This thesis attempts to identify and analyse the influence of the tradition of declamation on characterisation in the dramatic compositions of the Stoic philosopher Seneca. Two argumentative lines structure this thesis: the first relates to a concept of ludism, which is argued to help re-visit declamatory rhetoric, and re-appreciate its functions in Roman society. The second one is twofold: first, that the concept of ludism - in the ways in which it is argued to be applicable to declamatory rhetoric - can describe effectively the influence of declamation on Senecan characterisation; and second, that it may allow us to re-visit the issue of the place of Senecan characterisation within the whole of Seneca’s philosophical writings, by putting into relief an educative function of Senecan characterisation.

The purpose of this study is to formulate criteria for the evaluation of the declamation, the selection of material for declamation, the method of coaching, the method of delivery, and the value of the declamation contest as a method of teaching.

Seneca the Elder’s Controversiae and Suasoriae (c. 39 CE) provide a window onto declamation (fictional forensic or deliberative oratory) during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BCE–CE 14). Although widely practiced as a form of elite education and entertainment, declamation was maligned by contemporaries as detrimental to rhetorical development. Modern scholars, such as Bloomer, Gunderson and Imber, have demonstrated how declamation acted as a medium for learning and asserting elite cultural identity. Previous scholarship, however, has focused on only the speaker in declamation. In this thesis I examine the secondary voices present during declamation: other speakers and the audience. In Chapter 1, I place Seneca the Elder and his work in context and examine how the format of his work allowed for the inclusion of voices beyond the speaker’s. In Chapter 2, I examine how declamation allowed its participants to assert a claim on Roman identity and lay out Seneca’s critical model, through which he validated or denied the identity-claims of the men in his work. In Chapter 3, I look at declamation as a multi-participant activity, examining speaker-to-speaker interactions in Seneca’s text and the way he constructs a community of shared speech, one which is tied to successful performance rather than a particular time or place, to support these interactions. In Chapter 4, I argue that Seneca uses the voice of the audience to assert and maintain the boundaries of the community and that he applies the label of scholastici (men who viewed declamation exclusively as entertainment) to audience members who fail to maintain the boundaries and, thus, rebuts the main complaint against declamation by relegating its unsuccessful participants to another genre of speech. / Graduate

Ao elencar as virtudes do príncipe e orientá-lo moralmente a agir em benefício de todos, as Epistulae ad Caesarem são fiéis aos princípios que caracterizam o orador como uir bonus dicendi peritus. Entretanto, a verossimilhança dada à matéria, no que se refere ao perigo de uma guerra civil, contribuiu para a negação de sua artificialidade. A análise feita neste trabalho conduzirá uma discussão acerca das razões didáticas para exortar um imperador a debelar o conflito civil, de um lado, e apresentar uma definição de gênero para esses documentos, de outro. Com isso, pretende demonstrar como elas configuram uma imagem da eloquência deliberativa semelhante à verdade, compostas em linguagem ornada a fim de deleitar uma audiência. Dessa forma, mostram tanto uma educação oratória adequada quanto um estudo diligente das virtudes do homem público. / By enumerating the virtues of the prince and guiding him morally on how to act for the benefit of the whole community, the Epistulae ad Caesarem are faithful to the principles that characterize the orator as uir bonus dicendi peritus. However, the verisimilitude of treatment given to the subject, regarding the danger of civil wars, contributed to deny their artificiality. On the one hand, the analysis in this work will lead a discussion about the educational motivations for urging an emperor to quell civil strife, and on the other hand it will present a definition of these documents\' gender. It intends to demonstrate how they are figurated as an image of deliberative eloquence similar to the truth, written in an embellished language in order to delight an audience. Therefore, not only do they demonstrate the adequate education of the orator but also a diligent study of virtues of the statesman.

