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Freshwater sport fisheries contribute substantially to the economies of England and Wales. However, many trout fisheries rely partly or entirely on stocking farmed trout to maintain catches within freshwater fisheries. Farmed trout often differ genetically from their wild counterparts and wild trout could be at risk of reduced fitness due to interbreeding or competition with farmed fish. Therefore, to protect remaining wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L) populations and as a conservation measure, stocking policy has changed. Legislation introduced by the Environment Agency (EA, 2009) will now only give consent to stocking of rivers and some stillwaters with sterile, all-female triploid brown trout. There are reliable triploidy induction protocols for some other commercially important salmonid species however; there is limited knowledge on triploid induction in brown trout. Previously, triploid brown trout have been produced by heat shocks although reduced survivals were obtained suggesting that an optimised heat shock had not been identified, or that heat shock gives less consistent success than hydrostatic pressure shock (HP), which is now recognised as a more reliable technique to produce triploid fish. Thus the overall aim of this thesis was to conduct novel research to support the aquaculture and freshwater fisheries sector within the United Kingdom by optimising the production and furthering the knowledge of triploid brown trout. Firstly, this PhD project investigated an optimised triploidy induction protocol using hydrostatic pressure (Chapter 2). In order to produce an optimised hydrostatic pressure induction protocol three experiments were conducted to (1) determine the optimal timing of HP shock application post-fertilisation, (2) define optimal pressure intensity and duration of the HP shock and (3) study the effect of temperature (6-12 °C) on triploid yields. Results indicated high survival to yolk sac absorption stage (69.2 - 93.6 %) and high triploid yields (82.5 - 100 %) from the range of treatments applied. Furthermore, no significant differences in triploid rates were shown when shock timings and durations were adjusted according to the temperature used. In all treatments deformity prevalence remained low during incubation (<1.8 %) up to yolk sac absorption (~550 degree days post hatch). Overall, this study indicated that the optimised pressure shock for the induction of triploidy in brown trout delivering high survival and 100 % triploid rate (a prerequisite to brown trout restocking) is a shock with a magnitude of 689 Bar applied at 300 Centigrade Temperature Minutes (CTM) for 50 CTM duration. Regarding the assessment of triploid status, the second experimental chapter tested the accuracy and efficacy of three ploidy verification techniques (Chapter 3). Techniques studied were erythrocyte nuclei measurements (Image analysis), flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson Facscalibur flow cytometer) and DNA profiling (22 polymorphic microsatellite loci) to assess the effectiveness of triploidy induction in brown trout. Results indicated the validity of using erythrocyte indices major nuclear axis measurements, flow cytometric DNA distributions expressed as relative fluorescence (FL2-Area), and polymorphic microsatellite loci (Ssa410UOS, SSa197, Str2 and SsaD48) for assessing ploidy status in brown trout. Accuracy of each technique was assessed and indicated that all techniques correctly identified ploidy level indicating 100 % triploid rate for that commercial batch of brown trout. These techniques may be utilised within aquaculture and freshwater fisheries to ensure compliance with the legislation introduced by the EA. As a result of the legislation introduced by the Environment Agency triploid brown trout will freely interact with diploid trout therefore there is a need to assess feeding response and behavioural differences between diploid and triploid trout prior to release. Therefore, in the third experimental chapter (Chapter 4) diploid and triploid brown trout were acclimated for six weeks on two feeding regimes (floating/sinking pellet). Thereafter, aggression and surface feeding response was compared between pairs of all diploid, diploid and triploid and all triploid brown trout in a semi natural stream (flume). In each pairwise matching, fish of similar size were placed in allopatry and rank determined by the total number of aggressive interactions initiated. Dominant individuals initiated more aggression than subordinates, spent more time defending a territory and positioned themselves closer to the food source (Gammarus pulex) whereas subordinates occupied the peripheries. When ploidy was considered, diploid trout were more aggressive than triploid, and dominated their siblings when placed in pairwise matchings. However, surface feeding did not differ statistically between ploidy irrespective of feeding regime. Triploids adopted a sneak feeding strategy while diploids expended more time defending a territory. In addition, an assessment of whether triploids exhibited a similar social dominance to diploids when placed in allopatry was conducted. Although aggression was lower in triploid pairs than in the diploid/triploid pairs, a dominance hierarchy was observed between individuals of the same ploidy. Dominant triploid fish were more aggressive and consumed more feed items