To explore the use of defensins for transgenic plant disease resistance, expression by agroinfiltration of plants, stable transformation of plants and stable transformation of yeast were tested for porcine β-defensin 1 (pbd-1) and Nicotiana tabacum defensin 1 (Ntdef1). Attempts to screen constructs by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that agroinfiltration alone induced localized resistance against Colletotrichum destructivum. A comparison of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains showed that the induced resistance required the transfer of type IV effectors into plant cells and was independent of salicylic acid or ethylene signaling. Stable expression of pbd-1 in N. tabacum and Pichia pastoris showed that PBD-1 purified from P. pastoris had varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes, including P. syringae pv. tabaci, C. destructivum and C. orbiculare, but in transgenic N. tabacum, the protein could not be detected and resistance increased only slightly to P. syringae pv. tabaci but not to C. destructivum or C. orbiculare. Stable expression of Ntdef1 in P. pastoris yielded a protein with no or little antimicrobial activity, and stable expression in N. tabacum did not result in detectable Ntdef1 or increased resistance to those pathogens. Although PBD-1 had strong antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens, plant disease resistance likely did not increase because of the low level of the protein in the plants, whereas resistance did not increase with Ntdef1 likely because of low antimicrobial activity and low levels of the protein in the plant. This research demonstrates that agroinfiltration is not appropriate for testing genes for antimicrobial activity in planta, while the P. pastoris expression system is useful for producing protein for in vitro tests of a gene prior to its transfer to plants.

L’utilisation intensive des antibiotiques a conduit à l’émergence inquiétante de souches bactériennes multi-résistantes, notamment chez les salmonelles et les colibacilles responsables de maladies infectieuses préoccupantes en santé publique et vétérinaire. Les peptides de défense de l’hôte (HDP) constituent les effecteurs antimicrobiens essentiels de l’immunité innée des animaux. La principale famille d’HDPs chez les oiseaux sont les défensines aviaires, dont deux membres (AvBD2 et AvBD7) isolés de la moelle osseuse du poulet présentent un large spectre antibactérien et constituent ainsi des molécules candidates alternatives aux antibiotiques. Pour démontrer l’intérêt thérapeutique de l’AvBD2 et de l’AvBD7, nous avons (1) prouvé leur efficacité antibactérienne in vitro contre des souches cliniques multirésistantes, (2) montré leur stabilité structurale et fonctionnelle face aux protéases digestives majeures, (3) mis en évidence un nouvel effet antimicrobien dans les macrophages infectés, et finalement (4) prouvé le concept thérapeutique en réduisant la mortalité et la charge bactérienne après injection d’AvBD7 dans un modèle de salmonellose systémique létale chez la souris. / Large-scale use of antibiotics has leaded to the emergence of multi drug resistant bacterial strains, particularly in the genus Salmonella and Escherichia coli responsible for infectious diseases outbreaks. This constitutes a major veterinary and public health concern. Host defense peptides (HDPs) represent major effector molecules of the animal’s innate immune system. In birds, the main family of HDPs is composed of avian defensins whose two members (AvBD2 and AvBD7) isolated from chicken bone marrow exhibit large spectrum antibacterial activity. Thus, they both constitute potential candidate molecules as alternative to antibiotics. To demonstrate the therapeutic interest of AvBD2 and AvBD7, we have (1) proved their antibacterial efficiency in vitro towards clinical and multi drug resistant bacterial strains, (2) shown their functional and structural stability when facing major digestive proteases, (3) identified a novel antibacterial effect in infected macrophages, and finally (4) proved the therapeutic concept by reducing mortality and bacterial load after AvBD7 injection in a murine model of lethal salmonellosis.