Este trabalho propõe a primeira tradução feita diretamente do latim para o português brasileiro de uma das obras mais importantes do humanista Erasmo de Rotterdam: a Querela Pacis undique gentium eiectae profligataeque, publicada em 1517. Tal obra constitui-se, ao lado de outros escritos, como uma das mais importantes declamações realizadas durante o Renascimento. Nossa transposição para o português considerará os recursos retóricos escritos em latim, além de conter notas explicativas e referências históricas, mitológicas e bibliográficas, sempre que estas se fizerem necessárias para melhor compreensão do texto, além de referências a autores da Antiguidade assim como a outras obras do próprio autor. No estudo introdutório dessa obra de gênero declamatio renascentista, procurar-se-á analisar o texto erasmiano segundo a conceituação da retórica tradicional antiga, sobretudo dos autores do período imperial, quando a prática das declamações escritas em grego e latim se sobrepôs à oratória, sem espaço em razão do declínio senatorial. Com base nas fontes antigas e nos estudos recentes, pretendemos identificar as semelhanças e diferenças entre a retórica dos autores romanos e a erasmiana nela concretizada. Também serão investigadas as estratégias da argumentação persuasiva, sejam epidíticas, sejam deliberativam, em favor da paz e em sua polêmica diatribe contra a guerra. / This paper proposes the first translation directly from Latin into Brazilian Portuguese of one of the most important works by the humanist Desiderius Erasmus: Querela Pacis undique gentium eiectae profligataeque, published in 1517. This work constitutes one of the most important declamations written during the Renaissance. Our transposition to Portuguese will consider rhetorical resources, as well as containing explanatory notes about historical, mythological and bibliographical references, whenever these are necessary for a better understanding of the text, such as references to direct or indirect allusions to writings of Antiquity or other works by the author himself. In the introductory study of this work of the Renaissance declamatio genre, we will analyze the Erasmian text according to the ancient traditional Greco-Roman concept of Rethoric, especially in the authors of the imperial period, when the practice of declamations written in Greek and Latin overlapped the oratory without the ancient status because of the senatorial decline. Based on ancient sources and recent studies, we intend to identify the similarities and differences between the rhetoric of classic Latin authors and the erasmian rhetoric embodied in the Complaint of Peace. We will also investigate the strategies of persuasive argumentation, whether epididical or deliberative, in favor of peace and in its controversial diatribe against war.

Este trabalho propõe a primeira tradução feita diretamente do latim para o português brasileiro de uma das obras mais importantes do humanista Erasmo de Rotterdam: a Querela Pacis undique gentium eiectae profligataeque, publicada em 1517. Tal obra constitui-se, ao lado de outros escritos, como uma das mais importantes declamações realizadas durante o Renascimento. Nossa transposição para o português considerará os recursos retóricos escritos em latim, além de conter notas explicativas e referências históricas, mitológicas e bibliográficas, sempre que estas se fizerem necessárias para melhor compreensão do texto, além de referências a autores da Antiguidade assim como a outras obras do próprio autor. No estudo introdutório dessa obra de gênero declamatio renascentista, procurar-se-á analisar o texto erasmiano segundo a conceituação da retórica tradicional antiga, sobretudo dos autores do período imperial, quando a prática das declamações escritas em grego e latim se sobrepôs à oratória, sem espaço em razão do declínio senatorial. Com base nas fontes antigas e nos estudos recentes, pretendemos identificar as semelhanças e diferenças entre a retórica dos autores romanos e a erasmiana nela concretizada. Também serão investigadas as estratégias da argumentação persuasiva, sejam epidíticas, sejam deliberativam, em favor da paz e em sua polêmica diatribe contra a guerra. / This paper proposes the first translation directly from Latin into Brazilian Portuguese of one of the most important works by the humanist Desiderius Erasmus: Querela Pacis undique gentium eiectae profligataeque, published in 1517. This work constitutes one of the most important declamations written during the Renaissance. Our transposition to Portuguese will consider rhetorical resources, as well as containing explanatory notes about historical, mythological and bibliographical references, whenever these are necessary for a better understanding of the text, such as references to direct or indirect allusions to writings of Antiquity or other works by the author himself. In the introductory study of this work of the Renaissance declamatio genre, we will analyze the Erasmian text according to the ancient traditional Greco-Roman concept of Rethoric, especially in the authors of the imperial period, when the practice of declamations written in Greek and Latin overlapped the oratory without the ancient status because of the senatorial decline. Based on ancient sources and recent studies, we intend to identify the similarities and differences between the rhetoric of classic Latin authors and the erasmian rhetoric embodied in the Complaint of Peace. We will also investigate the strategies of persuasive argumentation, whether epididical or deliberative, in favor of peace and in its controversial diatribe against war.