than subordinate individuals. Subordinate fish displayed a darker colour index than dominant fish suggesting increased stress levels. However, dominant triploid fish seemed more tolerant of subordinate individuals and did not display the same degree of invasive aggression as observed in the diploid/diploid or diploid/triploid matchings. These novel findings suggest that sterile triploid brown trout feed similarly but are less aggressive than diploid trout and therefore may provide freshwater fishery managers an alternative to stocking diploid brown trout. In addition to research at the applied level in triploid brown trout, this thesis also examined the fundamental physiological effects of ploidy in response to temperature regime. Triploid salmonids have been shown to differ in their tolerance to environmental temperature. Therefore the fourth experimental chapter (Chapter 5) investigated whether temperature tolerance affected feed intake and exercise recovery. Diploid and triploid brown trout were exposed to an incremental temperature challenge (10 and 19 °C) and subsequent survival and feed intake rates were monitored. Triploids took longer to acclimate to the increase in temperature however feed intake were significantly greater in triploids at high temperature. In a follow on study, we investigated post-exercise recovery processes under each temperature regime (10 and 19 °C). Exhaustion was induced by 10 minutes of forced swimming, with subsequent haematological responses measured to determine the magnitude of recovery from exercise. Plasma parameters (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, phosphorous, total protein, lactate, glucose, pH, magnesium, osmolality, potassium, sodium, chloride, lactate dehydrogenase) were measured for each ploidy. Basal samples were taken prior to exercise and then at: 1; 4, and 24 hours post-exercise. Contrary to previous studies, there was no triploid mortality during or after the exercise at either temperature. Although diploid and triploid brown trout responded metabolically to the exercise, the magnitude of the response was affected by ploidy and temperature. In particular, triploids had higher levels of plasma lactate, osmolality, and lower pH than diploids at 1 hour post exhaustive exercise. By 4 hours post-exercise plasma parameters analysed had returned to near basal levels. It was evident that the magnitude of the physiological disturbance post-exercise was greater in triploids than diploids at 19 °C. This may have implications where catch and release is practiced on freshwater fisheries. Overall, this work aimed to develop and/or refine current industry induction and assessment protocols while better understand the behaviour and physiology of diploid and triploid brown trout. The knowledge gained from this work provides aquaculture and freshwater fisheries with an optimised protocol, which delivers 100 % triploid rates and profitability without compromising farmed trout welfare, thus ultimately leading towards a more sustainable brown trout industry within the United Kingdom.

“Liminal Spaces and The Disabled Body” explores Edmund Burke’s aesthetic paradigms as established in his An Enquiry into the Origin of Our Notions of the Sublime and the Beautiful to recover what disability meant for an eighteenth-century audience. I examine Burney’s Camilla and Eugenia’s disability as well as Dacre’s Zofloya and Victoria’s figurative hermaphroditism in terms of eighteenth-century views of deformity and physiognomy to argue that both Eugenia’s and Victoria’s deformities—Eugenia’s smallpox scars and injured leg and Victoria’s beautiful but too boldly delineated features—challenge the prevailing structures of aesthetics and expectations of feminine beauty. My thesis questions how eighteenth-century aesthetic theory constructs the modern concept of the “disabled” individual to argue that the female body with a disability or deformity surpasses the terms of submission and diminution instated by Burkean aesthetics. In turn, the disabled female gains purchase in literature due to her “liminal, between-categories status” as it strains masculine power structures and aesthetic and gender classification systems.

Background: Pectus excavatum is the most common deformation of the chest, affecting mainly boys. The etiology is unclear. Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the patients with pectus excavatum and clarify changes of posture after surgical correction by Nuss. Method: 19 patients (17.3 ± 1.9 years) with pectus excavatum chest deformity were tested a day before and 6 months after surgical correction of the chest according to Nuss. Testing included: clinical examination of range of motion in the shoulder and hip joint, range of motion of the spine Thomayer test, Shober and Stibor distances, as well as paraclinic test mCTSIB on Balance Master ® System and the questionnaire method by means of Pectus Excavatum Evaluation Questionnaire. Statistical significance was determined at 0.05. Results and Discussion: The results show that the correction of the chest has a significant influence on the evaluation of and satisfaction with appearance, increases range of motion of shoulder joints and spine, and positively affects postural stability and balance. Conclusion: A simple and non-invasive tests have shown that the effect of correction of the chest is not just a cosmetic nature and can be an incentive to continue to study this issue.