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-10T19:08:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArianeFerreiraLacerda_TESE.pdf: 2669795 bytes, checksum: 86dd6a13d7f026cc0544d3cb0e76e5f1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-13T20:26:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ArianeFerreiraLacerda_TESE.pdf: 2669795 bytes, checksum: 86dd6a13d7f026cc0544d3cb0e76e5f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T20:26:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArianeFerreiraLacerda_TESE.pdf: 2669795 bytes, checksum: 86dd6a13d7f026cc0544d3cb0e76e5f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A inefic?cia de pesticidas qu?micos no controle de fungos fitopatog?nicos na agricultura e a frequente incid?ncia de doen?as humanas causadas por bact?rias resistentes a antibi?ticos levam ? busca por compostos antimicrobianos alternativos. Neste contexto, defensinas vegetais constituem uma promissora ferramenta no controle de agentes patog?nicos tanto de plantas quanto de humanos. Defensinas de plantas s?o pept?deos cati?nicos com aproximadamente 50 res?duos de amino?cidos, ricas em ciste?nas e cuja estrutura tridimensional ? bastante conservada entre as diferentes esp?cies vegetais. Estas mol?culas de a??o antimicrobiana representam um importante componente inato da resposta de defesa vegetal contra pat?genos e s?o expressas em diversos tecidos da planta, como folhas, tub?rculos, flores, vagens e sementes. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade a avalia??o da atividade antimicrobiana de duas defensinas vegetais contra diferentes esp?cies de fungos fitopatog?nicos e bact?rias patog?nicas ao homem. A defensina Drr230a, cujo gene foi isolado de ervilha (Pisum sativum) e a defensina CD1, cujo gene foi identificado no transcriptoma de caf? (Coffea arabica) foram subclonadas em vetor de express?o de levedura e expressas em Pichia pastoris. O gene cd1 foi subclonado em duas formas recombinantes: CD1tC, contendo uma sequ?ncia codificante para seis histidinas (6xHis) na regi?o C-terminal do pept?deo e CD1tN, contendo sequ?ncia codificante para 6xHis na regi?o N-terminal. No caso da defensina Drr230a, a sequ?ncia codificante para 6xHis foi inserida apenas na regi?o N-terminal da prote?na. Ensaios de atividade antimicrobiana das prote?nas recombinantes purificadas rDrr230a e rCD1 contra Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asi?tica da soja, foram realizados para analisar a inibi??o da germina??o de esporos in vitro e a severidade da doen?a causada pelo fungo in planta. As duas defensinas recombinantes testadas foram capazes de inibir a germina??o de uredosporos de P. pachyrhizi, n?o havendo diferen?a entre a a??o antimicrobiana de CD1tC e CD1tN. Ademais, rDrr230a e rCD1 reduziram drasticamente a severidade da ferrugem asi?tica da soja, conforme demonstrado em ensaios in planta. Apesar de rCD1 n?o ter sido capaz de inibir a prolifera??o das bact?rias patog?nicas humanas Staplylococcus aureus e Klebsiella pneumoniae, rCD1 mostrou-se capaz de inibir o crescimento do fungo fitopatog?nico Fusarium tucumaniae, causador da s?ndrome da morte s?bita da soja. Os resultados obtidos mostram que tais defensinas vegetais s?o candidatas ?teis para serem utilizadas em programas de engenharia gen?tica de plantas para controlar doen?as f?ngicas impactantes na agricultura. / The inefficiency of chemical pesticides to control phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture and the frequent incidence of human diseases caused by bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics lead to the search for alternative antimicrobial compounds. In this context, plant defensins are a promising tool for the control of both plant and human pathogenic agents. Plant defensins are cationic peptides of about 50 amino acid residues, rich in cysteine and whose tridimensional structure is considerably conserved among different plant species. These antimicrobial molecules represent an important innate component from plant defense response against pathogens and are expressed in various plant tissues, such as leaves, tubers, flowers, pods and seeds. The present work aimed at the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of two plant defensins against different phytopathogenic fungi and pathogenic bacteria to humans. The defensin Drr230a, whose gene was isolated from pea (Pisum sativum), and the defensin CD1,whose gene was identified within coffee (Coffea arabica) transcriptome, were subcloned in yeast expression vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The gene cd1 was subcloned as two different recombinant forms: CD1tC, containing a