Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 537077 bytes, checksum: 87b9c3bc305f8241b417b885c367acb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Several papers have been published recently to investigate the relationship between ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, even though a conclusive position regarding this subject is still lacking. This study tests the relationship between litter decomposition and nutrient release rates with litter arthropod species richness and composition. The hypotheses that (i) sites with higher litter arthropod species richness have higher decomposition and nutrient release rates, and (ii) litter arthropod species composition affects decomposition and nutrient release rates were tested, in a secondary re-growth forest in Brazil. Litter decomposition rates did not respond to litter arthropod species richness, suggesting a redundancy between arthropod species. This may signify that litter arthropod community is composed by groups of species that play similar roles in ecosystem functioning, so that the increase of species richness does not translate into changes of decomposition rates. On the other hand, there are group compositions that disfavor decomposition rates. When the mite groups Laelapidae and Trombidiinae, both composed of predator species, were present, there was a decrease of litter decomposition rates. These two groups could be considered as key-species, because they could decrease the abundance of several other groups that take part on the decomposition process. Concluding, even though several species apparently play similar roles on the decomposition process, there are some key-species that influence more dramatically the ecosystem process here analyzed. / Atualmente diversos trabalhos têm investigado a relação entre biodiversidade e funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Apesar disso ainda não há uma posição conclusiva quanto ao assunto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se há relação entre a riqueza e a composição de espécies de artrópodes de serapilheira e as taxas de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes. Para isso duas hipóteses foram testadas: (i) locais com maior riqueza de espécies de artrópodes de serapilheira têm maior taxa de decomposição e de liberação de nutrientes; (ii) a composição específica da comunidade de artrópodes de serapilheira afeta a taxa de decomposição e de liberação de nutrientes. A taxa de decomposição não respondeu significativamente à riqueza de espécies de artrópodes. Esse resultado sugere que há redundância entre as espécies de artrópodes, ou seja, a comunidade de artrópode estudada provavelmente é composta por grupos de espécies que têm papéis similares, de maneira que o aumento na riqueza não se traduz em modificação no funcionamento do ecossistema. Além disso, a composição específica do grupo de ácaros Laelapidae e Trombidiidae mostrou influência negativa sobre a taxa de decomposição, o que pode ser justificado devido ao hábito alimentar que os mesmos apresentam. Nesse caso, os dois grupos de ácaros poderiam ser exemplos de grupos-chave, uma vez que sua presença implica na diminuição significativa da taxa de decomposição. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que embora a maioria das espécies apresente papéis similares, existem espécieschave que podem estar presentes, desempenhando papel importante no funcionamento dos ecossistemas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fabian_aj_dr_jabo.pdf: 395953 bytes, checksum: 9e4563ff0cebace5a101758c3f418672 (MD5) / Fundação Agrisus / A produção de massa seca (MS) para cobertura do solo é dificultada devido às condições climáticas na região de Uberaba. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a produção de massa seca, decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes dos resíduos vegetais de plantas de coberturas do solo e seus efeitos sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo, no estado nutricional e na produtividade das culturas de milho e soja cultivadas em rotação. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, no esquema em faixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: quatro coberturas vegetais do solo (braquiária brizanta, crotalária juncea, milheto e pousio) e ausência de cobertura sobre soja e milho como culturas de verão. Avaliaram-se: produção, taxa de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes dos resíduos das plantas de cobertura, produtividade do milho e soja e atributos químicos e estabilidade de agregados em água nas camadas 0,0-2,5; 2,5-5,0 e 5,0-10 cm e densidade do solo nas camadas de 0,0-5,0 e 5,0-10 cm. Resíduos das plantas de coberturas com menores teores de lignina e celulose apresentaram maiores taxa de decomposição, independentemente da relação C/N. As condições climáticas após o manejo das plantas de cobertura influenciaram a taxa de decomposição e a liberação dos nutrientes dos resíduos. O uso de plantas de cobertura do solo proporcionou o aumento dos teores de matéria orgânica do solo na camada de 0,0-2,5 cm e da estabilidade dos agregados em água na camada de 0,0-10,0 cm do solo. As plantas de cobertura não influenciaram no estado nutricional e na produtividade de milho e soja em rotação. / The production of dry mass (DM) for soil covering is made more difficult in the region of