Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T13:42:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Rumor.pdf: 2130405 bytes, checksum: 0cc0fc48c2af76ad78f46bd3a0ebddab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The newspaper is linked to the production routines. They participate in the process that makes the news may be constituted as such. And in the midst of construction processes of a report, it appears to repeat, be it on the subject, the information in ways that is formatted. This repetition in television journalism is a recurring phenomenon due to several factors, but becomes more common when it comes to reporting on special dates and events that repeat in a given period of time. The development of this dissertation sought to point out where, how and in what way this repetition occurs in TV news, as well as what are the factors that interfere in this process. The understanding of these issues occurred with the construction of a methodological approach that linked the literature, research focused especially to the theories underlying the debated journalistic logic, the TV materials of content analysis on holidays and events held in the years 2014 and 2015 for a TV station of the city of Ponta Grossa, and also interviews with professionals involved in the process to trace the characteristics of how they understand what to do differently in television journalism with the repetition of evidence. The analysis showed that, among other reasons, the internal rules of writing, the short time for the production of materials and the automated make are some of the main reasons that lead to the emergence of the phenomenon addressed in this research. / O fazer jornalístico está atrelado às rotinas de produção. Elas participam do processo que faz com que as notícias se constituam como tal. E, em meio aos processos de construção de uma reportagem, aparece a repetição, seja ela no assunto, na informação, nos modos como é formatada. Essa repetição no telejornalismo é um fenômeno recorrente devido a diversos fatores, mas se torna mais comum quando se trata de reportagens sobre datas comemorativas e eventos que se repetem num determinado período de tempo. O desenvolvimento dessa dissertação buscou apontar onde, como e de que maneira essa repetição se dá nas matérias de TV, bem como quais são os fatores que interferem nesse processo. O entendimento acerca de tais questões se deu a partir da construção de um percurso metodológico que uniu a pesquisa bibliográfica, voltada de maneira especial às teorias que sustentam as lógicas jornalísticas debatidas, a análise de conteúdo de matérias de TV sobre feriados e eventos realizados nos anos de 2014 e 2015 por uma emissora da cidade de Ponta Grossa e, ainda, entrevistas com os profissionais envolvidos no processo para traçar as características de como eles entendem o fazer diferente no telejornalismo junto aos indícios de repetição. As análises apontaram que, entre outros motivos, as normas internas da redação, o tempo curto para a produção das matérias e o fazer automatizado, são algumas das principais razões que levam ao aparecimento do fenômeno abordado nesta pesquisa.

O déficit hídrico é uma das principais causas de perdas de produtividade agrícola. No Brasil, algumas regiões sofreram reduções elevadas na produção de milho (Zea mays L.), provocadas por estiagens, por exemplo, nas safras de 1995/1996, 1996/1997, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2004/2005. Para contornar ou minimizar situações de limitação hídrica é importante o planejamento da época de cultivo para melhor aproveitamento das condições climáticas locais e eficiência do manejo da lavoura. O presente trabalho objetivou subsidiar o planejamento de plantio do milho na região de Piracicaba, São Paulo, estimando a probabilidade de quebra de produtividade de cultivares de ciclo médio em decorrência do déficit hídrico, em função de datas de semeadura simuladas para o primeiro dia de cada decêndio entre setembro e fevereiro. Para isso, foi utilizado o modelo de balanço hídrico de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955) modificado por Barbieri et al. (2003), pelo qual é possível considerar a variação da capacidade de água disponível no solo ao longo do ciclo, acompanhando o crescimento do sistema radicular e representando de forma mais aproximada