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Changes in the engineering industry have motivated the redesign of engineering curriculum in recent years. This report documents the redesign of Mechanical Engineering 574, a graduate course in engineering offered at Brigham Young University. The redesign was divided into four phases and used a design narrative to report the design process. Research conducted by the instructor and designer informed the main content of the course. Although the course originally used mainly deductive methods of instruction, by the final phase of the project, the instruction evolved to be primarily inductive in strategy.

This study compared the accuracy for the two general approaches to criminal profiling, inductive and deductive. Participants were 213 college students who participated in a 1-hour training session. Participants in the experimental groups were trained in either the inductive or deductive approach to profiling. Participants in the control group were trained in a crime topic unrelated to profiling (rape and sexual assault prevention). Following the training session, participants were asked to review a double sexual homicide case and then profile the offender by completing the Profiling Offender characteristics Questionnaire. Participants trained in the inductive profiling approach were more accurate when profiling the offender’s physical characteristics. Furthermore, the inductive profiling approach led to higher overall accuracy scores compared to the control condition. These results suggest that training naïve profilers to use the inductive approach may improve the accuracy of offender profiles in sexual homicide cases.

This study was concerned with making a comparative analysis of the relative effectiveness of two teaching methods in increasing students' (a) knowledge and understanding of principles, (b) ability in critical thinking, and (c) science reasoning and understanding in an introductory college zoology course. The two methods were (a) a laboratory-centered inductive-deductive method and (b) the more commonly found deductive-descriptive method organized as a large lecture section with smaller laboratory sections.

Les techniques de vérification déductive fournissent des méthodes puissantes pour la vérification formelle des propriétés exprimées dans la Logique de Hoare. Dans cette formalisation, également connue sous le nom de sémantique axiomatique, un programme est considéré comme un transformateur de prédicat, où chaque programme c exécuté sur un état vérifiant une propriété P conduit à un état vérifiant une autre propriété Q. Les propriétés relationnelles, de leur côté, lient un ensemble de programmes à deux propriétés. Plus précisément, une propriété relationnelle est une propriété concernant n programmes c1; ::::; cn, indiquant que si chaque programme ci commence dans un état si et termine dans un état s0 i tel que P(s1; ::::; sn) soit vérifié, alors Q(s0 1; :::; s0 n) est vérifié. Ainsi, les propriétés relationnelles invoquent tout nombre fini d’exécutions de programmes éventuellement dissemblables. De telles propriétés ne peuvent pas être exprimées directement dans le cadre traditionnel de la vérification déductive modulaire, car la sémantique axiomatique ne peut se référer à deux exécutions distinctes d’un programme c, ou à des programmes différents c1 et c2. Cette thèse apporte deux solutions à la vérification déductive des propriétés relationnelles. Les deux approches permettent de prouver une propriété relationnelle et de l’utiliser comme hypothèse dans des vérifications ultérieures. Nous modélisons ces solutions à l’aide d’un mini-langage impératif contenant des appels de procédures. Les deux solutions sont implémentées dans le contexte du langage de programmation C, de la plateforme FRAMA-C, du langage de spécification ACSL et du plugin de vérification déductive WP. Le nouvel outil, appelé RPP, permet de spécifier une propriété relationnelle, de la prouver en utilisant la vérification déductive classique, et de l’utiliser comme hypothèse dans la preuve d’autres propriétés. L’outil est évalué sur une série d’exemples illustratifs. Des expériences ont également été faites sur la vérification à l’exécution de propriétés relationnelles et la génération de contre-exemples lorsqu’une propriété ne peut être prouvée. / Deductive verification techniques provide powerful methods for formal verification of properties expressed in Hoare Logic. In this formalization, also known as axiomatic semantics, a program is seen as a predicate transformer, where each program c executed on a state verifying a property P leads to a state verifying another property Q. Relational properties, on the other hand, link n program to two properties. More precisely, a relational property is a property about n programs c1; :::; cn stating that if each program ci starts in a state si and ends in a state s0 i such that P(s1; :::; sn) holds, then Q(s0 1; :::; s0 n) holds. Thus, relational properties invoke any finite number of executions of possibly dissimilar programs. Such properties cannot be expressed directly in the traditional setting of modular deductive verification, as axiomatic semantics cannot refer to two distinct executions of a program c, or different programs c1 and c2. This thesis brings two solutions to the deductive verification of relational properties. Both of them make it possible to prove a relational property and to use it as a hypothesis in the subsequent verifications. We model our solutions using a small imperative language containing procedure calls. Both solutions are implemented in the context of the C programming language, the FRAMA-C platform, the ACSL specification language and the deductive verification plugin WP. The new tool, called RPP, allows one to specify a relational property, to prove it using classic deductive verification, and to use it as hypothesis in the proof of other properties. The tool is evaluated over a set of illustrative examples. Experiments have also been made on runtime checking of relational properties and counterexample generation when a property cannot be proved.