Ao elencar as virtudes do príncipe e orientá-lo moralmente a agir em benefício de todos, as Epistulae ad Caesarem são fiéis aos princípios que caracterizam o orador como uir bonus dicendi peritus. Entretanto, a verossimilhança dada à matéria, no que se refere ao perigo de uma guerra civil, contribuiu para a negação de sua artificialidade. A análise feita neste trabalho conduzirá uma discussão acerca das razões didáticas para exortar um imperador a debelar o conflito civil, de um lado, e apresentar uma definição de gênero para esses documentos, de outro. Com isso, pretende demonstrar como elas configuram uma imagem da eloquência deliberativa semelhante à verdade, compostas em linguagem ornada a fim de deleitar uma audiência. Dessa forma, mostram tanto uma educação oratória adequada quanto um estudo diligente das virtudes do homem público. / By enumerating the virtues of the prince and guiding him morally on how to act for the benefit of the whole community, the Epistulae ad Caesarem are faithful to the principles that characterize the orator as uir bonus dicendi peritus. However, the verisimilitude of treatment given to the subject, regarding the danger of civil wars, contributed to deny their artificiality. On the one hand, the analysis in this work will lead a discussion about the educational motivations for urging an emperor to quell civil strife, and on the other hand it will present a definition of these documents\' gender. It intends to demonstrate how they are figurated as an image of deliberative eloquence similar to the truth, written in an embellished language in order to delight an audience. Therefore, not only do they demonstrate the adequate education of the orator but also a diligent study of virtues of the statesman.

My dissertation investigates the reception of Cicero in the early Roman Empire, focusing on the first 250 years after his death. I show that this reception is primarily constructed by the ancient rhetorical schoolroom, where young Romans first encountered Cicero, reading his speeches and writing Ciceronian declamations. Here they were exposed to a particular version of the man, with emphases often selected for political purposes. When they grew up, that schoolroom image of Cicero continued to permeate their thought and writing. My study unpacks this complex process and lays bare the early Empire's relationship with one of its most significant late Republican predecessors. / The Classics

in English TITLE : Prosodic Analysis of Urban Music in French and Czech AUTHOR : Mgr. Polina Chodaková DEPARTMENT : Institute of Romance Studies FF UK SUPERVISORS : doc. PhDr. Tomáš Duběda, Ph.D., prof. Philippe Martin, Dr ès Sci, Dr Ling. KEY WORDS : Prosody, metrics, stress, intonation, declamation, rap, reggae This thesis deals with the rhythm, stress and intonation in rap and reggae music. It describes the form features of declamations which combine chant, half- singing and singing, in the theoretical framework of contrastive prosody and verse theory. The thesis consists of seven chapters and is based on a textual corpus of 200 songs in French and Czech, assembled for this dissertation. The linguistic material of 59,000 syllables is a representative set of excerpts, transcribed in rhythmic grids with an auditive analysis. From the prosodic point of view, rap and reggae display an important degree of rhythmic reorganisation. In both languages, setting texts to music is performed ac- cording to an isochronous pattern, which is imposed on the lyrics with an isosyllabic rhythm and whose bound stress system is weak. This is shown through interactive constraints, which reflect universal tendencies in verbal art, that both genres exhibit a lot of freedom in the association of lyrics and the musical...

Ce travail vise à proposer une définition opératoire de la déclamation du XVIème siècle, à étudier son évolution durant la période et à examiner ses manifestations dans certains textes littéraires. La première partie est constituée d'une sorte de recherche archéologique : qu'est-ce exactement que les Romains appelaient une "declamatio" ? Comment cet exercice a-t-il évolué durant la deuxième sophistique ? Qu'est-ce que les humanistes de la Renaissance appellent ainsi, apprécient et essayent d'imiter ? La seconde partie propose plusieurs analyses de déclamations humanistes, en vue d'en formuler une définition précise et pratique. Une conclusion synthétique rassemble ses principaux caractères, et propose un aperçu de ses enjeux. La troisième et dernière partie cherche des traces de déclamation, ou de bribes de déclamations, dans les textes qui ne sont pas spécifiquement oratoires. La diffusion de la déclamation dans la sphère littéraire est peut-être un indice de son importance dans la pensée et dans les pratiques d'écriture des Humanistes. / This work aims at giving a definition of 'declamation' in the 16th century and at studying its evolution and its manifestations in a few literary texts. The first part is a kind of archeological research: what did exactly the Romans call 'declamatio'? How did this exercise evolve during the second sophistic period? What did the humanists of the Renaissance call so, appreciate and try to imitate? The second part will examine a variety of analyses on humanists' 'declamation' so as to propose an accurate and practical definition of the humanist 'declamation'. A synthetic conclusion will gather its main characteristics and will present a view of the issues. The third and last part will search for the presence of 'declamation', or part of it, in non-rethoric texts. The spreading of 'declamation' in the literary sphere may give an indication of its importance in the mind and in the writing practices of the Humanists.