Uberaba, due to the climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of dry mass, decomposition and nutrient liberation of the vegetal residues from the cover crops, as well as their effects on the physical and chemical attributes of the soil, on the nutritional state and on productivity of corn and soybean plantations cultivated in rotation scheme. Delineation was in random blocks, in strips, with four repetitions. The treatments were: four cover crops (brachiaria, sunnhemp, millet and fallow land) and absence of ground cover over soybean and corn as summer cultures. The following points were assessed: production, decomposition rate and liberation of nutrients from the residues of the cover crops, corn and soybean productivity and chemical attributes and stability of aggregates in the water at layers 0.0- 2.5; 2.5-5.0 and 5.0-10.0 cm and soil density at layers of 0.0-5.0 and 5.0-10.0 cm. Residues from the cover plants with less content of lignin and cellulose, showed a higher rate of decomposition, independent of the C/N relation. Climatic conditions after handling of the cover plants influenced in the decomposition rate and liberation of nutrients from the residues. The use of ground cover plants allowed for a rise in the contents of organic material of the soil at layer 0.0-2.5 cm and of the stability of the water aggregates at layer 0.0-10.0 cm of soil. The cover crops did not influence in the nutritional state and productivity of corn and soybean in rotation schemes.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-12-12T10:02:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Franciel de Andrade - 2018.pdf: 1492416 bytes, checksum: 6293e6675f7f5fb02fd7a76c15ca9aa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-12-12T10:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Franciel de Andrade - 2018.pdf: 1492416 bytes, checksum: 6293e6675f7f5fb02fd7a76c15ca9aa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-12T10:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Aline Franciel de Andrade - 2018.pdf: 1492416 bytes, checksum: 6293e6675f7f5fb02fd7a76c15ca9aa1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The sugarcane crop stands out as the most used renewable energy source in Brazil presenting high yields and good adaptation to Brazilian soil and climate conditions. Due to the high biomass production, the nutrient uptake from soil is also high. Among them, Potassium (K) has important functions related to the physiological processes in plant tissues, being the most extracted nutrient by sugarcane crop. Due to low natural K contents in tropical soils, it is necessary to complement it with fertilizer applications in order to meet the crop demands and achieve high yields. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of potassium in the soil-plant system during the first sugarcane ratoon period as a function of potassium nutrition under the Cerrado of Goias edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Goiasa Plant, in Bom Jesus de Goiás, GO, during the 2017/18 season, in a dystrophic RED LATOSOL, clayey texture (440 g clay kg-1), using the variety IAC 91-1099. Treatments consisted of five K2O rates, (0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg K2O ha-1), with five replicates. We evaluated: the climatic water balance for the area; the soil (up to 0.8 m) and plant K content (leaf and stem); biometric variables (plant height, stem diameter, number of tillers and leaf area); physiological variables (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and relative chlorophyll index); stem yield and technological quality. Also, decomposition rate and K release by the sugarcane straw as well as K balance in the soil-plant system were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and polynomial regression analysis was performed for the significant variables. The increase in Potassium fertilizer rate intensified the movement of the K+ ion in soil to the depth of 0.80 m with a 55% increase in K content between the control treatment and the 200 kg K2O ha-1 rate, in an evaluation performed at 180 days after sprouting, and a 20% increase at the end of the experiment. Sugarcane straw provided 79.25 kg K ha-1 to the soil, requiring approximately 70 days so 50% of this total would be available. There was a reduction of about 49.03% in straw production over 300 days, requiring 345 days so half of this material would decompose. K balance in the soil-plant system, for the annual application of 150 kg K2O ha-1 resulted in soil K balance of 133.22 kg ha-1 year-1, being the treatment that most contributed to increase soil K contents. Although the K rates in this experiment did not influence sugarcane growth, they presented a significant effect on physiological variables such as transpiration and photosynthesis. The higher K input in the soil as a function of the treatments did not result in differences in stem yield, however, when thinking about the sustainability of the productive system for sugarcane crops, the 150 kg K2O ha-1 rate increased soil K contents. / A cultura da cana-de-açúcar destaca-se como a fonte de energia renovável mais utilizada no Brasil apresentando elevada produtividade e boa adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas brasileiras. Devido à elevada produção de fitomassa, a extração de nutrientes do solo também é