By cross-linking B7-DC on dendritic cells (DC) the human IgM antibody (B7-DC XAb) shifts polarized immune responses from Th2 to Th1 in an antigen-specific manner. The molecular determinants governing the ability of DC to reprogram the polarity of T cell recall responses are not yet known. In addition to the expected role of T-bet expressed by T cells in regulating Th1 responses, we find using in vitro assays and an established in vivo model of allergic airway inflammation that T-bet expression by DC is also required for the polarity shift promoted by B7-DC XAb. T-bet expression by both T cells and DC is critically important for B7-DC XAb-induced down-regulation of IL-4, up-regulation of IFN-γ and suppression of allergic airway inflammation. Moreover, retroviral reconstitution of T-bet expression in T-bet-deficient DC rescued their ability to modulate both naive and memory T-cell responses from Th2 to Th1. Our observations further our understanding of the critical mediators controlling the ability of DC to modify the responses of previously activated T cells and reveal the interesting use of the same transcription factor to regulate the inductive phenotype of DC and the inducible phenotype of T cells.

Zymosan is a particulate yeast preparation that elicits high levels of IL-2 and IL-10 from dendritic cells (DC) and engages multiple innate receptors, including the Syk-coupled receptor dectin-1 and the MyD88-coupled receptor TLR2. Here, we show that induction of IL-2 and IL-10 by zymosan requires activation of ERK MAP kinase in murine DC. Surprisingly, ERK activation in response to zymosan is completely blocked in Syk-deficient DC and unaffected by MyD88 deficiency. Conversely, ERK activation in response to the TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys is completely MyD88 dependent and unaffected by Syk deficiency. The inability of TLR2 ligands in zymosan to couple to ERK may explain the Syk dependence of the IL-2 and IL-10 response in DC and emphasises the importance of Syk-coupled pattern recognition receptors such as dectin-1 in the detection of yeasts. Furthermore, the lack of receptor compensation observed here suggests that responses induced by complex innate stimuli cannot always be predicted by the signalling pathways downstream of individual receptors.

This study investigated the effects of repeated administrations of nicotine (0.7 mg/kg) on dendritic morphology in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), prefrontal cortex (Cg 3), and parietal cortex (Par 1). Animals were habituated for 3 days to a locomotor box, and after habituation, every second day for 5 weeks rats were placed into the locomotor chamber immediately after a subcutaneous injection of nicotine or saline. Rats demonstrated tolerance to an initial hypoactive response after each nicotine injection, and this was followed by an increase in activity after each injection (behavioral sensitization). This increase in activity was still present on a nicotine challenge after a 2-week abstinence period. One week after the nicotine challenge day, all rats were perfused and brains were removed. These brains we stained using Golgi-Cox procedures, and dendrites from the nucleus accumbens (N Acc), medial frontal cortex (Cg 3) and parietal cortex (Par 1) were analyzed using the camera lucida procedure. Results showed that rats receiving nicotine demonstrated an increase in dendritic length and spine density relative to controls in the NAcc and Cg3 brain areas, but not Par 1. The increase observed in the NAcc was significantly greater than what has been found with amphetamine or cocaine, and possible underlying mechanisms were discussed.

La dermatite allergique de contact (DAC) est une réaction inflammatoire aiguë, médiée par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) survenant suite à l’exposition répétée de la peau avec une molécule allergisante. La prévalence estimée des cas de DAC aux substances parfumantes est de 1,7 % à 4,1 % dans la population générale. Les molécules allergisantes sont des molécules appelées haptènes, qui vont se conjuguer avec des protéines de l’épiderme ou du derme. C’est le cas du cinnamaldéhyde (CinA), une molécule retrouvée dans la cannelle. Le linalol et le limonène sont des terpènes présents dans la lavande et l’orange, qui vont s’autoxyder au contact de l’air pour former des allergènes puissants, tels que les hydroperoxydes allyliques. Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier le mécanisme d’action de ces terpènes et leurs hydroperoxydes allyliques respectifs sur la lignée cellulaire THP-1, qui sert de substitut aux cellules dendritiques. Le rôle du facteur de transcription Nrf2, majeur dans la lutte contre le stress oxydant, a également été investigué.Les consommateurs de produits cosmétiques sont exposés à de faibles concentrations de molécules allergisantes, mais plusieurs fois par jour ou par semaine. Nous avons souhaité étudier l’exposition répétée à de faibles doses d’haptène sur la peau.Les kératinocytes jouent également un rôle dans la DAC : ce sont les premières cellules qui vont rencontrer la molécule allergisante dans la peau. La deuxième partie de ce travail a été d’étudier l’impact d’une exposition répétée de CinA à de faible concentration sur ces KCs et plus particulièrement sur la différenciation de l’épiderme, en utilisant un modèle organotypique de peau en 3D. / Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) represents a severe health problem. It is a dendritic cells (DCs) mediated skin disease caused by repeated exposure to an allergenic compound. ACD cases of fragrances in general population is estimated from 1.7 % to 4.1%. Contact sensitizers are compounds termed haptens and they will form a conjugate with epidermis and dermis proteins. Example is cinnamaldehyde (CinA), a molecule found in cinnamon. Linalool and limonene are terpenes found in lavender and oranges. In contact with the air, they will autoxidize to form highly allergenic compounds: allylic hydroperoxides. The first aim of this thesis was to study the mechanism of action of those terpenes and their respective allylic hydroperoxides on THP-1 cell-line, described as a surrogate of DCs. The transcription factor Nrf2 is playing a major role in oxidative stress and was also investigated.Consumers of cosmetic products are exposed to low quantities of allergenic compounds, but several times a day or a week. We wanted to study repeated exposure of low concentration of haptens on the skin.KCs also play a key role in ACD: they are the first cells that will encounter the allergenic compound in the skin. The second aim of this thesis was to study the impact of repeated exposure of low concentrations of CinA on those KCs and more particularly on the epidermis differenciation, using a 3D organotypic culture of skin.

