Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate smoking behaviour in a population of habitual cigarette smokers. Measurements were made 5 times, at intervals of 4 weeks whilst smoking cigarettes with tar yields above 10 mg. After switching to lower yield cigarettes (reductions of at least 3 mg tar and 0.2 mg nicotine) a further 6 visits were made at intervals of 6 weeks. A group of subjects followed the same protocol but without switching. Tobacco smoke uptake was estimated by measuring pre and post-smoking plasma nicotine, cotinine, carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) and expired carbon monoxide (infinity). Smoke generation was measured with the subject smoking through a holder acting as a flow meter. The data from visits 2-6 showed large between-subject variability but little between-session variability indicating that these measures were reproducible. However, the large variation in measurements of plasma nicotine may limit the use of this variable unless sample collection is carefully controlled. There were observed gender differences in smoke generation which could be explained in terms of anatomical size. Examination of the interrelationships between measurements of smoking showed that although some indices were highly correlated, much of the variation in the relationship could not be explained Indicating that no one measurement can give an overall indication of smoke exposure. 497 people expressed an interest in the study but only 53 managed to complete. Of these 44 met the study criteria: 26 switched to a lower yield brand and 18 remained on their own brand. The switching group showed significant increases in puff volume, peak puff flow, puff number and total puff volume, whilst pre-smoke Hbinfinity, the HbCO boost, mean plasma cotinine and puff interval showed significant reductions. These changes resulted in an average level of regulation of about 56%. The majority of these changes were maintained over the post-switch period, however, puff number, puff interval and total puff volume showed short-term adaptation by returning to baseline values after an initial change. It is concluded that the effects of switching to lower yield cigarettes persist for at least 8 months (average level of regulation of about 65%) and that this has Important implications for the strategy of reducing cigarette smoke exposure. It was postulated that smoking results in transient changes in pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) and this mechanism may explain the discrepancy between the relative boost for the non-lnvasive and Invasive methods of measuring changes in HbCO on smoking. Both breath-hold and mean alveolar methods were significantly affected by posture Induced changes in VA/Q Indicating that equilibration between CX) in blood and the lungs cannot be assumed for these methods. However, these techniques do provide a reasonable estimate of Hb? before smoking as long as the same method and conditions are adhered to. Although unaffected by changes in posture, the rebreathing method also failed to reflect changes in Hb? on smoking since the relative infinity boost was only half that for Hbinfinity. It is therefore concluded that none of the alveolar sampling techniques give a reliable indication of the acute changes In Hbinfinity associated with smoking.

This thesis follows up smoking during pregnancy. The task is conceived into two parts, the first being focused on theoretical definition of the problematics, the second being exploratory. The theoretical part is divided into three subheads. The first part deals with pregnancy itself and preparation for it, where problems connected with conception are described, followed by the formation and duration of pregnancy, changes connected to pregnancy and fetal development. The second part of the thesis solves the problem of smoking when pregnant together with all problems connected to it, describes the harmfulness and health consequences caused by smoking,solves quitting and it´s options. The third part connects the whole problematics, mainly it concentrates on the issue, how smoking affects fertility, the whole process of pregnancy and what are the risks for fetus and newborns. The practical part charts the situation of smoking among pregnant women, aiming to determine, whether women attempt to stop smoking or inhibit the addiction when pregnant, eventually, which means they use to reduce smoking or quitting. Also, it finds out, whether women realize the risks and problems, which smoking can cause. It also looks at, where women find information about the harmfulness of smoking. Another aim is to explore the circumstances under which most pregnant women seek for a cigarette, and whether social environment influences smoking during pregnancy. Research of the practical part is performed quantitatively by the method of anonymous questionnaire.