Bakgrund: Trycksår är ett välkänt begrepp i vården och är vanligt förekommande runtom i världen. Trycksår visar sig vara smärtsamma och påfrestande för personen som är drabbad och att leva med ett trycksår kan utvecklas till ett lidande för personen. Syfte: Att utifrån Erikssons lidandebegrepp beskriva personers erfarenheter i samband med trycksår. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där kvalitativa artiklar analyserades deduktivt. Sökningarna resulterade i totalt åtta artiklar som analyserades utifrån Erikssons lidandebegrepp; sjukdomslidande, vårdlidande och livsslidande. Resultat: Sjukdomslidande visade att smärta i samband med trycksår var representerat för flera personer.  Även skam och genans på grund av trycksåret och dess odör beskrevs. I kategorin vårdlidande beskrevs nonchalans samt brister i kommunikation och information vilket resulterade i kritik mot sjukvård och vårdpersonal. Livslidandet yttrade sig i livsförändringar och bidrog till en social isolering. Slutsats: Personers lidande till följd av deras trycksår visade sig vara komplext men också vanligt förekommande. Därför är det viktigt att vårdpersonal har strategier för att identifiera lidande och då med hjälp av Erikssons lidandeteori. När vårdpersonalen vet vilket lidande personer upplever kan åtgärderna riktas specifikt och individanpassas. Vid exempelvis outhärdlig smärta bör då fokus ligga på att få smärtan hanterbar för personen. / Background: Pressure ulcer is a well-known concept worldwide in the care environment. Pressure ulcers are painful and stressful and it can create a suffering for the person living with it. Purpose: To describe the suffering a person is experiencing when having a pressure ulcer based on Eriksson’s suffering concept. Method: A qualitative literature review with a deductive analysis. Eight articles where found which were analyzed by Eriksson’s suffering concept; suffering in sickness, suffering in care and suffering which affect life. Result: Suffering in sickness showed that pain, shame and embarrassment was common reported.  Suffering in care resulted in reported critic against healthcare and caregivers because of lack of communication and information. Suffering which affect life created a change of life and social isolation. Conclusion: The persons’ experiences of suffering, as a result of pressure ulcers, are complex and hard to define but also common to see. Caregivers therefore needs to create strategies to identify the suffering with directions from Eriksson´s suffering concept. When the caregiver knows which suffering the person experiencing arrangements can be specific directed and individualized. For example, when someone experiencing unbearable pain, focus should be to get the pain manageable for the person.