six-histidine sequence (6xHis) at the peptide C-terminal region and CD1tN, containing 6xHis coding sequence at the N-terminal region. In the case of the defensin Drr230a, the 6xHis coding sequence was inserted only at the N-terminal region. Assays of the antimicrobial activity of the purified recombinant proteins rDrr230a and rCD1 against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causal agent of soybean Asian rust, were performed to analyze the in vitro spore germination inhibition and disease severity caused by the fungus in planta. Both recombinant defensins were able to inhibit P. pachyrhizi uredospore germination, with no difference between the antimicrobial action of either CD1tC or CD1tN. Moreover, rDrr230a and rCD1 drastically reduced severity of soybean Asian rust, as demonstrated by in planta assays. In spite of the fact that rCD1 was not able to inhibit proliferation of the human pathogenic bacteria Staplylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, rCD1 was able to inhibit growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium tucumaniae, that causes soybean sudden death syndrome. The obtained results show that these plant defensins are useful candidates to be used in plant genetic engineering programs to control agriculture impacting fungal diseases.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-06T19:27:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2012-Dissertação-JeanSauvé.pdf: 1000481 bytes, checksum: ba9527b7ead65c4a43be6a94ad0aa462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T19:27:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) 2012-Dissertação-JeanSauvé.pdf: 1000481 bytes, checksum: ba9527b7ead65c4a43be6a94ad0aa462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / O papilomavírus humano (HPV) é o principal agente etiológico de lesões malignas, a exemplo do câncer cervical e de suas lesões precursoras, as Neoplasias Intraepiteliais Cervicais (NICs). Investigamos se os polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) no gene da Beta-Defensina Humana 1 (DEFB1) poderiam estar associados à susceptibilidade à infecção e à progressão da lesão cervical provocadas por HPV de alto risco. Polimorfismos neste gene têm sido alvo de diversos estudos e revelaram ser de suma importância na susceptibilidade a diversas infecções. Neste estudo, os SNPs -52G/A, -44C/G e -20 G/A na região 5' UTR do gene DEFB1 foram analisados através de sequenciamento, em um grupo de 160 pacientes do sexo feminino HPV positivas e 71 indivíduos sadios. As análises estatísticas foram feitas utilizando o Teste exato de Fisher e o Teste do Qui-quadrado. Os resultados indicam que o alelo -44G e o haplótipo ACA podem estar relacionados com a susceptibilidade à infecção pelo HPV de alto risco. Os resultados não apontam diferenças significativas nas frequências alélicas e genotípicas dos outros polimorfismos entre pacientes infectados com HPV de alto risco e indivíduos sadios. Também não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas frequências alélicas e genotípicas nos pacientes HPV positivos quanto ao grau de lesão cervical. / Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main etiological agent for development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions, the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINs). We investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human Beta-Defensin 1 gene (DEFB1) could be associated with susceptibility to infection and progression of cervical lesions caused by high-risk HPV. Polymorphisms in this gene have been the subject of several studies and proved to be extremely important in susceptibility to various infections. In this study, SNPs -52 G/A, -44 C/G and -20 G/A in the 5 'UTR of DEFB1 were analyzed by direct sequencing in a group of 160 HPV-positive female patients and 71 healthy individuals. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact Test and Chisquare. The results indicate that the -44G allele and haplotype ACA may be associated with susceptibility to infection caused by high-risk HPV. The results show no significant differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies of the other polymorphisms in patients infected with high-risk HPV and healthy individuals. We also found no statistically significant differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies in HPV-positive patients related to the progression of cervical lesion.