Orientador: José Carlos Silva Camargo Filho / Banca: Alessandra Choqueta de Toledo / Banca: Nilton Mazzer / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos do tabagismo passivo, associado ao exercício físico por meio da natação, nos músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio durante a prenhez e lactação de ratas. 24 ratas foram divididas em: GF (exposto à fumaça de cigarro), GC (controle), GFN (submetido ao programa de natação e exposto à fumaça de cigarro) e GN (submetido ao programa de natação). No primeiro dia da prenhez iniciou-se o protocolo de exposição à fumaça de cigarro, constituído por 30 minutos, duas vezes ao dia, durante seis semanas. Neste mesmo período foi iniciado o programa de natação, que teve duração de 60 minutos diários até o 21o dia de amamentação. Foram obtidos os músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio para as análises histológica, histoquímica, morfométrica e tipagem das fibras. Na histologia, os grupos GF e GFN apresentaram infiltrados inflamatórios, fibras fagocitadas e necrosadas, núcleos centralizados, splittings e enrodilhamento; no GN observou-se alterações referentes à adaptação ao exercício, infiltrados, lesão sarcolemal, fibras polimórficas, atróficas e angulares. Na análise histoquímica dos grupos GF e GFN houve ausência da atividade enzimática e agregados amorfos de formazana em posição / Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of second-hand smoking, in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles associated with physical exercise by swimming during pregnancy and lactation of rats. Twenty-four rats were divided: GF (exposed to cigarette smoke), GC (control), GFN (underwent to the swimming program and exposed to cigarette smoke) and GN (underwent to the swimming program). On the first day of pregnancy procedure of exposure to cigarette smoke began, consisting in 30 minutes twice a day for six weeks. During the same period the swimming program began, which lasted 60 minutes every day until the 21st day of lactation. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, were obtained for histological, histochemical, morphometric analysis and fiber profiling. In histology, the groups GF and GFN showed infiltrations, necrotic and phagocytized fibers, centralized nuclei, splittings and coiling; in GN changes were observed due to exercise adaptations, infiltrations, sarcolemal lesion, polymorphic, atrophic and angular fibers. In the histochemical analysis of the groups GF and GFN there was not enzymatic activity and amorphous formazan aggregates in subsarcolemmal positions, however in GN the same changes were found in lower frequency and intensity. In regard to the measure of the cross-section of muscle fibers there weren't significant differences among the groups, as well as, in the frequency of types of fibers of the gastrocnemius. It is concluded that exercise intensified the morphological and histochemical changes caused by nicotine but it did not influence the measurement of the smaller diameter of muscle fibers, nor the types of fibers / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 valsoni_bcg_me_prud.pdf: 772648 bytes, checksum: 28f7264c9a35f8e4a86819aab281245a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos do tabagismo passivo, associado ao exercício físico por meio da natação, nos músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio durante a prenhez e lactação de ratas. 24 ratas foram divididas em: GF (exposto à fumaça de cigarro), GC (controle), GFN (submetido ao programa de natação e exposto à fumaça de cigarro) e GN (submetido ao programa de natação). No primeiro dia da prenhez iniciou-se o protocolo de exposição à fumaça de cigarro, constituído por 30 minutos, duas vezes ao dia, durante seis semanas. Neste mesmo período foi iniciado o programa de natação, que teve duração de 60 minutos diários até o 21o dia de amamentação. Foram obtidos os músculos sóleo e gastrocnêmio para as análises histológica, histoquímica, morfométrica e tipagem das fibras. Na histologia, os grupos GF e GFN apresentaram infiltrados inflamatórios, fibras fagocitadas e necrosadas, núcleos centralizados, splittings e enrodilhamento; no GN observou-se alterações referentes à adaptação ao exercício, infiltrados, lesão sarcolemal, fibras polimórficas, atróficas e angulares. Na análise histoquímica dos grupos GF e GFN houve ausência da atividade enzimática e agregados amorfos de formazana em posição / The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of second-hand smoking, in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles associated with physical exercise by swimming during pregnancy and lactation of rats. Twenty-four rats were divided: GF (exposed to cigarette smoke), GC (control), GFN (underwent to the swimming program and exposed to cigarette smoke) and GN (underwent to the swimming program). On the first day of pregnancy procedure of exposure to cigarette smoke began, consisting in 30 minutes twice a day for six weeks. During the same period the swimming program began, which lasted 60 minutes every day until the 21st day of lactation. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, were obtained for histological, histochemical, morphometric analysis and fiber profiling. In histology, the groups GF and GFN showed infiltrations, necrotic and phagocytized fibers, centralized nuclei, splittings and coiling; in GN changes were observed due to exercise adaptations, infiltrations, sarcolemal lesion, polymorphic, atrophic and angular fibers. In the histochemical analysis of the groups GF and GFN there was not enzymatic activity and amorphous formazan aggregates in subsarcolemmal positions, however in GN the same changes were found in lower frequency and intensity. In regard to the measure of the cross-section of muscle fibers there weren’t significant differences among the groups, as well as, in the frequency of types of fibers of the gastrocnemius. It is concluded that exercise intensified the morphological and histochemical changes caused by nicotine but it did not influence the measurement of the smaller diameter of muscle fibers, nor the types of fibers