alta. Dentre eles, o potássio (K) apresenta funções importantes relacionadas aos processos fisiológicos no tecido vegetal, sendo o nutriente mais extraído pela cultura. Devido aos baixos teores naturais de K em solos tropicais torna-se necessário a sua complementação para atender a demanda da cultura para atingir altas produtividades. Diante disto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adubação potássica na dinâmica de potássio no sistema solo-planta e seus impactos na produtividade, parâmetros fisiológicos e morfológicos da cana-de-açúcar em condições edafoclimáticas de Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido na Usina Goiasa, em Bom Jesus de Goiás, GO, durante a safra 2017/18, em um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico de textura argilosa (440 g kg-1 de argila), utilizando a variedade de cana-de-açúcar IAC 91-1099. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses de K2O, (0 (controle), 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1 de K2O), com cinco repetições. Avaliou-se: o balanço hídrico climatológico para área de estudo; o teor de K no solo (até 0,8 m) e na planta (folha e colmo); variáveis biométricas (altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de perfilhos e área foliar), variáveis fisiológicas (fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2 e índice relativo de clorofila); produção de colmos e qualidade tecnológica dos colmos. Ainda, foram avaliadas as taxas de decomposição e de liberação de K pela palhada de cana-de-açúcar e o balanço de K no sistema solo-planta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, procedendo-se analise de regressão polinomial para as variáveis significativas. O aumento da dose de fertilizante potássico intensificou a movimentação do íon K+ no solo até a profundidade de 0,8 m com aumento de 55% no teor de K entre o tratamento sem aplicação de K e com aplicação de 200 kg ha-1 de K2O, em avaliação realizada aos 180 dias após a brotação, e acréscimo de 20% ao final do experimento. A palha da cana-de-açúcar contribuiu fornecendo 79,25 kg ha-1 de K no solo, sendo necessário aproximadamente 70 dias para que 50% deste total fossem disponibilizados. Verificou-se uma redução de massa da palhada de cana-de-açúcar de aproximadamente 49,03% ao longo de 300 dias, sendo necessários 345 dias para que metade desse material se decomponha. O balanço de K no sistema solo-planta, para a aplicação anual de 150 kg ha-1 de K2O, resultou em um saldo de K no solo de 133,22 kg ha-1 ano-1, sendo a dose que mais contribuiu para aumentar as reservas do solo. As doses de K estudadas apesar de não exerceram influência sobre o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar, apresentaram efeito significativo sobre variáveis fisiológicas como transpiração e fotossíntese. O maior aporte de K no solo em função dos tratamentos não resultou em diferença na produtividade de colmos, no entanto, ao se pensar na sustentabilidade do sistema produtivo para a cultura, a dose de 150 kg ha-1 de K2O proporcionou maior incremento das reservas de K no solo.

Orientador: José Eduardo Corá / Banca: Marcilio Vieira Martins Filho / Banca: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Banca: Carolina Fernandes / Banca: José Luiz Rodrigues Torres / Resumo: A produção de massa seca (MS) para cobertura do solo é dificultada devido às condições climáticas na região de Uberaba. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a produção de massa seca, decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes dos resíduos vegetais de plantas de coberturas do solo e seus efeitos sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo, no estado nutricional e na produtividade das culturas de milho e soja cultivadas em rotação. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, no esquema em faixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: quatro coberturas vegetais do solo (braquiária brizanta, crotalária juncea, milheto e pousio) e ausência de cobertura sobre soja e milho como culturas de verão. Avaliaram-se: produção, taxa de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes dos resíduos das plantas de cobertura, produtividade do milho e soja e atributos químicos e estabilidade de agregados em água nas camadas 0,0-2,5; 2,5-5,0 e 5,0-10 cm e densidade do solo nas camadas de 0,0-5,0 e 5,0-10 cm. Resíduos das plantas de coberturas com menores teores de lignina e celulose apresentaram maiores taxa de decomposição, independentemente da relação C/N. As condições climáticas após o manejo das plantas de cobertura influenciaram a taxa de decomposição e a liberação dos nutrientes dos resíduos. O uso de plantas de cobertura do solo proporcionou o aumento dos teores de matéria orgânica do solo na camada de 0,0-2,5 cm e da estabilidade dos agregados em água na camada de 0,0-10,0 cm do solo. As plantas de cobertura não influenciaram no estado nutricional e na produtividade de milho e soja em rotação. / Abstract: The production of dry mass (DM) for soil covering is made more difficult in the region of Uberaba, due to the climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of dry mass, decomposition and nutrient liberation of the vegetal residues from the cover crops, as well as their effects on the physical and chemical attributes of the soil, on the nutritional state and on productivity of corn and soybean