O presente trabalho busca compreender o processo de consolidação da Escola Projeto Âncora, que declara se concretizar por meio de princípios democráticos. O objetivo é verificar se esta Escola pode ser classificada dentro do movimento das chamadas escolas democráticas. Para tanto, esta dissertação apresenta um breve percurso histórico sobre um movimento de renovação do ensino - a Escola Nova -, e as tendências pedagógicas progressistas, com ênfase às propostas democráticas. O estudo inclui as questões de autonomia escolar, territorialização das políticas educacionais e a temática da gestão escolar democrática. São abordados os princípios das escolas ditas democráticas, de modo a que sirvam de base para verificar se a práxis da escola estudada se fundamenta a partir de tais princípios. O corpo teórico se constitui das formulações de Paulo Freire e Vygotsky, abrindo espaço para que a Pedagogia e a Psicologia atuem juntas, no sentido de colaborar para a compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento e humanização do homem. Ambos entendem a educação como prática social e política, o que propõe fértil embasamento para o entendimento do fenômeno da democracia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa participante, de abordagem qualitativa. O trabalho de campo se constitui da análise documental e da observação participante. A observação em campo direciona-se ao modo como as relações são estabelecidas no contexto da participação democrática. As situações são descritas com vistas a compreender os processos e acontecimentos do cotidiano escolar, com o propósito de compreender a experiência prática da referida Escola. Os dados coletados mostram que a Escola em questão não se classifica - ela própria - dentro do movimento das escolas democráticas. Sua proposta é trabalhar de acordo com princípios democráticos, sobretudo promovendo o exercício da participação democrática como algo intimamente ligado à formação da consciência, para a vivência da democracia, incentivando a responsabilidade social. Seu propósito não é vivenciar a democracia em um espaço fechado - no interior de um prédio escolar -, e sim sair dos muros da entidade, ocupando os espaços da comunidade. Assim, vislumbra se consolidar enquanto Cidade Educadora, criando Comunidades de Aprendizagem. Esta finalidade tem vistas à promoção de condições que viabilizem a cidadania, a conscientização política, a socialização de informações, de espaço para discussões, gerando uma nova forma de pensar, uma nova cultura, o que faz das intenções educacionais desta Escola, o próprio processo de humanização, que considera não apenas a história existente, mas também uma história possível de ser construída. / The current paper intends to understand the consolidation process of Projeto Âncora School that states to accomplish its objectives based on democratic principles. It aims to verify whether this School can be classified along with the socalled democratic schools movement. Therefore, this dissertation introduces a short historical presentation about a movement of learning renewal the New Schools (a.k.a. Free Schools) -, and the progressive pedagogical trends, focusing on the democratic proposals. The study includes matters such as scholar autonomy, educational politics territorralization and the democratic school management subject. The socalled democratic schools principles are addressed in order to verify whether the studied school praxis is based on such principles. The theoretical body is placed by Paulo Freire and Vygotsky statements, giving room to Pedagogy and Psychology working together, as for the comprehension of the man development and humanization process. Both of them understand education as social and political practice, which proposes fertile basis for the understanding of the democracy phenomenon. It is a participative research, with a qualitative approach. The field work is based on the documental analysis and participative observation. The field observation focuses on how the relationships are established on the democratic participation context. Situations are described aiming to comprehend the scholar routine processes and happenings, intending to understand the practical experience of this School. Collected data show that the School does not classify itself as a democratic school, especially promoting the democratic participation practice as something closely related to the conscience formation for the democracy experience, motivating for the social responsibility. It does not aim to experience democracy inside a closed room, or in a scholar building, but to get out of the corporation, reaching the community spaces. In this manner, it conjectures to consolidate as a City that Educates, building Learning Communities. This objective intends to promote conditions that give room to citizenship, political awareness, information socialization, room for discussions, generating a new way of thinking, a new culture, which makes of this School educational intents the humanization process by itself, one that not only considers the existing history, but also a history that can be built.