Orientador: Enilson Antonio Sallum / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T22:11:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_MonicaGrazieli_M.pdf: 22646196 bytes, checksum: dea738035c7c3059302007121c3a2b19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo:Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar, em defeitos do tipo fenestração, não contaminados previamente pelo biofilme dental bacteriano, em ratos, na presença ou na ausência de fumaça de cigarro (IFC): 1- o efeito das proteínas derivadas da matriz do esmalte (PDME) no padrão de cura, histometricamente; 2- o número de osteoclastos na egião dos defeitos, através da histoquímica, pela reação de fosfatase ácida resistente ao ácido tartárico (TRAP). Para isto, 22 ratos Wistar, machos e adultos foram aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos: 1- IFC (n=11) e 2- Controle (n=11). Após 30 dias do início da IFC, os animais dos 2 grupos foram submetidos à cirurgia de criação dos defeitos periodontais tipo fenestração. O estudo seguiu o padrão de boca dividida. Portanto, os grupos foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois subgrupos: Lado A- direito - sem tratamento; Lado B- esquerdo - tratamento com as proteínas derivadas da matriz do esmalte (PDME). Os animais foram sacrificados 21 dias após a criação dos defeitos e secções histológicas de rotina foram preparadas. Os seguintes parâmetros histométricos foram avaliados: 1-extensão do defeito remanescente, porcentagem de preenchimento do defeito, densidade do novo osso e extensão de novo cemento. Foi ainda avaliado o parâmetro histoquímico de número de osteoclastos na região do defeito, em ambos os grupos e subgrupos. A análise intergrupo demonstrou que o grupo 1 apresentou densidade óssea significativamente reduzida quando comparada ao grupo 2 (P=0.05). A análise intragrupo revelou que as PDME influenciaram significativamente o preenchimento do defeito e a extensão de novo cemento, em ambos os grupos (P=0.05). O número de osteoclastos foi numericamente maior no grupo 1 (p>0.05) e as PDME aumentaram significantemente o número dessas células no grupo 2 (P=0.05). Dentro dos limites do presente estudo, conclui-se que as proteínas derivadas da matriz do esmalte produziram melhora do reparo periodontal na presença dos compostos do tabaco. No entanto, as proteínas derivadas da matriz do esmalte não foram capazes de contornar os efeitos negativos da fumaça de cigarro. / Abstract: This study aimed at evaluating the impact of enamel matrix derivative proteins (EMP) on a periodontal healing model in the absence of plaque biofilm in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). Wistar rats (n= 22) were assigned to two groups: Group 1, CSI (n=11); Group 2, control (n=11). Thirty days after CSI fenestration defects were created buccally at the distal root of the first mandibular molar. The study followed a split-mouth design. After the surgery both groups were randomicaly assigned to two subgroups: A, self-healing and B, treatment with EMP. The animals were killed 21 days later and their mandibles processed for histological examination. The percentage of bone fill, density of newly formed bone, extension of the remanescent deffect and cementum formation were assessed histometrically. Osteoclast number was determined by tartrateresistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Intergroup analysis demonstrated, compared to the control, that CSI was associated with a reduced rate of bone repair, and EMP was associated with an increased bone fill and cementum formation, in both groups. TRAP positive osteoclasts number was numerically higher in CSI group, when compared with control group, and EMP significantly enhanced the number of these cells in group 2. Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that although the regenerative treatment increased bone fill and cementum formation, EMP did not neutralized the detrimental effect of tobacco smoke in the healing capacity of periodontal tissues. / Mestrado / Periodontia / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

M.Tech. (Environmental Health) / Although evidence of the hazards of cigarette smoking has been in existence for many decades, millions of people around the world are still smoking, hundreds of thousands of teenagers take up smoking and the tobacco companies are allowed to continue promoting their products. To the annoyance of non-smokers, smoking is still allowed in many public places, such as restaurants and offices. This study serves, firstly, to provide an overview of the results of research on the dangers of smoking, nicotine addiction and passive smoking. Secondly, a self-completion questionnaire has been applied to a sample of students at eight technikons in South Africa. The questionnaire was designed to investigate the prevalence of smoking among the different population groups and genders to reveal some of the pattems of smoking of students, the factors influencing students' smoking status and to test students' beliefs, opinions and attitudes regarding smoking. The third objective of the study is to develop a theory on cigarette smoking and to propose anti-smoking measures at technikons. Researchers have produced conclusive proof that cigarette smoking is the cause of cancer, respiratory and heart disease and other diseases. Smoking maims and kills millions of people around the world annually and threatens the health of unborn babies and non-smokers, especially children. Tobacco companies apply the most sophisticated promotion techniques to persuade people to smoke and teenagers and certain other sectors' of the population are targeted by these activities. A study of nicotine addiction reveals that the need for this substance becomes as strong as any of man's basic physiological needs, such as those for food and water. This makes it very difficult, if not impossible, for many smokers to give up smoking. A multi-pronged strategy to combat smoking at education institutions is proposed, which includes health education and the banning of smoking on campuses.