plantations cultivated in rotation scheme. Delineation was in random blocks, in strips, with four repetitions. The treatments were: four cover crops (brachiaria, sunnhemp, millet and fallow land) and absence of ground cover over soybean and corn as summer cultures. The following points were assessed: production, decomposition rate and liberation of nutrients from the residues of the cover crops, corn and soybean productivity and chemical attributes and stability of aggregates in the water at layers 0.0- 2.5; 2.5-5.0 and 5.0-10.0 cm and soil density at layers of 0.0-5.0 and 5.0-10.0 cm. Residues from the cover plants with less content of lignin and cellulose, showed a higher rate of decomposition, independent of the C/N relation. Climatic conditions after handling of the cover plants influenced in the decomposition rate and liberation of nutrients from the residues. The use of ground cover plants allowed for a rise in the contents of organic material of the soil at layer 0.0-2.5 cm and of the stability of the water aggregates at layer 0.0-10.0 cm of soil. The cover crops did not influence in the nutritional state and productivity of corn and soybean in rotation schemes. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4858.pdf: 1500028 bytes, checksum: 6eb4c7f69ba670ca722b5e1e34100812 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The cultivation of peppers occurs in practically all regions of the country and is one of the crops that better integration exerts between the small farmer and the agribusiness. Thus it is desirable to develop technologies that combine the production of peppers with the conservation of natural resources, allowing recovery of soils and the economic stability of families that depend on this system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of species and managements of green manure on mineral nutrition, growth and productivity of pepper-pout (Capsicum chinense). The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2010/2011 at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, UFSCar, Araras-SP. The treatments were a combination between green manure species: bean (Canavalia ensiformis DC) and sunn-hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), and three forms of management of green manure in consortium with pepper-pout: green manures grown throughout the cycle of pepper, green manures managed (cut) in the flowering of pepper (75 days after transplanting, DAT), green manures handled at the first harvest of the fruits of pepper (90 DAT). And one more treatment (control), only with the pepper-pout plants, with mineral fertilization. The results showed that the species Crotalaria juncea and bean-pig conducted in consortia with plants of pepper-pout, when handled at 75 days after transplanting of vegetable crop, caused an increase in height and canopy diameter of pepper and fruit yield similar to the cultivation of pepper with exclusive use of mineral fertilizer. Overall, the releases of nutrients from biomass of green manure followed the nutritional demand of pepper plantspout, regardless of the time of cutting. But the bean-pig conducted throughout the cycle of pepper reduced fruit yield, probably by competition established between green manure and pepper. / O cultivo das pimentas ocorre praticamente em todas as regiões do país e é uma das culturas que melhor exerce a integração pequeno agricultoragroindústrias. Dessa forma é desejável o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que conciliem a produção de pimentas com a conservação dos recursos naturais, permitindo a recuperação dos solos e a estabilidade econômica das famílias que dependem desse sistema. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das espécies e manejos dos adubos verdes na nutrição mineral, crescimento e produtividade da Pimenta-biquinho (Capsicum chinense). O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola 2010/2011 no Centro de Ciências Agrárias, UFSCar, município de Araras-SP. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação entre as espécies de adubos verdes: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis D.C.) e crotalária-júncea (Crotalaria juncea L.), e três formas de manejo dos adubos verdes em consórcio com a Pimenta-biquinho: adubos verdes cultivados durante todo o ciclo das pimenteiras; adubos verdes manejados (cortados) na floração das pimenteiras (75 dias após transplantio-DAT); adubos verdes manejados por ocasião da primeira colheita dos frutos das pimenteiras (90 DAT). E um tratamento adicional (testemunha), cultivo exclusivo das plantas de Pimenta-biquinho com adubação mineral. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que as espécies crotalária-júncea e feijão-de-porco conduzidas em consórcios com as plantas de Pimenta-biquinho, quando manejados aos 75 dias após o transplantio da olerícola, promoveram aumento na altura e no diâmetro de copa das pimenteiras, e produtividade de frutos semelhante ao cultivo exclusivo da pimenteira com uso da adubação mineral. De forma geral, as liberações dos nutrientes da fitomassa dos adubos verdes acompanharam a demanda nutricional das plantas de Pimenta-biquinho, independente da época de corte. Porém, o feijão-de-porco conduzido durante todo o ciclo da pimenteira reduziu a produtividade de frutos, provavelmente pela competição estabelecida entre o adubo verde e a pimenteira.