a situação real de armazenamento de água no solo do que o uso de um só valor de CAD ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Foram calculadas deficiências hídricas decendiais, obtidas pelo balanço hídrico sequencial de cultura em série de dados climatológicos de 1975 a 2008 e estimados os déficits de produtividade potencial para cada simulação de plantio, usando o coeficiente de sensibilidade da cultura ao déficit (Ky). Para cada ano, foram estimados os déficits relativos de produtividade e verificado o ajuste dos dados estimados a duas funções de probabilidade, a beta e a gama completa, tendo a segunda apresentado melhor desempenho, sendo escolhida para representar a frequencia de ocorrências dos valores nas séries. Para os plantios em cada primeiro dia dos decêndios de outubro e novembro, a probabilidade gama (Pgama) de ocorrerem déficit relativo de produtividade de até 10% é maior que 50%, isto é, a cada dois anos de plantio, ao menos um tem quebra de produtividade menor que 10%. Nesse período, destacam-se o primeiro e terceiro decêndios de outubro, com Pgama = 67% e Pgama = 63%, respectivamente, de quebra relativa inferior a 10%. Nos meses de setembro, dezembro e janeiro, a probabilidade de déficits relativos de produtividade de até 20% é maior que 50%, indicando maior efeito da ocorrência do déficit hídrico nesses meses. No mês de fevereiro, a probabilidade de perdas maiores que 1/5 da produção é superior a 75%, sendo recomendável irrigação para aumentar a produtividade das semeaduras nesse mês, principalmente no período crítico. Perdas acima de 50% são difíceis de ocorrer, sendo a probabilidade máxima igual a 23,5% no terceiro decêndio de fevereiro. / Water deficit is one of the mainly reasons of crop yield decrease in agriculture. In Brazil, drought caused serious damages in some regions to corn (Zea mays L.) production in the crops of 1995/1996, 1996/1997, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2004/2005. Planning the sowing dates plays an essential role to mitigate the effect of limited water conditions and in the more effective use of local weather on farm management. The current work aimed to estimate probabilities of relative yield decrease in corn crop caused by soil water deficits in function of the sowing dates, by simulating plantings in ten-day basis from September to February, in order to support the decision-making process and the planning of corn cropping in Piracicaba region, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil water deficit was estimated by using the water balance model of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) adapted by Barbieri et al. (2003) for take into account the variation of available water capacity in the soil during the crop cycle, following the root system growth, thus rendering it a more representative model of soil water balance. For each year of data series on climate conditions from 1975 to 2008, the relative deficits of potential yield were calculated using the ten-day values of water deficit obtained from the serial water balance model, for each simulated sowing date from September 1st to February 21st. Then, the yield response factor to water deficit (Ky) was applied to relate the potential yield deficit to evapotranspiration deficit, observed in 18 sowing dates in 33 years of the study. Two probability density functions were tested, the beta and the complete gamma; the latter showed best fit to the observed frequency data and was chosen to estimate the frequency of yield occurrences in the series. Yield losses bellow 10% were more frequent in October and November, with gamma probability (Pgamma) above 50%, which means that in two years, at least one will provide conditions to have relative yield higher than 90%. In this period, the first and the third ten-days of October are highlighted with Pgamma = 67% and Pgamma = 63%, respectively. In September, December and January, the gamma probability was higher than 50% considering relative yield decreases equal or lower than 20%. In February, the probability of losing 1/5 of the productivity is above 75%. In this case, irrigation is necessary to increase the yield, mainly during the critical period (flowering and grain filling). Yield losses higher than 50% are difficult to happen and the maximum probability is 23.5% in the third ten-days of February.

