidades mantenedoras de bancos dados, públicas e privadas de caráter público. Para atingir esse propósito, e com o suporte metodológico da abordagem dedutiva e da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica, os seguintes assuntos foram abordados: aspectos históricos, conceito e escopo do habeas data, o procedimento da ação de habeas data na disciplina da Lei nº 9.507/1997 e, por último, as questões ainda controvertidas acerca do referido instituto. A título de conclusão, a principal crítica que emerge do tema analisado alude à comparação do habeas data ao mandado de segurança, que repercutiu no procedimento adotado por sua norma específica (Lei nº 9.507/1997), afastando assim este remédio constitucional da sua finalidade precípua, qual seja, preservar objetivamente a vida íntima e servir como instrumento processual específico para esse fim. Outra crítica se refere à exigência de o jurisdicionado trilhar e esgotar toda a via administrativa antes de se socorrer do Judiciário, por meio do habeas data, para obtenção de informações e/ou retificação de dados incorretos a seu respeito. Em rigor, tal exigência impede que o habeas data seja instrumento eficaz na prevenção de danos da vida privada perpetrados por órgãos de proteção ao crédito e redes sociais, por exemplo

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / DNA phenotyping is a rapidly developing area of research in forensic biology. Externally visible characteristics (EVCs) can be determined based on genotype data, specifically from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These SNPs are chosen based on their association with genes related to the phenotypic expression of interest, with known examples in eye, hair, and skin color traits. DNA phenotyping has forensic importance when unknown biological samples at a crime scene do not result in a criminal database hit; a phenotype profile of the sample can therefore be used to develop investigational leads. IrisPlex, an eye color prediction assay, has previously shown high prediction rates for blue and brown eye color in a European population. The objective of this work was to evaluate its utility in a North American population. We evaluated the six SNPs included in the IrisPlex assay in an admixed population sample collected from a U.S.A. college campus. We used a quantitative method of eye color classification based on (RGB) color components of digital photographs of the eye taken from each study volunteer and placed in one of three eye color categories: brown, intermediate, and blue. Objective color classification was shown to correlate with basic human visual determination making it a feasible option for use in future prediction assay development. In the original IrisPlex study with the Dutch samples, they correct prediction rates achieved were 91.6% for blue eye color and 87.5% for brown eye color. No intermediate eyes were tested. Using these samples and various models, the maximum prediction accuracies of the IrisPlex system achieved was 93% and 33% correct brown and blue eye color predictions, respectively, and 11% for intermediate eye colors. The differences in prediction accuracies is attributed to the genetic differences in allele frequencies within the sample populations tested. Future developments should include incorporation of additional informative SNPs, specifically related to the intermediate eye color, and we recommend the use of a Bayesian approach as a prediction model as likelihood ratios can be determined for reporting purposes.