Palatability of 20 meadow plant species was assessed in the slug grazing experiment conducted. Monocots exhibited significantly lower palatability than dicots. Litter decomposition rate was assessed in the field litter-bag test. Linear regression analysis was performed to answer the main question whether species palatability is related to litter decomposition rate and whether it is determined by the carbon or nitrogen content. Phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to eliminate correlated phylogeny effect. Regression trees were used to detect the effect of species traits on species palatability and litter decomposition rate.

The effects of reafforestation with seedlings of spruce, birch, mountain-ash, beech and larch, partially in combination with liming and removal of the topsoil layer before planting, on the community of saprophagous invertebrates (lumbricids, enchytraeids, oribatids, collembolans) were examined. The study area was located on plateau sites of the eastern Ore Mountains (Saxonia, Germany). Investigations were carried out on study sites exposed to high sulphur dioxide immissions and reforested 3 respectively 10 years ago. Invertebrates were sampled by the extraction of soil cores and by the ?electro-octett-method? (lumbricids). Additionally, the ?minicontainer method? was used to investigate decomposition rates of different types of litter. On the control area, a diedback spruce stand, the decomposer community showed high adaptations to the acidic soil substrate and was dominated by few enchytraeid species. Long-termed loss of tree shelter, liming and topsoil removal before planting resulted in a severe decline of most saprophagous species. However, changes in invertebrate community pattern due to different plantations were not found. A comparison of leaf and needle litter decomposition rates resulted in the following order: birch (k = 0.50) > mountain-ash (0.40) > spruce (0.30) >> larch (0.12). Considering all investigated taxa, the metabolic decomposing capacity of the larch litter reached 39 %, that the spruce litter 54 % of the foliage litter results. / Anläßlich des kompletten Ausfalls der Fichte in den extrem immissionsbelasteten Kammlagen des Osterzgebirges (Sachsen) wurden im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Verbundprojektes verschiedene Waldbaukonzepte hinsichtlich ihrer Einflüsse auf die saprophage Invertebratenfauna (Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae, Oribatida, Collembola) untersucht. Zur Disposition standen Verfahren zur Waldneugründung (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Birke, Eberesche oder Fichte; zusätzlich waldbaulich unbeeinflußte Sukzessionsparzellen) und zum Waldumbau (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Buche oder Lärche nach Abtrieb und flächigem Oberbodenabschub). Ein absterbender Fichtenreinbestand in fortgeschrittener Auflösung diente als Referenz- bzw. Korrelationsmaßstab. Die Erfassung der Mesofauna erfolgte über die Extraktion von Stechrohrproben. Lumbriciden wurden mit der Elektrooktett-Methode aufgenommen. Neben der flächenbezogenen Datenerfassung wurden 1.200 mit Blattstreu von Birke, Eberesche, Fichte und Lärche befüllte Minicontainer über 19 Monate auf einer Sukzessionsparzelle exponiert, um substratspezifische Abbaugeschwindigkeiten zu ermitteln und faunistische Sukzessionsverläufe zu studieren. Die Referenzfläche zeichnete sich durch eine stark enchytraeendominierte Zersetzergemeinschaft aus, die deutliche Anzeichen einer kalkungsbedingten Überprägung erkennen ließ. Der Enchytraeenanteil an den potentiellen Umsatzleistungen der untersuchten Destruententaxa (berechnet über metabolische Äquivalenzwerte) lag bei über 90 %. Hiervon ausgehend zeigten die Zersetzergemeinschaften der Versuchsanlagen "Waldneugründung" und "Waldumbau" stark divergierende Entwicklungsrichtungen. Als ausschlaggebende Faktoren konnten Schirmverlust, Kalkung und Oberbodenbeseitigung wahrscheinlich gemacht werden. Dagegen waren Einflüsse der unterschiedlichen Kulturbaumarten kaum nachzuweisen. Die streuspezifischen Dekompositionsgeschwindigkeiten unterschieden sich wie folgt: Birke (k = 0,50) > Eberesche (0,40) > Fichte (0,30) >> Lärche (0,12). Diese vergleichsweise geringen Abbauraten stehen überwiegend mit dem rauhen Montanklima in Zusammenhang. Enchytraeen besiedelten alle Streutypen zügig, während Collembolen vor allem die Ebereschenstreu verzögert aufsuchten und mit geringster Dichte bevölkerten. Oribatiden zeigten die geringste Besiedlungsgeschwindigkeit und hatten wie die Enchytaeen in der Laubstreu signifikant höhere Wohndichten. Nur Steganacarus spinosus zeigte eine besondere Affinität für Nadelstreu. Das metabolische Leistungspotential des Destruentenbesatzes der Lärchenstreu erreichte 39 %, das der Fichtenstreu 54 % der Laubstreuresultate.