A citricultura brasileira é a maior produtora e exportadora de citros e tem sido afetada por doenças que causam sérios prejuízos a produção e a qualidade dos frutos. No entanto, a cultura apresenta grandes problemas, entre eles, os fatores fitossanitários, que vem dizimando milhares de plantas e afetando a produtividade e a competitividade do setor. Atualmente, o huanglongbing (HLB), associado às bactérias de floema Candidatus Liberibacter spp., é considerado uma das mais destrutivas doenças de citros. A inexistência de cultivares de laranja doce resistentes ao HLB torna a transformação genética de citros uma ferramenta importante no controle desta doença. Para se defender do ataque de pragas e patógenos as plantas desenvolveram, durante o processo evolutivo, uma série de mecanismos de defesa, no qual pode-se incluir a produção de peptídeos com atividade antimicrobiana. As defensinas vegetais são peptídeos pequenos relacionadas à patogênese (PR), que possuem atividade antimicrobiana associada aos mecanismos de defesa das plantas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de plantas transgênicas de laranja doce (Citrus sinensis L.) cvs. \'Hamlin\', \'Natal\', \'Valência\' e \'Pera\', via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, superexpressando o gene codificador de defensina (def), isolado de Citrus sinensis cv. \'Valência\', dirigido pelo promotor com expressão preferencial no floema AtSUC2 (transportador de sacarose, clonado de Arabidopsis thaliana) ou pelo promotor constitutivo CaMV 35S (clonado do vírus do mosaico da couve-flor). Os explantes utilizados na transformação genética foram segmentos de epicótilo obtidos de plantas germinadas in vitro. A identificação das plantas transgênicas foi realizada por meio da análise da PCR, utilizando-se primers para a detecção do fragmento do gene de seleção nptII. As plantas PCR+ foram aclimatizadas e transferidas para casa-de-vegetação. A análise de Southern blot confirmou a integração do transgene em 36 plantas. Foram obtidas 7 plantas transgênicas da cultivar \'Hamlin\', 9 da cultivar \'Natal\', 1 da cultivar \'Pera\' e 9 da cultivar \'Valência\' contendo a construção gênica pC35S/def, e 3 plantas transgênicas da cultivar \'Hamlin\', 6 da cultivar \'Natal\' e 1 da cultivar \'Valência\' contendo a construção gênica pcAtSUC2/def. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho serão importantes para futura avaliação e estudo visando o controle de Candidatus Liberibacter spp.. / The Brazilian citrus industry is the world\'s largest producer and exporter of citrus, however, it has been affected by diseases that cause serious production losses and damages to fruit quality. However, the culture faces problems, namely phytosanitary issues that have been damaging thousands of plants, affecting yield and competitiveness of the sector. Currently, Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with phloem bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., is considered one of the most destructive citrus diseases. The lack of sweet orange cultivars resistant to HLB makes genetic transformation an important tool in the disease control. To defend from pest and pathogen attack, plants developed a series of defense mechanisms during the evolutionary process, which may include the production of peptides with antimicrobial activity. Plant defensins are small peptides related to pathogenesis (PR) which have antimicrobial activities, associated with plant defense mechanisms . The objective of this study was to obtain transgenic plants of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) cultivars \'Hamlin\', \'Natal\', \'Valência\' and \'Pera\' with Agrobacterium tumefaciens overexpressing the defensin gene (def), isolated from Citrus sinensis cv. \'Valência\', controlled by the promoter with preferential expression in the phloem AtSUC2, (sucrose transporter, cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana) or by the constitutive promoter CaMV 35S (cloned from the mosaic virus of cauliflower). The explants used in genetic transformation were epicotyl segments obtained from germinated plants in vitro. The identification of transgenic plants was accomplished by PCR analysis using primers for the detection of nptII gene fragment. The PCR+ plants were acclimatized and transferred to greenhouse. The analysis of Southern blot confirmed the transgene integration in 36 plants. Seven transgenic plants were obtained for the cultivar \'Hamlin\', nine for \'Natal\', one for \'Pera\' and nine for \'Valência\' containing the gene construct pC35S/def and three transgenic plants for \'Hamlin\', six for \'Natal\' and one for \'Valência\' containing the gene construct pcAtSUC2/def. The results obtained in this work are important for future evaluation of the plants for resistance to Candidatus Liberibacter spp..