The prevalence of smoking among trainee nurses and the role that occupational stress may have in acquiring or maintaining the habit continues to attract keen interest among investigators. This multidisciplinary study has attempted to elucidate several obscure and unresolved issues emanating from earlier investigations. The results from this study were acquired from two complementary investigations. One, a cross-sectional national questionnaire survey examined smoking and stress in the nursing profession and sampled 35,825 nurses of all grades. The other consisted of an 18 month longitudinal investigation into stress and smoking among trainee nurses. In the longitudinal study twenty female trainees, half just commencing and the remainder midway through their training were recruited as subjects from one district nurse training school. Psychometric and subjective questionnaires, ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings and biochemical specimens were systematically gathered from each subject while allocated to various specialities. This study has demonstrated that there is strong evidence to suggest that the incidence of smoking among nurses increased, or If already smoking the number of cigarettes consumed increased significantly during their training period. There was no evidence that trainee nurses had personality or psychological characteristics which were any different from the general female population, neither was there evidence that smoking nurses could be distinguished by personality or psychological traits from non-smoking colleagues. The results suggested that trainee nurses are generally happy, stimulated and satisfied with their nursing duties; indeed apart from geriatrics, no speciality was perceived as particularly stressful. Primary sources of stress, cited by trained and trainee nurses, tended to originate from factors supplemental to actual nursing duties; for example, examinations, heavy workloads and unharmonious working relationships - stressors which are certainly not unique to the nursing profession. Psychiatry had the highest proportion of smokers, with casualty and geriatrics second and third highest but with numbers much lower. The lowest proportion of smokers, at half the rate of psychiatry, was found among nurses employed in the community. As psychiatry, casualty and geriatrics were not considered stressful, the possibility that different areas of nursing impose different stresses which is reflected by the incidence of smoking was not demonstrated. Evidence indicated that it is not appropriate to employ biochemical or physiological techniques to measure stress in situations where the individual or it is not possible to adequately control the environment.

Background: Since 2001 the Netherlands has shown a sharp upturn in life expectancy (LE) after a longer period of slower improvement. This study assessed whether changes in healthcare expenditure (HCE) explain this reversal in trends in LE. As an alternative explanation, the impact of changes in smoking behavior was also evaluated. Methods: To quantify the contribution of changes in HCE to changes in LE, we estimated a health-production function using a dynamic panel regression approach with data on 19 OECD countries (1980-2009), accounting for temporal and spatial correlation. Smoking-attributable mortality was estimated using the indirect Peto-Lopez method. Results: As compared to 1990-1999, during 2000-2009 LE in the Netherlands increased by 1.8 years in females and by 1.5 years in males. Whereas changes in the impact of smoking between the two periods made almost no contribution to the acceleration of the increase in LE, changes in the trend of HCE added 0.9 years to the LE increase between 2000 and 2009. The exceptional reversal in the trend of LE and HCE was not found among the other OECD countries. Conclusion: This study suggests that changes in Dutch HCE, and not in smoking, made an important contribution to the reversal of the trend in LE; these findings support the view that investments in healthcare are increasingly important for further progress in life expectancy.