In 1993, the Swedish National Agency for Education, Skolverket, coined and implemented the so-called collective morals mission, or “värdegrundsuppdraget,” which subsequently led up to the publication of a new national syllabus for upper-secondary school, LPF94. The collective morals mission constituted the values to be taught in Swedish schools and also positioned the Swedish school system ideologically. However, following its publication, teachers found it difficult to understand how they are to carry out and understand said mission, difficulties that seem to still be present today. Therefore, this project presents a qualitative study on how English teachers reflect upon, and relate their teaching to, the collective morals mission, how they do it, along with the possibilities the English subject has in conveying these aspects of fostering, through explicit education on the subject. Based on prior, personal observations the initial hypothesis was that the English subject is often forgotten, in relation to other subjects, in terms of providing students with education related to the collective morals. However, this is not due to English teachers not acknowledging opportunities for the subject to convey content, but because of the strong selective traditions of the subject, focusing education on form and not content, as it is a foreign language. To evaluate this hypothesis, semi-structured interviews with four English teachers were conducted and three separate curriculum analysis were carried out. This enabled an understanding of how the collective morals evolved over time and became what they are today. The results partly confirmed the initial hypothesis. Teachers do implement many features of the collective morals; however, they do not explicitly characterize them as such. The curricula analyses show a progression of the collective morals to be implemented in the explicit grading criterion for passing grade. These results are discussed, and conclusions regarding what that means for English teachers are presented.

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This study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of four civic and United States government teachers on democratic education practices. The first part of the study investigated the methods and approaches these teachers use to foster the knowledge, skills, and dispositions essential to a democracy’s survival by understanding how they construct their own meaning concerning elements of democratic education. Through interviews, instructional observations, and document analysis, an evaluation of the role and impact of teacher beliefs and attitudes on democratic education practices gleaned insight into how these teachers construct, interpret, and share their understanding as a condition of building civic capacity within their students. Findings showed their beliefs and attitudes did matter in how they approached their instruction and use of democratic education practices. Despite expressing positive views regarding their inclusion into their instruction, teacher discomfort and lack of confidence in engaging students in this form of instruction determined whether or not they utilized these practices. Preventions and recommendations were made for ways in which teacher discomfort and lack of confidence may be addressed to overcome the lack of use of democratic education practices in instruction, as well as a framework for approaching the teaching of K-12 civics.

Thesis (M.Ed.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This study investigated how educators apply democratic principles and values in their practice after two decades of democracy in South Africa. It dwells on how democratic principles and values are infused into teaching, learning and assessment in the classroom. The study followed an interpretive paradigm using the qualitative approach through a descriptive case study design. Data collection methods used included semi structured interviews, focus group interviews, classroom observations and document analysis. Purposive sampling was used with focus on Grade 10-12 educators and learners from two secondary schools in Mogoshi Circuit of Limpopo Province of South Africa. The theoretical frameworks of the study drew from the Child-Friendly Schools and Social Reconstructionism approach. Emphasis is on the upholding of children‟s rights, and the, re-dress of educational imbalances. The frameworks also recommend the promotion and integration of democratic principles and values in schools. The study concludes that educators do incorporate democratic principles and values in their teaching, learning and assessment with the promotion of attributes such as participation (dialogue), respect, equity and inclusion which impact greatly on learners‟ daily lives. However, it is not without fault that certain activities which are not child-friendly are still practised by some educators in some schools as they do not promote democratic principles and values, while some educators do. It was found that democratic principles and values are embedded in schools. However, not all educators are doing this. The study recommends further investigation on the implementation of democratic principles and values for reflection and improvement. / EDTP SETA

This thesis explores the connections between dialogue, education and democracy. It begins by asking: ‘what are the implications of dialogic theory for democratic education’? In doing so it draws on concepts from the work of Arendt, Biesta, Dewey and Wegerif: dialogic space as a productive metaphor for education; an ontology of difference in which meaning emerges through dialogue; and authentic democratic action as ‘coming into being’ in negotiation with others. It then asks, ‘Can we teach for democracy?’ by looking at recent practices of citizenship education in Britain. It argues that genuine democratic education must consider students as already being citizens rather than as citizens-in-training, and must offer them opportunities to express their values in action. A theory of ‘responsible leadership’, based on a ‘pedagogy of challenge’, is proposed as a means to enable students to develop the skills and dispositions needed for democratic participation. Short courses in leadership education for teenagers are identified as sites to test this theory. Two empirical studies are detailed, which use a longitudinal case-study approach primarily based on student interviews. The first was a two-day school-based course for academically able 13-18 year olds; the second was a five-day outdoor residential course for 16-18 year olds. Both studies found significant development in students’ skills and dispositions for learning, including: openness to others’ ideas, confidence, greater self-knowledge and better communication skills. In both cases, students’ personal dispositions and insights endured. However, lack of opportunities for democratic action after the courses meant that learned collaborative skills were not strongly embedded; this also meant that ‘responsible leadership’ was not often demonstrated subsequently. Nonetheless, the studies present strong evidence for the transformative power of a pedagogy of challenge, which demands further research.