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-12T14:29:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese_Gazzaneo (Biblioteca Central).pdf: 2832068 bytes, checksum: bb29fc38317d9f60a0d6129655b9b7a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T14:29:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese_Gazzaneo (Biblioteca Central).pdf: 2832068 bytes, checksum: bb29fc38317d9f60a0d6129655b9b7a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / Defensinas são peptídeos antimicrobianos (AMPs) que apresentam atividade contra diversos microrganismos patogênicos, em especial fungos. Embora não totalmente elucidados, há diversos mecanismos de ação propostos para as defensinas, que incluem permeabilização seletiva ou ruptura da membrana plasmática de microorganismos, ação direta em alvos intracelulares, ativação de cascatas de sinalização e aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Desde a sua descoberta e, tendo em vista sua ampla atividade biológica, o uso de defensinas no melhoramento de plantas cultivadas, bem como na produção de novos medicamentos tem sido proposto. Estudos de atividade biológica e possível aplicação biotecnológica das defensinas demandam uma grande quantidade dessas proteínas. Entretanto, o processo de extração da mesma é laborioso, dispendioso e, de acordo com a população ou disponibilidades da espécie vegetal escolhida, não sustentável ecologicamente. Portanto, a utilização de sistemas heterólogos de expressão é uma importante ferramenta para obtenção de defensinas recombinantes em escala industrial. Nesse estudo, um gene de defensina “DeHys”, isolado da Euphorbia hyssopifolia, foi inserido no plasmídeo pET102/D-TOPO e células da linhagem BL21(DE3) de Escherichia coli foram transformada com essa construção. Foi produzida a defensina recombinante Dehys com tamanho aproximado de 24 kDa. Sua identidade foi confirmada por western blot e pela análise do padrão de digestão com proteases. / Defensins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) , which present activity against a variety of pathogenic microorganism, especially funghi. Although not completely elucidated, there are a variety of proposed mechanisms of action for defensins, which includes selective microorganisms plasmatic membrane permeabilization or rupture, straight action agains intracellular targets, activation of signaling cascades and the burst of reactive oxygen species. Since it’s discovery and due to it’s wide biological activities, it’s use in crop enhancing, as well as its use in the development of new drugs have been proposed. Defensin’s biological activity and biotecnological application studies demand a reasonable amount of purified protein. However, the extraction processes is laborious, expensive, time consuming and depending on the population or the chosen plant species supply, not ecologically sustainable. So, the use of heterologous expression sytems is an importante tool to obtain purified proteins in industrial scale. In this study, a defensing gene (Dehys) isolated from Euphorbia hyssopifolia was inserted in a p pET102/D-TOPO vector and trasnformed into BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli strains. A recombinat Dehys defensin of approximately 24 kDa was obtained. It’s identity was double-checked using by Western blot and protease digestion pattern analyses.

Staphylococcus aureus d'origine communautaire (SARM-C) est responsable d'infections sévères comme la pneumonie nécrosante. La leucocidine de Panton-Valentine (PVL), l'Hémolysine-α(Hla) et la protéine A (Spa) sont les facteurs de virulence impliqués dans cette infection. L'analyse bibliographique montre que les polynucléaires neutrophiles (PNN) sont la principale cible de la PVL et que les α-défensines secrétées par les PNN peuvent neutraliser des toxines bactériennes. De plus, il est montré que des antibiotiques modulent la sécrétion des facteurs de virulence par S. aureus. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié l'effet des défensines sur la cytotoxicité de la PVL ainsi que l'effet des antibiotiques seuls et couplés aux défensines sur la production de PVL, Hla et Spa par des SARM-C. Nous montrons pour la première fois que les défensines peuvent diminuer la cytotoxicité de la PVL. Dans la deuxième partie du travail personnel, nous avons observé que l'effet de faibles concentrations d'antibiotique sur les SARM- C dépendait de l'antibiotique et du facteur de virulence. La clindamycine et le linézolide diminuent la PVL, Hla et Spa alors que la tigécycline supprime essentiellement la production de PVL. La daptomycine et la vancomycine n'ont pas d'effet. Nous avons démontré que l'effet des α-défensines couplé aux antibiotiques sur la virulence concerne essentiellement Spa. De façon intéressante, les α-défensines couplé aux antibiotiques ne diminuent pas la production de Spa pour le clone USA300 contrairement aux autres SARM-C, ce qui pourrait expliquer la sévérité de ses infections et son succès épidémique / Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) induce severe diseases such as necrotizing pneumonia. Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL), Hémolysine-α(Hla) and protein A (Spa) are important virulence factors involved in this infection. The literature review shows that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the target cells of PVL action in lungs and α-defensins secreted by PMNs have the capability to neutralize bacterial toxins. Moreover, low concentrations of antibiotic can modulate virulence factor production by S. aureus. In this context, the goal of this work was to study the impact of defensins on various cytotoxicity effects induced by PVL on human PMNs and to study the effect of antibiotics combined with defensins on the production of PVL, Hla and Spa by CA-MRSA. We show for the first time that α-defensins can decrease PVL toxicity mainly interacting with pore formation. Secondly, we show that low concentrations of antibiotic s’ effect on CA-MRSA virulence expression depend on the antibiotic and the virulence factor. Clindamycin and linezolid consistently suppress the expression of PVL, Hla and Spa by CA-MRSA, whereas tigecycline specifically suppress PVL expression. Daptomycin and vancomycin have no significant effects at these concentrations. For the first time, we demonstrate that the modulatory effect of α-defensins on virulence, in conjunction with antibiotics, mainly regards Spa production. Interestingly, antibiotics and defensins do not decrease Spa expression in USA300, unlike in other CA-MRSA clones. It could explain the severity of USA300 related infections and the spreading success of this CA-MRSA lineage

Retrocyclin RC-101, a θ-defensin with lectin-like properties, potently inhibits infection by many HIV-1 subtypes by binding to the heptad repeat (HR)-2 region of gp41 and preventing six-helix bundle formation. In the present study, we used in silico computational exploration to identify residues of HR2 that interacted with RC-101 and then analyzed the HIV-1 Sequence Database at LANL for residue variations in the HR1 and HR2 segments that could plausibly impart in vivo resistance. Docking RC-101 to gp41 peptides in silico confirmed its strong preference for HR2 over HR1, and implicated residues crucial for its ability to bind HR2. We mutagenized these residues in pseudotyped HIV-1 JR.FL reporter viruses, and subjected them to single round replication assays in the presence of 1.25-10ug/ml RC-101. Except for one mutant that was partially resistant to RC-101, the other pseudotyped viruses with single-site cationic mutations in HR2 manifested absent or impaired infectivity or retained wild-type susceptibility to RC-101. Overall, these data suggest that most mutations capable of rendering HIV-1 resistant to RC-101 will also exert deleterious effects on the ability of HIV-1 to initiate infections - an interesting and novel property for a potential topical microbicide.

No description available.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a key enteric signaling molecule that is implicated in many gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Enterochromaffin (EC) cells are a key subgroup of enteric endocrine cells and produce the majority of 5-HT via tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) in the gut. Recently, we have identified a pivotal role of 5-HT in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis, whereby 5-HT plays as a pro-inflammatory molecule. Gut function as well as pathology rely on interactions with gut microbiota. The intestinal epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), maintaining the mucosal barrier by shaping gut microbiota composition. Among the AMPs, β-defensins are the most well investigated subtype in the colon. Aberrant β-defensin expression has been reported in association with various GI disease pathogenesis including IBD. As EC cells are dispersed throughout the intestinal epithelium, it seems possible that 5-HT can modify β-defensin production which can regulate gut inflammation by influencing gut microbial composition. Colitis was induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in Tph1+/+ and Tph1-/- (which have lower amounts of 5-HT in gut). Tph1-/- mice exhibited higher levels of β-defensin in the colon, compared with wild-type littermates post-DSS. In addition, increased expression of β-defensin in Tph1-/- mice was suppressed by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; precursor of 5-HT) treatment. 5-HT treatment resulted in decreased human β-defensin (hBD) 1 and hBD-2 expression in HT-29 cells. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is essential for maintaining β-defensin expression in the colon. GW-9662, PPAR-γ antagonist, reduced mouse β-defensin (mBD) 1 and mBD-3 (orthologue of hBD-2). Furthermore, disrupting 5-HT7 receptors, but not 5-HT3 or 5-HT4, led to enhanced expression of PPAR-γ via ERK1/2-dependent mechanism. These observations provide us with novel information on pivotal role of gut-derived 5-HT in innate immune response and highlight the potential benefits of targeting 5-HT signaling in various GI disorders such as IBD. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)