O déficit hídrico é uma das principais causas de perdas de produtividade agrícola. No Brasil, algumas regiões sofreram reduções elevadas na produção de milho (Zea mays L.), provocadas por estiagens, por exemplo, nas safras de 1995/1996, 1996/1997, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2004/2005. Para contornar ou minimizar situações de limitação hídrica é importante o planejamento da época de cultivo para melhor aproveitamento das condições climáticas locais e eficiência do manejo da lavoura. O presente trabalho objetivou subsidiar o planejamento de plantio do milho na região de Piracicaba, São Paulo, estimando a probabilidade de quebra de produtividade de cultivares de ciclo médio em decorrência do déficit hídrico, em função de datas de semeadura simuladas para o primeiro dia de cada decêndio entre setembro e fevereiro. Para isso, foi utilizado o modelo de balanço hídrico de Thornthwaite e Mather (1955) modificado por Barbieri et al. (2003), pelo qual é possível considerar a variação da capacidade de água disponível no solo ao longo do ciclo, acompanhando o crescimento do sistema radicular e representando de forma mais aproximada a situação real de armazenamento de água no solo do que o uso de um só valor de CAD ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Foram calculadas deficiências hídricas decendiais, obtidas pelo balanço hídrico sequencial de cultura em série de dados climatológicos de 1975 a 2008 e estimados os déficits de produtividade potencial para cada simulação de plantio, usando o coeficiente de sensibilidade da cultura ao déficit (Ky). Para cada ano, foram estimados os déficits relativos de produtividade e verificado o ajuste dos dados estimados a duas funções de probabilidade, a beta e a gama completa, tendo a segunda apresentado melhor desempenho, sendo escolhida para representar a frequencia de ocorrências dos valores nas séries. Para os plantios em cada primeiro dia dos decêndios de outubro e novembro, a probabilidade gama (Pgama) de ocorrerem déficit relativo de produtividade de até 10% é maior que 50%, isto é, a cada dois anos de plantio, ao menos um tem quebra de produtividade menor que 10%. Nesse período, destacam-se o primeiro e terceiro decêndios de outubro, com Pgama = 67% e Pgama = 63%, respectivamente, de quebra relativa inferior a 10%. Nos meses de setembro, dezembro e janeiro, a probabilidade de déficits relativos de produtividade de até 20% é maior que 50%, indicando maior efeito da ocorrência do déficit hídrico nesses meses. No mês de fevereiro, a probabilidade de perdas maiores que 1/5 da produção é superior a 75%, sendo recomendável irrigação para aumentar a produtividade das semeaduras nesse mês, principalmente no período crítico. Perdas acima de 50% são difíceis de ocorrer, sendo a probabilidade máxima igual a 23,5% no terceiro decêndio de fevereiro. / Water deficit is one of the mainly reasons of crop yield decrease in agriculture. In Brazil, drought caused serious damages in some regions to corn (Zea mays L.) production in the crops of 1995/1996, 1996/1997, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2004/2005. Planning the sowing dates plays an essential role to mitigate the effect of limited water conditions and in the more effective use of local weather on farm management. The current work aimed to estimate probabilities of relative yield decrease in corn crop caused by soil water deficits in function of the sowing dates, by simulating plantings in ten-day basis from September to February, in order to support the decision-making process and the planning of corn cropping in Piracicaba region, São Paulo State, Brazil. Soil water deficit was estimated by using the water balance model of Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) adapted by Barbieri et al. (2003) for take into account the variation of available water capacity in the soil during the crop cycle, following the root system growth, thus rendering it a more representative model of soil water balance. For each year of data series on climate conditions from 1975 to 2008, the relative deficits of potential yield were calculated using the ten-day values of water deficit obtained from the serial water balance model, for each simulated sowing date from September 1st to February 21st. Then, the yield response factor to water deficit (Ky) was applied to relate the potential yield deficit to evapotranspiration deficit, observed in 18 sowing dates in 33 years of the study. Two probability density functions were tested, the beta and the complete gamma; the latter showed best fit to the observed frequency data and was chosen to estimate the frequency of yield occurrences in the series. Yield losses bellow 10% were more frequent in October and November, with gamma probability (Pgamma) above 50%, which means that in two years, at least one will provide conditions to have relative yield higher than 90%. In this period, the first and the third ten-days of October are highlighted with Pgamma = 67% and Pgamma = 63%, respectively. In September, December and January, the gamma probability was higher than 50% considering relative yield decreases equal or lower than 20%. In February, the probability of losing 1/5 of the productivity is above 75%. In this case, irrigation is necessary to increase the yield, mainly during the critical period (flowering and grain filling). Yield losses higher than 50% are difficult to happen and the maximum probability is 23.5% in the third ten-days of February.