In den meisten Ländern Mitteleuropas gilt weniger als ein Prozent des verbleibenden Laubwaldes als ungestört und temperierte Wälder sind Herausforderungen wie Arteninvasion, Klimawandel und steigender Stickstoff(N)-Deposition ausgesetzt. In der Vergangenheit wurde gezeigt, dass hohe N-Einträge N-Limitierungen verringern, Phosphor(P)aufnahme behindern und P-Mängel in der Buche auslösen können. Die Artendiversität von Bäumen kann die Bestandsproduktivität durch die Prozesse Komplementarität und Facilitation (Wachstumserleichterung) erhöhen, wenn diese einen wachstumslimitierenden Nährstoff betreffen. Ein Schlüsselprozess im Nährstoffkreislauf ist der Weg von Nährstoffen durch die mikrobielle Biomasse während der Dekomposition. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die mikrobielle Biomasse um N bspw. mit Buchen und um P mit tropischen Moorpflanzen konkurriert. Die Buche ist eine sehr konkurrenzfähige Baumart in temperierten Waldökosystemen aber kann von der Eiche in trockenen Bereichen übertrumpft werden, während Hainbuche und Linde eine geringere Rolle spielen. Eichen erfahren jedoch in der jüngsten Vergangenheit in europäischen Wäldern einen Rückgang, der womöglich auf hohe N-Einträge zurückzuführen ist. Für diese Arbeit untersuchten wir die Nährstoff-, Konkurrenz- und strukturelle Dynamik eines unbewirtschafteten, sehr naturnahen Laubwaldes in Mitteldeutschland, der aus Buche (Fagus sylvatica), Eiche (Quercus petraea und Quercus robur), Hainbuche (Carpinus betulus) und Linde (Tilia cordata und Tilia platyphyllus) aufgebaut ist. Unsere Ziele waren (1) zu erforschen, ob Komplementarität und/oder Facilitation die Produktivität in diesem Waldökosystem erhöht, (2) festzustellen, ob es Konkurrenz um die Nährstoffe N, P und K zwischen Bäumen und mikrobieller Biomasse gibt und, (3) die Nachbarschaftsdynamik der genannten Baumarten zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, ob der Eichenrückgang mit hoher N-Deposition einhergeht. In Beständen einer Art sowie verschiedenen Mischbeständen aus je drei Arten ermittelten wir Biomasseproduktion und Nährstoffverfügbarkeit. Nährstoffnutzungseffizienzkurven (Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz = Biomasseproduktion pro verfügbare Nährstoffe) wurden genutzt um festzustellen, ob ein bestimmter Nährstoff das Baumwachstum limitiert. Die jährliche Netto-Nährstoffveränderung wurde in einer Laubbeutel-Studie als Differenz zwischen ursprünglichem und verbleibendem Nährstoffgehalt des sich zersetzenden Laubfalls nach einem Jahr kalkuliert. Die Nährstoffresorptionseffizienz berechneten wir über die Ermittlung der N-, P- und Kalium(K)-Konzentrationen in sonnenexponierten Blättern und im gefallenen Laub. Die Nachbarschaftsdynamik von Bäumen wurde über die Durchmesserverteilung, überirdische Holzbiomasse für jede Artenkombination sowie eine Polygon-Abschätzung von Wachstumsräumen erforscht. Zusätzlich wurde eine durchmesserbasierte nearest neighbor(nächster-Nachbar)-Analyse für Baumpaare durchgeführt. Ein Geographisches Informationssystem (GIS) wurde genutzt um Wachstumsraum-Polygone zu erstellen und nächste Nachbarn zu bestimmen. Auf Einzelbaum-Level, ermittelt durch einen Nachbarschaftsansatz, waren relative Wachstumsraten von Buchen im Einzelbestand geringer als in der Mischung mit Linde und Hainbuche während das Wachstum von Linde im Einzelbestand größer war als in Mischung mit Buche und Eiche. Die Nährstoffnutzungseffizienzkurve für Buche zeigte optimale P- und K-Nutzungseffizienz für die Art in Mischbeständen, während sie in Einzelbeständen  P- und K-limitiert war. Während die jährliche Netto-Nährstoffveränderung in sich zersetzendem Blattlaub die Verfügbarkeit von P und K im Boden beeinflusste, war dies für N nicht der Fall. Resorptionseffizienzen von N, P und K hingen negativ mit der jährlichen Netto-Nährstoffveränderung zusammen. In unserer Studie zur Nachbarschaftsdynamik von Bäumen fanden wir heraus, dass intraspezifische nearest neighbors gleiche Durchmesser aufwiesen und ihren Durchmesser gleichzeitig mit dem des Nachbarn vergrößerten. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Durchmesser von interspezifischen nearest neighbors im Allgemeinen unterschiedlich und der Durchmesser des Nachbarn verringerte sich mit zunehmendem Durchmesser des Zielbaums. Eichen konnten ihren Wachstumsraum mit zunehmendem Durchmesser nicht vergrößern, aber dominierten ihre nearest neighbor über die Größe. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass im untersuchten Waldökosystem Nährstofflimitierungen artabhängig waren und dass die Nutzung von Nährstoffnutzungseffizienz und Nachbarschaftsansatz geeignete Mittel sind, den Einfluss einzelner Baumarten auf die Produktivität einer Art im Rein- und Mischbestand zu ermitteln – so wie die beobachtete Facilitation der Buche im Mischbestand. Diese Werkzeuge stellen eine wichtige Basis zur verbesserten Bewirtschaftung typischer temperierter Mischwälder dar. Wir schlussfolgerten weiterhin, dass Konkurrenz zwischen mikrobieller Biomasse und Bäumen für P und K hoch, aber für N weniger bedeutend war, was wahrscheinlich in hoher N-Deposition in diesem Waldökosystem begründet liegt, welche den internen N-Kreislauf entkoppelte. Die hohe N-Deposition trug wahrscheinlich auch zu geringer Verjüngung der Eiche bei, während ältere Eichen in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet im Wettbewerb um Licht erfolgreich waren. Die Bestandsstruktur war charakterisiert durch stärkere interspezifische verglichen mit intraspezifischer Konkurrenz. Daraus resultierend bildeten Reinbestände aus Buche, Eiche und Linde Klimaxbestände hoher Biomasse innerhalb eines sich verändernden, kleinskaligen Mosaiks verschiedener Artenzusammensetzungen. In Reaktion auf neue Bewirtschaftungsanforderungen des Globalen Wandels sind weiterführende Forschungen zu Nutzungseffizienz unterschiedlicher Ressourcen für Baumarten in verschiedenen Zusammensetzungen empfehlenswert.

Biomass energy is currently the largest renewable contributor to global energy supply and there is increasing demand for bioenergy feedstock. Consequently, the production of purpose-grown woody bioenergy crops, such as short rotation coppice (SRC) willow, is expected to proliferate. Although the economic and environmental benefits associated with SRC willow production are well documented, systematic assessments of nutrient cycling within these plantations are rare. The objective of this study was to examine biomass production and biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) during an initial four-year rotation of six willow varieties grown at four plantations along a 500 km north-south pedoclimatic gradient within Saskatchewan, Canada. Nutrient budgets were also calculated after quantifying various nutrient inputs (e.g., atmospheric deposition, soil mineral weathering, and organic matter mineralization), outputs (e.g., above- and below-ground biomass, leaching, and denitrification), and transfers (e.g., canopy exchange, leaf litter decomposition, and fine root turnover) affecting the plant available soil nutrient pool. Total stem, leaf litter, and below-ground (primarily fine roots) biomass production after four years averaged 19.0, 7.1, and 12.5 Mg ha-1, respectively, with corresponding soil nutrient budget deficits of 17, 39, 112, 271, and 74 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively, but a soil S surplus of 60 kg ha-1. Despite willow’s relatively low nutrient-demanding nature, negligible leaching and denitrification losses, and substantial nutrient cycling from leaf litter, the nutrient export in harvested biomass over multiple rotations will require soil nutrient amendments, particularly N and P, to maintain plantation productivity. Given the apparent eventual need for supplemental fertility to support adequate willow growth over the 22-yr plantation life span, the fate of broadcast 15N-labelled fertilizer was also examined. Though the willow accumulated less than ⅓ of the applied fertilizer N after one year, the majority of the residual fertilizer N (51%) remained available for willow uptake in subsequent years. Further research is needed to track the fate of applied fertilizers over multiple rotations to better understand fertilizer dynamics for optimizing SRC willow agronomy; thus helping to promote its viability as a biomass energy feedstock option.