Bakgrund: HIV är en viral infektion som smittar via blod, sexuell kontakt, amning och förlossning. HIV-relaterat stigma är negativa uppfattningar, känslor och attityder gentemot de som lever med HIV eller uppfattas ha det. Fokus är främst kvinnors upplevelser av HIV-relaterat stigma eftersom det är en utsatt grupp. Genom att undersöka deras upplevelser och tillämpa personcentrerad omvårdnad kan hälsa uppnås, vilket är målet för omvårdnad. Syfte: Att beskriva HIV-positiva kvinnors upplevelser av HIV-relaterat stigma. Metod: Arbetet är en litteraturöversikt över nio artiklar som granskades med kvalitetsgranskningsprotokoll. Artiklarna analyserades utifrån en deduktiv ansats med hjälp av ”Model of Stigma” gjord av Churcher.Resultat: Resultatet presenterades under fyra kategorier; vicarious, enacted, internalized och perceived stigma. HIV-relaterat stigma upplevs som en förlust av identitet, värdighet, arbete och sociala relationer. Detta medförde mycket skam för de drabbade och för att undvika detta dolde vissa sin status. Slutsatser: Kvinnornas upplevelser av HIV-relaterat stigma påverkade deras liv på många olika plan. Omgivningens attityd mot dem påverkade mycket. Bland annat den mentala hälsan hos de HIV-positiva personerna påverkades negativt av stigma. Sjuksköterskan bör därför stötta den HIV-positiva personen i att hitta en ny identitet med sjukdomen så att personen kan uppnå hälsa. / Background: HIV is a viral infection which is transmitted through blood, sexual contact, perinatal transmission and breastfeeding. HIV-related stigma is negative beliefs, feelings or attitudes about an individual based on their true or perceived HIV-status. The focus is on HIV-positive womens’ experiences, because it is a vulnerable group. Health can be achieved by exploring their experiences and using personcentered care, which is the goal for nursing.Aim: To describe HIV-positive womens' experiences of HIV-related stigma.Method: A literature review was made.  Nine articles were examined with quality protocols and analyzed through a deductive approach with ”Model of stigma” of Churcher.Results: The result was presented underneath four categories; vicarious, enacted, internalized and perceived stigma. HIV-related stigma was experiencd as a loss of identity, dignity, work and social relationships. It brought a lot of shame to the women and some of them hid their status to avoid it.Conclusions: The women’s’ experiences of HIV-related stigma affected their lives on multiple levels. Their surrounding context affected them a lot. Their mental health was affected negatively by the stigma. Hence the nurse should support the HIV-positive person to find a new identity with the disease in order to achieve health.

The aim of this thesis essay is to show that Bayesian confirmation theory can be used instead of the hypothetico-deductive method for all sciences.Føllesdal argues in his paper "Hermeneutics and the hypotheticodeductive method" that the hypothetico-deductive method is used in all sciences, only more or less visible and this paper takes his arguments and applies the same reasoning to Bayesian confirmation theory. To do this, an an example of literature study is gone through where the Bayesian confirmation theory is applied. The cases of confirmation and disconfirmation from the hypothetico-deductive method are worked through in terms of Bayes' theorem and the conclusions are that Bayesian confirmation theory can be used with respect to all sciences and that it might prove even better since its higher adaptability.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e a construção de um Sistema Gerenciador de Bancos de Dados Dedutivos. Um Banco de Dados Dedutivo (BDD) é um Banco de Dados que, alem de sua parte tradicional, ou seja, as informações contidas nas relações básicas, que são explicitamente inseridas, possui um conjunto de regras dedutivas que permite derivar novas informações a partir das relações básicas. Neste trabalho, as deficiências da linguagem de consulta Datalog foram identificadas e, com o objetivo de obter uma linguagem que atenda melhor algumas das necessidades de aplicações do mundo real, foram propostas extensões ao Datalog, que deram origem a linguagem DEDALO. As atualizações sobre Bancos de Dados Dedutivos também foram estudadas, sendo identificados dois problemas: o primeiro se refere a necessidade de propagar modificações sobre as relações básicas para as relações derivadas materializadas; o segundo problema diz respeito as atualizações sobre as relações derivadas, que devem ser traduzidas em atualizações sobre as relações básicas, para que a atualização pretendida se tome visível na relação derivada. Para o primeiro problema, métodos de propagação foram estudados, analisados e implementados. Para o segundo, foram estudados, analisados, propostos e implementados métodos que realizam a tradução das atualizações. Restrições de integridade em Bancos de Dados Dedutivos tamb6m foram estudadas, sendo propostos métodos eficientes de detecção de violações de integridade e de reparos de transações que violam as restrições definidas no sistema. Os estudos realizados deram origem ao Sistema Gerenciador de Banco de Dados Dedutivo DEDALO, um protótipo que implementa a nova linguagem proposta Como uma extensão do Datalog, os métodos de propagação de atualizações para relações derivadas materializadas, as técnicas de tradução de atualizações sobre relações derivadas, os métodos de detecção de violação de restrições de integridade e as técnicas de reparo das transações que as violam. 0 Sistema DEDALO é composto de quatro ferramentas: o Gerenciador de Regras, onde as regras de derivação e as restrições de integridade são definidas; a Interface Interativa, utilizada para submeter consultas ad hoc e solicitações de atualização sobre o sistema; dois novos Componentes Delphi, que são duas novas classes criadas para o ambiente de desenvolvimento de aplicações Delphi, que foi utilizado na implementação do protótipo, e são utilizadas para a criação das aplicações sobre o Sistema DEDALO; e o Tradutor de Sentenças DEDALOISQL-ANSI, que traduz as sentenças da linguagem proposta para sentenças SQL-ANSI que serão submetidas ao Sistema Gerenciador do Banco de Dados. A adequabilidade das soluções estudadas e implementadas no sistema desenvolvido pode ser comprovada através da implementação de uma aplicação real utilizando o Sistema DEDALO. / This work presents the study and construction of a Deductive Database Management System. A Deductive Database (BDD) is a Database that; besides the traditional part, where the informations are contained in basic relations, explicitly introduced, has a deductive rules set, which permits to derive new informations from the basic relations. In this work, the deficiencies of Datalog language were identified and, with the goal of obtaining a language which could better support some real world applications requirements, extensions to Datalog were proposed, which originate the DEDALO language. Deductive Databases updates were also studied and two problems were identified: the first one refers to the need of propagating updates over basic relations to the materialized derived relations; the second problem refers to the updates over derived relations, which must be translated in updates over basic relations, in order that the requested update become visible in the derived relation. For the first problem, propagation methods were studied, analyzed and implemented. For the second, methods for carrying out updates translation were studied, analyzed, proposed and implemented. Integrity Constraints in Deductive Database Systems were also studied and methods were proposed in order to detect and repair system defined integrity constraints violations. Through the studies related above was created DEDALO Deductive Database Management System, a prototype that implements the new language, proposed as a Datalog extension. The prototype also contains the implementation of updates propagation methods for materialized derived relations, the translation techniques of updates over derived relations, the integrity constraints violation detection methods and the repairing techniques for the transactions that violate the constraints. The DEDALO System is composed of four tools: the Rules Manager, where derivation rules and integrity constraints are defined; the Interactive Interface, used for submit ad hoc queries and updates request to the system; two new Delphi Components, which are two new classes created for the application development environment Delphi, which was used in the prototype implementation, and are used in the applications creation over the DEDALO System; and the DEDALO/SQL-ANSI Statements Translator, which translate the statements of the proposed language to SQL-ANSI statements, which will be submitted to the Database Management System. The adequacy of the solutions studied and implemented in the prototype system was verified by the implementation of an application using the DEDALO System.