Nous abordons dans cette thèse des problèmes de flowshop de permutation soumis des contraintes de délais minimaux et maximaux avec deux types de travaux principaux : 1. Nous avons modélisé, en utilisant l'algèbre MaxPlus, des problèmes de flowshop de permutation m-machines soumis une famille de contraintes : de délais minimaux, de délais maximaux, de sans attente, de délais fixes, de temps de montage indé- pendant de la séquence, de temps de démontage indépendant de la séquence, de blocage, de dates de début au plus tæt ainsi que de durées de latence. Des matrices caractérisant complètement leurs travaux associés ont été élaborées. Nous avons fait apparaître un problème central soumis des contraintes de délais minimaux et maximaux. 2. Nous avons élaboré des bornes inférieures pour le makespan et pour la somme (pondérée ou non) des dates de fin. Ces bornes inférieures ont été incorporées dans des procédures par séparation et évaluation. Nous avons généralisé les bornes inférieures de Lageweg et al. pour des contraintes quelconques et amélioré une borne inférieure de la littérature. L'utilisation de chacune de ces bornes inférieures ainsi que de leurs combinaisons ont été testées. Une famille de bornes inférieures pour la somme (pondérée ou non) des dates de fin a été élaborée basée sur la résolution d'un problème une machine et sur la résolution d'un problème de voyageur de commerce. Une politique de sélection de bornes inférieures a été proposée pour combiner les bornes inférieures. Bien qu'il s'agisse d'un problème de NP-difficile, l'efficacité de ces bornes inférieures a été vérifiée l'aide de tests. / In this thesis, permutation flowshop problems with minimal and maximal delay constraints were considered through two following principal tasks were particularly tackled. 1. In the first task, m-machine permutation flowshop problems with a family of constraints (minimal delays, maximal delays, no-wait, fixed delays, sequence-independent setup times, sequence-independent removal times, blocking, ready dates, duration of latency) were modeled using MaxPlus algebra. Job associated matrices which totally characterize these jobs were elaborated. The modeling led to reveal a central problem with constraints of minimal and maximal delays. 2. In the second task, lower bounds for makespan and for total (weighted or unweighted) completion times were elaborated. These lower bounds were incorporated in branchand-bound procedures. The lower bounds of Lageweg et al. were generalized for any constraint and a existed lower bound was improved. The usage of each of these lower bounds as well as that of their combinations was tested. A family of lower bounds for total (weighted or non-weighted) completion times was elaborated thanks to the solution of a one-machine problem and the solution of a traveling salesman problem. A lower bound selection strategy was proposed in order to combine these lower bounds. Despite necessity to solve a NP-hard problem, the effectiveness of these lower bounds was verified by numerical tests.

The assumption that prehistoric Native American land use practices had little impact on the North American landscape persists in the literature. However, recent research suggests the effects of prehistoric burning, deforestation and agriculture may potentially have been greater than previously considered. To resolve this discrepancy, quantitative estimates of changes in human population size and forest structure and composition over the course of the Holocene are needed. This thesis addresses this need by providing radiocarbon-based paleodemographic reconstructions and pollen-inferred estimates of vegetation change, as well as analyses of associations between the two at both continental and regional scales, from the late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene. One way to estimate paleodemographic change is to use the number of radiocarbon (14C) dates from a given area to study patterns of human occupation through time. A review of the literature and compilation of existing databases relevant to this method showed there is now sufficient data to study the paleodemographic history of many regions around the world. An analysis of 14C datasets from North America and Australia compared well with model-based reconstructions of past demographic growth, and provided higher frequency fluctuations in population densities that will be important for future research. Using a kernel density estimation approach, the first estimates of prehistoric population density for North America were obtained and synthesized into a series of continental-scale maps showing the distribution and frequency of 14C dates in the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD). The maps illustrated the space-time evolution of population and migration patterns, which were corroborated by independent sources of evidence. A methodology based on the statistical evaluation of cross-correlations between population and plant abundance was then developed to analyze the associations between these population estimates and plant communities derived from pollen databases. Periods of high spatial cross-correlation (positive and negative) between population and plant abundance were irregular and did not improve over time, suggesting that ancient human impacts are not discernable at a continental scale, either due to low populations or varying human land use practices. To further examine the relationship between pollen data and human land use at a regional scale, estimates of plant density and landscape openness are needed. The REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) model corrects for the non-linear relationship between pollen production and plant abundance and can therefore be used to map histories of land use and land cover change. The model was applied to pollen records from lake sediments in the deciduous forest of southeastern Quebec. A preliminary analysis comparing these results to population density revealed low population during times of high Populus abundance and high population following the appearance of the mixed temperate forest suggesting a discernable human-environment association at regional scales. Overall, the results of thesis support the growing body of literature that suggests prehistoric Native Americans impacted their environments and that these impacts can be detected and quantified by integrating archaeological and paleoecological information. However, the timing, location, and intensity of human land use has changed in both space and time, suggesting regional- to local-scale analyses of human-environment interactions are most appropriate for continental North America. The methodology presented here can be used to study additional North American regions for the purpose of developing a continental history of human-environment interaction.