Title: Functional disorders in the foot by members of the Honor Guard of the Army of the Czech Republic Objectives: The thesis deals with the activities of soldiers Honor Guard and leg problems arising therefrom. The intention of the theoretical part is generally characterize the activity Honor Guard units, anatomical structure and kinesiology feet, including functional and structural pathology. The aim of the study was to analyze how subjective Musculoskeletal problems are most commonly found among soldiers and assess the impact of the standard used by prestige and sports shoes on his feet when the functional aspects of the activities simulating workloads soldiers. Methods: To obtain basic data on individual participants in research is used surveys using non-standardized anamnesis questionnaire. The main research method to develop practical part of the thesis was to strain gauge device (measuring system) Pedar-X detection and evaluation of plantar pressure, force, contact area and contact time. For processing and evaluation of the data obtained was used program Pedar-X Standard version 3.19.30. Physiotherapist laboratory CASRI was carried out by soldiers basic clinical examination. Results: The research involved 10 soldiers Honor Guard. The research sample included soldiers from 24 to 41 years...

Longitudinal growth of long bone occurs at growth plates by a process called endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is affected by both biological and mechanical factors. This thesis focuses on the mechanical modulation of femoral bone growth occurring at the proximal growth plate, using mechanobiological theories reported in the literature. Finite element analysis was used to simulate bone growth. The first study analyzed the effect of subject-specific growth plate geometry over simplified growth plate geometry in numerical prediction of bone growth tendency. Subject-specific femur finite element model was constructed from magnetic resonance images of one able- bodied child. Gait kinematics and kinetics were acquired from motion analysis and analyzed further in musculoskeletal modelling to determine muscle and joint contact forces. These were used to determine loading on the femur in finite element analysis. The growth rate was computed based on a mechanobiological theory proposed by Carter and Wong, and a growth model in the principal stress direction was introduced. Our findings support the use of subject- specific geometry and of the principal stress growth direction in prediction of bone growth. The second study aimed to illustrate how different muscle groups’ activation during gait affects proximal femoral growth tendency in able-bodied children. Subject-specific femur models were used. Gait kinematics and kinetics were acquired for 3 able-bodied children, and muscle and joint contact forces were determined, similar to the first study. The contribution of different muscle groups to hip contact force was also determined. Finite element analysis was performed to compute the specific growth rate and growth direction due to individual muscle groups. The simulated growth model indicated that gait loading tends to reduce neck shaft angle and femoral anteversion during growth. The muscle groups that contributes most and least to growth rate were hip abductors and hip adductors, respectively. All muscle groups’ activation tended to reduce the neck shaft and femoral anteversion angles, except hip extensors and adductors which showed a tendency to increase the femoral anteversion. The third study’s aim was to understand the influence of different physical activities on proximal femoral growth tendency. Hip contact force orientation was varied to represent reported forces from a number of physical activities. The findings of this study showed that all studied physical activities tend to reduce the neck shaft angle and anteversion, which corresponds to the femur’s natural course during normal growth. The aim of the fourth study was to study the hypothesis that loading in the absence of physical activity, i.e. static loading, can have an adverse effect on bone growth. A subject-specific model was used and growth plate was modeled as a poroelastic material in finite element analysis. Prendergast’s indicators for bone growth was used to analyse the bone growth behavior. The results showed that tendency of bone growth rate decreases over a long duration of static loading. The study also showed that static sitting is less detrimental than static standing for predicted cartilage-to-bone differentiation likelihood, due to the lower magnitude of hip contact force. The prediction of growth using finite element analysis on experimental gait data and person- specific femur geometry, based on mechanobiological theories of bone growth, offers a biomechanical foundation for better understanding and prediction of bone growth-related deformity problems in growing children. It can ultimately help in treatment planning or physical activity guidelines in children at risk at developing a femur or hip deformity. / <p>QC 20170616</p>

Reoccurrence of deformity can affect upwards of 64% of children with clubfoot. The ability to use foot function as a measure of reoccurrence has not been previously assessed. The purpose of this investigation was to utilize foot pressure analysis to predict the probability of reoccurrence in children with unilateral clubfoot. Retrospective foot pressure data revealed predictive algorithms detecting the probability of experiencing any type of reoccurrence (overall reoccurrence) and for experiencing a tibialis anterior tendon transfer (TATT). The equation for overall reoccurrence reported sensitivity and specificity of 0.82 and 0.81 and the equation for TATT reported values of 0.81 and 0.84. These algorithms were then applied prospectively to a cohort of children with unilateral clubfoot. Interim sensitivity and specificity results at a 1.5-year follow-up demonstrate that the equations for overall reoccurrence and TATT were highly specific but not sensitive (0.84, 0.73 specificity; 0.11, 0 sensitivity). This is an indication that these algorithms were more accurate when identifying the absence of reoccurrence. However, these results may change as the prospective subjects continue to age. Overall, the results of this investigation show that foot pressure analysis can predict the presence/absence of reoccurrence. The algorithms developed herein have the potential to improve long and short-term outcomes for children with clubfoot. Providing clinicians with the probability of reoccurrence will improve their ability to be proactive during the treatment decision making process.