Reliable hydrological model simulations are the result of numerous complex interactions among hydrological inputs, landscape properties, and initial conditions. Determination of the effects of these factors is one of the main challenges in hydrological modelling. This situation becomes even more difficult in cold regions due to the ungauged nature of subarctic and arctic environments.<p> This research work is an attempt to apply a new approach for modelling snowcover ablation and snowmelt runoff in complex subarctic environments with limited data while retaining integrity in the process representations. The modelling strategy is based on the incorporation of both detailed process understanding and inputs along with information gained from observations of basin-wide streamflow phenomenon; essentially a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. The study was conducted in the Wolf Creek Research Basin, Yukon Territory, using three models, a small-scale physically based hydrological model, a land surface scheme, and a land surface hydrological model. The spatial representation was based on previous research studies and observations, and was accomplished by incorporating landscape units, defined according to topography and vegetation, as the spatial model elements.<p> Comparisons between distributed and aggregated modelling approaches showed that simulations incorporating distributed initial snowcover and corrected solar radiation were able to properly simulate snowcover ablation and snowmelt runoff whereas the aggregated modelling approaches were unable to represent the differential snowmelt rates and complex snowmelt runoff dynamics. Similarly, the inclusion of spatially distributed information in a land surface scheme clearly improved simulations of snowcover ablation. Application of the same modelling approach at a larger scale using the same landscape based parameterisation showed satisfactory results in simulating snowcover ablation and snowmelt runoff with minimal calibration. Verification of this approach in an arctic basin illustrated that landscape based parameters are a feasible regionalisation framework for distributed and physically based models. In summary, the proposed modelling philosophy, based on the combination of an inductive and deductive reasoning, is a suitable strategy for reliable predictions of snowcover ablation and snowmelt runoff in cold regions and complex environments.