Orientador: Marcus Vinicius Maltempi / Resumo: Este estudo tem como objetivo problematizar a construção do Projeto Político-pedagógico (PPP) como vetor que direciona sentidos para constituição do sujeito democrático na escola. O trabalho tem sua relevância no que é produzido nas relações entre Filosofia da Educação Matemática, Escola Democrática e Projeto Político-pedagógico, como as reflexões filosóficas acerca dos conceitos de homem e sociedade, caros à compreensão de escola democrática. Essa produção também diz do fazer político e pedagógico do professor de matemática. A metodologia da pesquisa é qualitativa pelo tratamento peculiar e não quantitativo dos objetos estudados e também se caracteriza como um estudo em Filosofia da Educação Matemática por apresentar características da pesquisa nessa área ao tratar de objetos ontológicos. Apresenta estudo bibliográfico no que se refere à Filosofia do PPP, aos conceitos de emancipação, democracia e à constituição do sujeito democrático. A produção dos dados ocorre junto a um grupo de educadores de uma instituição pública de ensino, de nível básico, em rodas de conversas específicas sobre as temáticas citadas e presentes no PPP da escola. As discussões foram registradas em áudios e posteriormente transcritas e analisadas. A análise dos dados ocorre num processo de diálogos com corpos teóricos compostos por pensadores educacionais progressistas. Nos resultados observa-se as potencialidades do movimento de produção do PPP para a constituição do sujeito democrático e progressista... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aims to problematize the construction of the Political-Pedagogical Project (PPP) as a machine that directs meanings for the constitution of the democratic subject in the school. The work has its relevance in what is produced in the relations between Philosophy of Mathematical Education, Democratic School and Political-pedagogical Project, as the philosophical reflections about the concepts of man and society, important to the understanding of democratic school. This production also says of the political and pedagogical doing of the mathematics teacher. The methodology of the research is qualitative by the peculiar and non quantitative treatment of the objects studied and is also characterized as a study in the Philosophy of Mathematical Education for presenting characteristics of the research in this area when dealing with ontological objects. It presents a bibliographical study regarding the Philosophy of the PPP, the concepts of emancipation, democracy and the constitution of the democratic subject. The production of the data occurs together with a group of educators of a public institution of basic level, in wheels of specific conversations on the mentioned subjects and present in the PPP of the school. The discussions were recorded in audios and later transcribed and analyzed. Data analysis occurs in a process of dialogues with theoretical bodies composed of progressive educational thinkers. The results show the potentialities of the PPP production movement for... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Um ensino de ciências voltado para a cidadania demanda práticas de sala de aula que promovam o desenvolvimento de competências, como a argumentação, condição de emancipação. A escola contribuirá para o desenvolvimento de jovens com capacidade de avaliação crítica, ao permitir-lhes tomar posição de forma democrática, responsável e, quando for o caso, cientificamente sustentada. Uma convicção que funda a presente dissertação é a idéia de que as práticas de trabalho colaborativo, envolvendo a interação entre os alunos através do diálogo em sala de aula contribuirão para o desenvolvimento dessas competências. Uma apreciação crítica da educação, vivida numa trajetória pessoal de professor em um curso pré-universitário, deu origem a um questionamento pessoal que encontrou eco em distintos referenciais teóricos. Alguns desses referenciais já são históricos, como os de John Dewey e Anísio Teixeira, que conceituaram uma visão de educação democrática, outros mais recentes, como o da educação dialógica e participativa de Paulo Freire ou da educação para o desenvolvimento de competências, como a proposta por Philippe Perrenoud. Essa visão múltipla, que poderia ser caracterizada como ecumênica, qualifica um cenário escolar desejável para a formação cientifica emancipadora. Tendo esse cenário como perspectiva, mostra-se então como o aprendizado da Física pode ser conduzido no ensino médio, de forma participativa e dialógica em ambiente democrático, e sem prejuízo da igualmente desejável formação conceitual e prática nos conteúdos científicos e