The Architecture of the Chavín de Huántar Ceremonial Center: Tridimensional Registration and its ImplicationsThe site of Chavín de Huántar has a long history of excavation, but due to the lack of accurate maps, sophisticated analyses of visible architecture have not been possible. This article reviews the past attempts at mapping, and reports on the preliminary results of a project developing a high precision map and threedimensional model of both the external architecture, and the interior galleries. Analysis of this model is combined with the results of strategic excavations at architectural seams to help clarify the growth sequence of the monumental center. While the analysis supports the long-held assumption of an earlier Old Temple and a later New Temple, the relationship between specific constructions is much more complex than previously assumed. Evidence for at least one structure that predates the Old Temple is combined with a review of relevant radiocarbon dates to suggest that the early part of the Chavin architectural sequence is probably earlier than suspected. Analysis of architectural details of the site points to an emphasis on construction symmetry while sometimes avoiding the destruction of previous buildings, along with the precise placement of staircases, and their probable function as points of reference for the planning and construction of much of the architecture at Chavin / El sitio de Chavín de Huántar ha sido excavado durante mucho tiempo, pero debido a la falta de planos precisos, no se ha realizado un análisis sofisticado de la arquitectura de superficie. Este artículo revisa aun los mapas anteriormente publicados antes de presentar los resultados preliminares del proyecto de mapeo y representación tridimensional de la arquitectura externa y la de las galerías. Se combina un análisis del modelo con los resultados de excavaciones estratégicas realizadas para revelar las uniones de segmentos arquitectónicos para aclarar el crecimiento del centro monumental. Aunque las conclusiones apoyan la idea de un Templo Viejo que es anterior a un Templo Nuevo, las relaciones entre edificios específicos son mucho más complejas que lo sugerido por reconstrucciones anteriores. Se registró una estructura más antigua que el Templo Viejo, y se revisan las fechas radiocarbónicas relevantes para sugerir que la primera arquitectura de Chavín probablemente es más temprana que lo reconocido hasta hoy. Los detalles de la arquitectura sugieren un énfasis en construir con simetría, que en ciertos casos evita la destrucción de edificios anteriores. Asimismo, muchas escalinatas tienen posiciones exactas, y probablemente sirvieron como puntos de referencia para la planificación y construcción de gran parte de la arquitectura de Chavín.