The effects of reafforestation with seedlings of spruce, birch, mountain-ash, beech and larch, partially in combination with liming and removal of the topsoil layer before planting, on the community of saprophagous invertebrates (lumbricids, enchytraeids, oribatids, collembolans) were examined. The study area was located on plateau sites of the eastern Ore Mountains (Saxonia, Germany). Investigations were carried out on study sites exposed to high sulphur dioxide immissions and reforested 3 respectively 10 years ago. Invertebrates were sampled by the extraction of soil cores and by the ?electro-octett-method? (lumbricids). Additionally, the ?minicontainer method? was used to investigate decomposition rates of different types of litter. On the control area, a diedback spruce stand, the decomposer community showed high adaptations to the acidic soil substrate and was dominated by few enchytraeid species. Long-termed loss of tree shelter, liming and topsoil removal before planting resulted in a severe decline of most saprophagous species. However, changes in invertebrate community pattern due to different plantations were not found. A comparison of leaf and needle litter decomposition rates resulted in the following order: birch (k = 0.50) > mountain-ash (0.40) > spruce (0.30) >> larch (0.12). Considering all investigated taxa, the metabolic decomposing capacity of the larch litter reached 39 %, that the spruce litter 54 % of the foliage litter results. / Anläßlich des kompletten Ausfalls der Fichte in den extrem immissionsbelasteten Kammlagen des Osterzgebirges (Sachsen) wurden im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Verbundprojektes verschiedene Waldbaukonzepte hinsichtlich ihrer Einflüsse auf die saprophage Invertebratenfauna (Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae, Oribatida, Collembola) untersucht. Zur Disposition standen Verfahren zur Waldneugründung (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Birke, Eberesche oder Fichte; zusätzlich waldbaulich unbeeinflußte Sukzessionsparzellen) und zum Waldumbau (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Buche oder Lärche nach Abtrieb und flächigem Oberbodenabschub). Ein absterbender Fichtenreinbestand in fortgeschrittener Auflösung diente als Referenz- bzw. Korrelationsmaßstab. Die Erfassung der Mesofauna erfolgte über die Extraktion von Stechrohrproben. Lumbriciden wurden mit der Elektrooktett-Methode aufgenommen. Neben der flächenbezogenen Datenerfassung wurden 1.200 mit Blattstreu von Birke, Eberesche, Fichte und Lärche befüllte Minicontainer über 19 Monate auf einer Sukzessionsparzelle exponiert, um substratspezifische Abbaugeschwindigkeiten zu ermitteln und faunistische Sukzessionsverläufe zu studieren. Die Referenzfläche zeichnete sich durch eine stark enchytraeendominierte Zersetzergemeinschaft aus, die deutliche Anzeichen einer kalkungsbedingten Überprägung erkennen ließ. Der Enchytraeenanteil an den potentiellen Umsatzleistungen der untersuchten Destruententaxa (berechnet über metabolische Äquivalenzwerte) lag bei über 90 %. Hiervon ausgehend zeigten die Zersetzergemeinschaften der Versuchsanlagen "Waldneugründung" und "Waldumbau" stark divergierende Entwicklungsrichtungen. Als ausschlaggebende Faktoren konnten Schirmverlust, Kalkung und Oberbodenbeseitigung wahrscheinlich gemacht werden. Dagegen waren Einflüsse der unterschiedlichen Kulturbaumarten kaum nachzuweisen. Die streuspezifischen Dekompositionsgeschwindigkeiten unterschieden sich wie folgt: Birke (k = 0,50) > Eberesche (0,40) > Fichte (0,30) >> Lärche (0,12). Diese vergleichsweise geringen Abbauraten stehen überwiegend mit dem rauhen Montanklima in Zusammenhang. Enchytraeen besiedelten alle Streutypen zügig, während Collembolen vor allem die Ebereschenstreu verzögert aufsuchten und mit geringster Dichte bevölkerten. Oribatiden zeigten die geringste Besiedlungsgeschwindigkeit und hatten wie die Enchytaeen in der Laubstreu signifikant höhere Wohndichten. Nur Steganacarus spinosus zeigte eine besondere Affinität für Nadelstreu. Das metabolische Leistungspotential des Destruentenbesatzes der Lärchenstreu erreichte 39 %, das der Fichtenstreu 54 % der Laubstreuresultate.