The area of the care of a Clubfoot (pes equinovarus congenitus PEC Clubfoot) Diagnosed Child is the topic of this Paper. Currently, the PEC is the second most frequent congenital deformity within orthopaedics. The theoretical part of this Paper deals with a description of the PEC, its diagnostics, cure and a possible risk of relapse. A sub-chapter of the Paper introduces the Achilleus association, which is the only body in the Czech Republic bringing together parents of PEC diagnosed children. The Paper also focuses on nurses and their role(s) in the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children. The empirical part of this Paper covers a research with the following directions: - parental knowledge of PEC diagnosed children care at home; - specifications of the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children; - nurses and their educational role (if fulfilled) in the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children. The research presented in the empirical part of the Paper was based on a semi-structuralized interview and open coding technique. The interviews were conducted with parents of PEC diagnosed children and care providing nurses who also play an important educational role in this matter. The benefit of the Paper, based on collected research data, is to provide a complete overview on the problems relating to the care of PEC diagnosed children. The outcome is supposed to be also presented to appropriate expert public for further consideration. The research outcome presents that the level of parental knowledge of the PEC diagnosed children care at home is very high and that parents provide their children with a quality care. The Paper describes that specifications of the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children are mainly evident in appropriate and consistent education of parents as the homecare is usually a long-term process. Finally, the Paper also shows that nurses in their educational role in the nursing care of PEC diagnosed children do not fulfil their tasks to such an extent that is expected.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3033.pdf: 2632452 bytes, checksum: 845cb1d1140f7afd69ccba823955f581 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Piracicaba river basin is considered one of the most polluted in the state of São Paulo. It is located in a region with high population density in addition to great development of agribusiness and chemical, textiles, metals, electronics, automotive and paper industries. The objective of this study was to analyze the incidence of morphological deformities in the mentum of Chironomus larvae of this basin, especially in the basin of Quilombo stream. Physical and chemical analysis were performed in water and sediment, ecotoxicological and mutagenicity tests and analysis of the benthic community at ten sampling sites in August 2007. The influence of domestic sewage in the sampling sites was evidenced by analysis of surface and bottom water, which in general, gave results outside the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. In the sediment it was detected the presence of metals and PAHs at higher concentrations than the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 344/04, besides the acute toxicity to Chironomus sancticaroli and Hyalella azteca larvae. The best environmental condition for the benthic community was observed in Jacuba stream and Piracicaba river, upstream of the Quilombo stream, which corresponds to the most preserved area. The major incidence of morphological deformities in the mentum of Chironomus evaluated in sediment samples were observed at two points located in the Piracicaba river (Points 2 and 3), downstream of the Quilombo stream, with 25.3% and 36.3% of deformities, respectively, and the lack of teeth was the most common type of deformity. In terms of environmental quality, Chironomus larvae collected in vegetation offered an additional parameter for some sites, because the sediment offered no significant number of larvae. In most of sampling sites it was not observed a direct correlation between the frequency of gross deformities and the level of contaminants, with the exception of zinc. It is suggested the value of 2% for the limit of natural incidence of deformities in non-impacted environments. Further investigations should be conducted in reference sites in the country, with the objective to include this variable in monitoring programs of environmental quality. / A bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba é considerada uma das mais poluídas do estado de São Paulo. Está localizada em uma região com alta densidade populacional e acentuado desenvolvimento da agroindústria e de indústrias químicas, têxteis, metalúrgicas, eletroeletrônicas, automotivas e de papel e celulose. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a incidência de deformidades morfológicas no mento de larvas de Chironomus em corpos d água que integram esta bacia, principalmente na sub-bacia do ribeirão Quilombo. Foram realizadas análises de características físicas e químicas da água e do sedimento, testes ecotoxicológicos e de mutagenicidade e análise da comunidade bentônica em dez pontos de coleta, no mês de agosto de 2007. A influência dos esgotos domésticos nos pontos amostrados foi evidenciada através da análise da água superficial e de fundo, que no geral, apresentou resultados fora dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005. No sedimento foi detectada a presença de metais e de HPAs em concentrações acima dos limites estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 344/04, além de efeito tóxico agudo para larvas de Chironomus sancticaroli e Hyalella azteca. Melhor condição ambiental para a comunidade bentônica foi verificada no ribeirão Jacuba e no rio Piracicaba, a montante do ribeirão Quilombo, correspondendo às áreas mais preservadas. As maiores incidências de deformidades morfológicas no mento de Chironomus avaliadas nas amostras de sedimento foram verificadas em dois pontos localizados no rio Piracicaba (Pontos 2 e 3), a jusante do ribeirão Quilombo, com 25,3% e 36,3% de deformidades, respectivamente, sendo a falta de dentes o tipo mais comum. Através dos resultados da incidência de deformidades observada nas larvas de Chironomus coletadas na vegetação alguns pontos localizados nas sub-bacias dos ribeirões Quilombo e Tatu puderam ser mais bem avaliados, em termos de qualidade ambiental, pois no sedimento não havia número significativo de larvas. Na maioria dos pontos amostrados não foi verificada uma correspondência direta entre a freqüência de deformidades e o nível bruto de contaminantes, a exceção do zinco. Sugere-se o valor de 2% como limite para a incidência natural de deformidades em ambientes não impactados, devendo ser realizadas novas investigações em locais de referência no país, visando a inclusão desta variável em programas de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of particle size of the limestone and the use of artificial light on feeding behavior, performance, egg quality and bone of laying hens. A total of 300 Hisex White hens at 18 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design in factorial 5 x 2, with 5 replicates of 6 birds. The factors studied were 5 granulometries obtained by increasing the proportion of coarse limestone (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) compared to 2 types of thin and light, with and without artificial light. No significant interaction between factors (size x lighting program) for all parameters evaluated on performance, egg quality and bone. There was also no significant effect on the level of coarse limestone in diets on performance and egg quality, however had an effect on bone quality. Among the light programs, showed that the use of artificial light showed eggs with higher Haugh Units compared to birds that received only natural light. With respect to feeding behavior no significant interaction between factors limestone, light and time. However, significant effects of the interaction (light and time), there was a higher consumption in birds without artificial light in relation to artificial light during the hours of 6am to 9h40min and 12:40 to 17:40 and the interaction effect (limestone and time) , it was observed that at the time of 6am to 9h40min, increased consumption, corresponded to the gradual increase in the ration of coarse limestone. For laying hens in the first laying cycle, created in geographic coordinates that developed in the research, changes in particle size of limestone provided an improvement in bone quality of the birds and the use of artificial light may favor albumen quality as Haugh unit. / O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da granulometria do calcÃrio e do uso da luz artificial sobre o comportamento alimentar, desempenho, qualidade do ovo e Ãssea de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 300 poedeiras Hisex White com 18 semanas de idade, distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com 5 repetiÃÃes de 6 aves. Os fatores estudados foram 5 granulometrias obtidas pelo aumento da proporÃÃo de calcÃrio grosso (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) em relaÃÃo ao fino e 2 tipos de iluminaÃÃo, com e sem luz artificial. NÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores (granulometria x programa de luz) para os parÃmetros avaliados sobre desempenho, qualidade do ovo e Ãssea. TambÃm nÃo houve efeito significativo do nÃvel de calcÃrio grosso na raÃÃo sobre o desempenho e qualidade do ovo, entretanto apresentou efeito sobre a qualidade Ãssea. Entre os programas de luz, observou-se que o uso de luz artificial apresentou ovos com maiores valores de unidade Haugh em relaÃÃo Ãs aves que receberam apenas luz natural. Com relaÃÃo ao comportamento alimentar nÃo houve interaÃÃo significativa entre os fatores calcÃrio, luz e horÃrio. Contudo, houve efeito significativo entre a interaÃÃo (luz e horÃrio), observou-se um maior consumo nas aves sem luz artificial em relaÃÃo aos com luz artificial nos horÃrios de 6h Ãs 9h40min e 12h40min Ãs 17h40min e efeito na interaÃÃo (calcÃrio e horÃrio), observou-se que no horÃrio de 6h Ãs 9h40min, o aumento do consumo, correspondeu ao aumento gradativo do calcÃrio grosso na raÃÃo. Para poedeiras comerciais no primeiro ciclo de postura, criadas nas coordenadas geogrÃficas em que se desenvolveu a pesquisa, as mudanÃas na granulometria do calcÃrio proporcionou uma melhora na qualidade Ãssea das aves e a utilizaÃÃo da luz artificial pode favorecer a qualidade do albÃmen medida em unidade Haugh.