The Preceramic Period in the Punas of Junín from the Point of View of Panaulauca SiteThe Panaulauca preceramic site of the Peruvian central highland region known as the Puna de Junin is a key location for understanding early Andean hunting adaptations and the eventual transition to herding. Our excavations in the cave mouth area and on the talus slope of this site have revealed a substantial occupation beginning well before 7000 B.C., and lasting until historical times. We have recovered extensive stone tool, faunal, and botanical data that we use here to define the major economic and social transitions that occurred during and after the Preceramic Period. Early Preceramic phases of occupation show a growing exploitation of camelids, principally the vicuña, while settlement patterns suggest a certain amount of mobility with a wet season emphasis in Panaulauca. By Middle and Late Preceramic times, however, the site is occupied year round in a pattern of increasing sedentism. A major reliance on herding is not seen until Formative times, but by this point Panaulauca is no longer a major center of occupation, and cannot be considered a reasonable sample of these later cultural patterns. / EI sitio precerámico de Panaulauca, ubicado en la puna de Junín en la Sierra Central del Perú, es un sitio de mucha importancia para entender la adaptación de cazadores de altura y su eventual transición al pastoreo. Nuestras excavaciones en la boca de la cueva de Panaulauca y en su talud, han demostrado una larga ocupación, comenzando significativamente antes de 7000 A.N.E., y siguiendo quizás hasta tiempos históricos. Se recuperaron datos muy extensos de la industria lítica y restos de fauna y flora que se usaron para definir los cambios económicos y sociales a través de tiempo. Las fases del Precerámico Temprano tienen evidencia de camélidos con un patrón de uso que crece a través del tiempo, especialmente la vicuña, dentro de un patrón de asentamiento que en principio muestra evidencia de cierta movilidad estacional que enfatiza la época de lluvias para Panaulauca. En contraste, llegando al Precerámico Medio y Tardío se reconocen una ocupación del sitio a través de todo el año y un creciente sedentarismo. La evidencia para una vida principalmente basada en el pastoreo en Panaulauca no viene sino hasta el Formativo, aunque siempre se tiene que tener en cuenta que tales cuevas no fueron los centros de ocupación en tiempos post-precerámicos.

Tiwanaku in Moquegua: The Altiplano ColoniesInvestigations in Moquegua demonstrate two distinct waves of Middle Horizon colonization by altiplano settlers. Both Tiwanaku colonies allowed and ultimately replaced the Huaracane tradition, a substantial indigenous Formative occupation in the middle Moquegua valley. Tiwanaku site locations, settlement patterns, mortuary and domestic traditions, and skeletal biology differ significantly from those of Huaracane, indicating distinct origins and ethnicity. Within the Moquegua Tiwanaku colonies, settlements of two distinct groups are distinguished by assemblages of Omo style and the Chen Chen style ceramics. The Omo style Tiwanaku settlers arrived first, but distinct villages using each style coexisted throughout the valley for centuries. These appear to represent colonists from distinct ethnicities or moieties within the Tiwanaku culture. Tiwanaku colonists maintained their highland identities in all aspects of domestic, mortuary and ritual practices through ayllu level social organization. The more substantial Chen Chen style colony also introduced provincial political organization, demonstrated by new infrastructure for surplus maize cultivation and the construction of a Tiwanaku style temple structure at the Omo site. / Las investigaciones en Moquegua han demostrado la presencia de dos diferentes oleadas de colonización tiwanaku provenientes del altiplano durante el Horizonte Media. Ambas colonias tiwanaku siguieron y, por último, reemplazaron a la tradición Huaracane, una sustancial ocupación indígena del Periodo Formativo en el valle medio de Moquegua. Las ubicaciones de los sitios, patrones de asentamiento, tradiciones funerarias y domésticas, y biología ósea tiwanaku difieren significativamente de aquellos huaracane, indicando orígenes y etnicidad distintos. Dentro de las colonias tiwanaku en Moquegua se distinguían los asentamientos de dos grupos distintos sobre la base de la cerámica de los estilos Omo y Chen Chen. Los colonos tiwanaku del estilo Omo llegaron primero, pero diversas aldeas, usando cada estilo, coexistieron a través del valle por siglos. Esto parece representar a colonias provenientes de diversas etnias o parcialidades dentro de la cultura Tiwanaku. Los colonos tiwanaku mantuvieron sus identidades altiplánicas en todos los aspectos de sus prácticas domésticas, funerarias y rituales a través de un nivel de organización tipo ayllu. La colonia más sustancial, del estilo Chen Chen, también introdujo una organización política provincial, la cual se demuestra a través de una nueva infraestructura para el cultivo de excedentes de maíz y la construcción de un templo del estilo Tiwanaku en el sitio Omo.