tecnológicos.Parte significativa desse trabalho foi conduzida em aulas de Física do primeiro ano do ensino médio em uma cooperativa educacional, procurando, através de implementação de práticas pedagógicas orientadas pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, PCN, compreender a realidade complexa e dinâmica das interações sociais em sala de aula. Os dados foram tomados na forma de registros em um diário de observações, inclusive de interações entre alunos, assim como da análise de trabalhos desenvolvidos por eles, na forma de textos escritos. Uma análise qualitativa permitiu avaliar tais competências, vendo que, numa fase inicial, a capacidade de argumentação estava pouco desenvolvida; que as interações em sala de aula contribuíram para seu desenvolvimento; e que níveis inicialmente muito diversificados foram melhorando e se aproximando gradativamente em função dessas atividades de discussão. / When science teaching is seen as preparation for citizenship it is essential to promote classroom practices able to develop competences, as the one to face arguments, a condition to personal emancipation. School will contribute to the development of young people, capable of critical evaluations by means of the analysis of different points of view, when it allow them to take stand and situate themselves, in a democratic and responsible way, as well as, when it is the case, with scientific bases. A starting point of this dissertation is the idea that practices of collaborative work, involving the interaction among students in classroom dialogues contribute to develop that competences. A critical perception of the traditional education, experienced in a teacher trajectory in courses of preparation to access higher education gave place to a personal questioning that found echo in different theoretical references. Some of these references are already historical, as is the case of John Dewey and Anísio Teixeira, who conceived a vision of democratic education, other more recent as the dialogical and participative education of Paulo Freire, or as the education to the development of competences proposed by Philippe Perrenoud. This multiple view, that could be metaphorically considered ecumenical, qualifies the school scenery desirable for the sake of an education aiming emancipation. With this scenery as a perspective to be made real, it is then shown how physics learning can be conducted in a dialogical and participative way, without losses in the equally desired conceptual and practical formation in the scientific and technological contents. An important part of this work has been conducted in first year physics classes at an upper secondary school of a local community, trying to understand the complex and dynamical reality of social interactions in classrooms trough the application of pedagogical practices oriented by the Curricular National Parameters (PCN). The data were taken in a diary of classroom observations, even of classroom interactions between students, as well as from the analysis of works made by them in the form of written texts. A qualitative analysis allow the evaluation of such competences, producing a perception that, initially, the ability to face arguments were low developed, that the classroom interactions contributed to the development them, and that levels initially quite diverse, became gradually improved and similar, as a result of these activities.

We have not had democratic classrooms since the 1960s. Even then they were a rarity, a few teachers working in isolation. There was a great deal of imaginative exploration, which veered off in different directions. There was legislation such as the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Head Start, Upward Bound, and New Careers. All instigated and encouraged experimentation, yet these never coalesced into a broader, institutional democratic vision for education. Progressive as well as radical educators were interested in access and equity for marginalized populations but did not produce a critical democratic praxis. This dissertation project will specifically document what happens when elementary students have an opportunity to engage with democratic principles through critical understanding of the Bill of Rights. It will demonstrate how a teacher committed to social justice pedagogy interprets the demands of corporate driven reforms to enact rigorously democratic praxis that embraces students from nondominant populations as well as dominant students in the Cultural Linguistics Civics Project. The ultimate goal of the research study is to document students’ knowledge and attitudes about their rights as guaranteed in the United States Constitution.