Cerro Baul: A Wari Enclave Interacting with TiwanakuWari expansion to the extreme south of Peru is a phenomenon whose study began 20 years ago, with the discovery of a great arquitectonic complex at Cerro Baul. The excavations undertaken in the last 3 years have revealed that Cerro Baul was more than a military fortress; it was the most important political and religious center that Wari established in the only region where there is direct evidence of interaction with Tiwanaku, the altiplano state that established its colonial center in the middle Moquegua Valley. Based on the twelve radiocarbon dates from Cerro Baul, we can affirm that this interaction was maintained for over 200 years, a time that included periods of tension and others of cooperation.The current work analyzes the relations that the Wari colony on Cerro Baul maintained with its capital located in the Department of Ayacucho. Therefore, we document the characteristics of the monumental and domestic architecture and establish their relationship to forms found in Ayacucho. We also analyze the irrigation technology implemented by Wari in the zone and compare it with the agricultural techniques utilized prior to Wari expansion in Ayacucho and in Moquegua. Precedents for the irrigation technology in the Cerro Baul region are present in Ayacucho, but are not found in Moquegua. Both lines of evidence indicate that contacts between Cerro Baul and the capital were very strong, a position which is also supported by the extensive exchange of prestige goods. Apparently, the Moquegua colony articulated the Wari state's policies for interacting with the Tiwanaku neighbors. / La expansión wari hacia el extremo sur del Perú es un fenómeno cuyo estudio ha comenzado en los últimos 20 años, con el descubrimiento de un gran complejo arquitectónico en Cerro Baúl. Las excavaciones realizadas en los últimos tres años han revelado que Cerro Baúl, más que una fortaleza, fue un centro político y religioso wari muy importante, establecido como enclave en una región donde resulta evidente una directa interacción con Tiwanaku, el estado altiplánico que colonizó el valle medio del Osmore. En base a 12 fechados radiocarbónicos, se puede deducir que esta interacción se habría mantenido por un lapso aproximado de 200 años, tiempo en el cual habrían existido momentos de tensión y otros de cooperación.EI presente trabajo analiza las relaciones que tenía la colonia wari de Cerro Baúl con su capital, ubicada en el departamento de Ayacucho. Para tal fin se han documentado las características de la arquitectura -doméstica y monumental- y se han establecido sus relaciones con formas encontradas en Ayacucho y en otros centros regionales. También se ha analizado la tecnología de riego implementada por Wari en la zona y comparado con la tecnología agrícola de Ayacucho, notando claras similitudes con ésta y fuertes contrastes con la que había antes de la ocupación wari en Moquegua. Ambas líneas de evidencia indican que los contactos entre Cerro Baúl y la capital eran intensos, lo cual se observa también en el intercambio de bienes de prestigio, notándose que fue la colonia de Moquegua la que mantuvo los lineamientos de la política del Estado Wari en su interacción con Tiwanaku.

A Reexamination of the Development of the Late Preceramic Complex Society through the Radiocarbon Dates and Archaeological Researches in Casma ValleyIn many aspects, the preceramic sites of Casma are typical of preceramic occupations in other parts of Peru. Nevertheless, the beginnings of nondomestic or monumental architecture are present at the Casma sites of Tortugas and Huaynuna. In addition, at the site of Huaynuna there is evidence of an "aceramic" occupation that coexisted with the first settlements associated with ceramics in the Early Formative or Initial Period. The existence of aceramic sites in Casma called attention to other sites that, though lacking ceramics, have radiocarbon dates later than 1800 a.C., that is, during the time period typically considered as the Early Formative. This realization has implications with respect to the maritime hypothesis and the development of complex society along the Peruvian coast. / En muchos aspectos, los sitios precerámicos de Casma son típicos de las ocupaciones precerámicas del resto del Perú. Sin embargo, en los sitios de Tortugas y Huaynuná de Casma se encuentran los inicios de la arquitectura no doméstica o monumental. Además, en el sitio de Huaynuná tambien hay evidencia de una ocupación "acerámica" que coexistía con los primeros asentamientos con cerámica del Periodo Inicial o Formativo Temprano. El reconocimiento de los sitios acerámicos en Casma llamó la atención a otros sitios que, aunque carecen de cerámica, tienen fechados radiocarbónicos después de 1800 a.C., es decir durante lo que típicamente se consideraba como el Formativo Temprano. Este hallazgo tiene implicaciones con respecto a la hipótesis marítima y el desarrollo de la sociedad compleja en la costa peruana.