Este estudo examina o modo como a política pública educacional vigente efetiva a educação como um direito fundamental previsto na Constituição da República de Angola e em tratados internacionais como a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. O fundamento deste exame se assenta no princípio de que no Estado Constitucional, a ação deste resume-se na proteção e na garantia dos direitos individuais e coletivos conducentes a conferir valor a dignidade humana. Por isso, à educação, como política pública social e tarefa do Estado, é-lhe conferida créditos, quando garante o acesso de todos à ela, e a garantia da qualidade da educação oferecida aos que acedem a escola. Contudo, o sistema de educação em Angola, em diferentes momentos históricos, não assentou a sua ação necessariamente no princípio do Estado Constitucional, apesar de, depois de 1975, a educação ter sido formalmente declarada um direito. Esse processo histórico construiu obstáculos à efetivação do direito. Com a LBSE (Lei 13/01) teve início a implementação da política educacional que visou ajustar a educação à opção de Estado Democrático de Direito no contexto da segunda República. Mas, essa lei não fundamenta a educação como um direito a efetivar. Todavia, a materialização da política no sistema de educação revela a presença de ações que respondem às premissas do direito à educação. Tendo esses elementos em consideração, definimos como objetivo do estudo a compreensão de como é articulada a política em educação, especificamente no seu conteúdo, na efetivação do acesso e do atendimento como garantia do direito à educação em Angola. O referido estudo sustentou-se na análise documental e em referentes bibliográficos. Na categoria de documentos, analisamos alguma legislação de cada período abordado no estudo, isso serviu para situar alguns ideais políticos formalmente vigentes nessas realidades. Acreditamos que a análise da educação e das políticas públicas que a sustentam precisam considerar o ambiente econômico, político e o quadro legislativo em que ela se insere. Pudemos compreender que os obstáculos à efetivação do direito à educação resultam de opções de políticas anteriores que o prejudicaram a favor do cumprimento de agendas de governo instituídos. A política de educação corrente acentua a sua ação em dar resposta às ideias que sustentam a mundialização da educação, estas baseiam-se essencialmente nos fundamentos gerais da agenda mundial da educação. Isso concorre para a homogeneização na concepção de políticas locais. Esta perspectiva reduz o foco da abordagem que se espera que lide com as questões concretas da realidade local visando a superação destes obstáculos históricos à efetivação do direito, por isso, demandando o alargamento da arena da definição da agenda educacional para a participação efetiva da sociedade civil e prescindindo do centralismo vigente dominado pela ação do governo e das agencias internacionais. / This study examines the way the current education policy accomplishes education as a fundamental right provided by the Republic of Angola Constitution and in international treaties such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The foundations of this exam lies on the principle that in a constitutional state, its action is summed up on the protection and guarantee of individual and collective rights leading to lend value to human dignity. Therefore, education as a social and public policy gains credits when it grants the access of all to education as a state task, as well as grants a quality education to the ones within the education system. However, the system of education in Angola in different historical periods did not essentially ground its action on the constitutional principles, although education has been declared formally declared as a right since 1975. This historical process built some obstacles to achieve education rights goals. By the coming into power of LBSE (Lei 13/01), it initiates the implementation of education policy that sought to make education comply with the demands of a democratic rule of law state within the second republic context. But this law did not ground education as a right to be attained. Nevertheless, the implementation of the policy in the system of education reveals the presence of some actions that respond to the premises of the education right. Taking this into account, we defined as the objective of this study the understanding of the way that the education policy is thought, particularly in its content, to grant the access to quality education as a guarantee of the right to education in Angola. This study relies on archival and bibliographic references. In the archival ones, we studied some legislation of each covered period to understand some political ideals present in those realities. The belief is that the analysis of education and its supporting public policies need to consider the economic, political environment and the legislative framework in which it is operated. We could understand that the obstacles to make effective education rights resulted from the former political options that harmed this right in favor of the accomplishment of government agendas. The current education policy stresses its action in responding to the ideas that support the globalization of education, which foundations are the ideas on global education agenda. This favors the homogenization of local policy concepts. This perspective reduces the focus of the approach that is expected to deal with the concrete issues of the local context and the overcoming of the obstacles to education right accomplishment historically built. Thus, it demands the widening of education agenda setting arena to allow true participation of the civil society, and overcome the current centralization approach ruled by the government and international agencies.