Une infiltration médullaire par des cellules plasmocytoïdes CD123+ est présente chez certains patients atteints de leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique (LMMC), mais les mécanismes aboutissant à la génération de ces cellules, et leur impact sur l'évolution de la maladie n'ont jamais été explorés. En cytométrie en flux, nous avons détecté un excès de cellules mononucléées négatives pour les marqueurs de lignée lymphocytaires, monocytaires et granulocytaires, et exprimant CD123, HLA-DR, BDCA-2, BDCA-4 et CD4 dans la moelle de 39/161 patients(24%) . L'analyse de ces cellules en microscopie conventionnelle et électronique, en cytométrie en flux et leur analyse transcriptomique identifient ces cellules comme d'authentiques cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes (pDCs). Ces pDCs répondent à la stimulation par des agonistes de Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) et de TLR7 en produisant respectivement de faibles quantités d'interféron alpha et de grandes quantités d'interleukine 8. Le séquençage d'exome complet de monocytes et de pDCs triés détecte une ou plusieurs mutations qui activent constitutivement la voie Ras chez tous les patients riches en pDCs, avec un certain niveau d'hétérogénéité sous-clonale. Les cellules CD34+ de patients LMMC riches en pDCs génèrent de grandes quantités de pDCs en culture ex vivo, y compris en l'absence de FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand (Flt3-L). Dans des expériences de coculture, les pDCs extraites de moelles de LMMC riches en pDC diminuent la prolifération des cellules CD34+ de manière dose-dépendante. L'augmentation des pDCs est associée à une expansion des lymphocytes T régulateurs (Tregs). L'analyse rétrospective d'une cohorte de 212 patients atteints de LMMC a montré un effet mitigé de l'infiltration médullaire par des cellules CD123+ TCL1+ sur la survie, avec une tendance à une meilleure survie globale chez les patients riches en pDCs, mais également un risque accru de transformation en leucémie aigüe. / Bone marrow infiltration with plasmacytoid CD123high cells was identified in a fraction of patients with a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), but the mechanisms promoting the generation of these cells and their impact on disease evolution remain poorly known. Using a multiparametric flow cytometry assay, we detect an excess of lineage-negative mononucleated cells expressing CD45, CD123, HLA-DR, BDCA-2, BDCA-4 and CD4 in the bone marrow of 39/161 (24%) CMML patients. Conventional and electron microscopy, flow cytometry and gene expression analyses identify these cells as authentic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). These pDCs respond to Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) and TLR7 agonists by producing low levels of interferon alpha and high levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), respectively. Whole exome sequencing of sorted monocytes and pDCs detects one or several mutations that constitutively activate the Ras pathway in every pDC-rich patient, with some subclonal heterogeneity. CD34+ cells from pDC-rich CMML produce high level of pDCs in ex vivo culture, even in the absence of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3L). In co-culture experiments, pDCs collected from the bone marrow of pDC-rich CMML decrease the proliferation of CD34+ cells in a dose-dependent manner. pDC increase is associated with an expansion of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Retrospective analysis of a cohort of 216 CMML patients detected a mitigated effect of bone marrow infiltration with CD123high, TLC1+ cells on disease outcome, including a trend for a better overall survival of patients with a pDC excess but also an increased risk of leukemic transformation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第18483号 / 生博第312号 / 新制||生||41(附属図書館) / 31361 / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 上村 匡, 教授 垣塚 彰, 教授 藤田 尚志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) reside in the lymphoid follicles of the secondary lymphoid tissues (sLTs). Following the infection of an individual with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), viral particles are trapped in massive quantities on the surfaces of FDCs. HIV-1 viral compartments are cell types or tissues between which there is a restriction of virus flow. Compartmentalization of HIV-1 creates numerous sites within the body in which the virus can undergo independent evolution, giving rise to a more diverse total viral population. Given the sessile nature of the FDC, I hypothesized that contrary to common assumptions, FDC-trapped HIV-1 is compartmentalized between different sLTs. Furthermore, given that FDC-trapped HIV-1 represents the major source of virus in the host, I postulated that this compartmentalization would likely impact the diversity of HIV-1 associated with the sLTs. I isolated FDCs, macrophages, and T cells from various sLTs, and sequenced cloned HIV-1 associated with these three cell populations. I subjected the resulting DNA and cDNA sequence data to phylogenetic and other statistical analyses. In support of my hypothesis, I demonstrate that both HIV-1 gp120 and pol sequences cloned from FDCs are compartmentalized between different sLTs. This compartmentalization is even apparent between lymph nodes taken from the same lymph node chain. One of the apparent effects of this compartmentalization is to significantly increase the viral genetic diversity in multiple sLTs when compared with diversity in a single sLT. It also appears that the selective pressures on HIV-1 differ among the sLTs. In addition, when proviruses isolated from macrophages from different sLTs were compared, it was also evident that there is compartmentalization of HIV-1 associated with this cell type as well. Finally, I demonstrate that HIV-1 isolated from an unfractionated population of cells from a single sLT, may be an inadequate representation of the total viral population in that sLT. Taken together, my data suggest that the nature of HIV-1 in the sLTs may be more complex than currently appreciated.

Many events associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection/replication occur in and around the germinal centers (GCs) of secondary lymphoid tissues where follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) reside, suggesting that this microenvironment may contribute unique signaling that is important to viral progression. My research focused on characterizing signaling, both positive and negative, contributed by FDCs that affects HIV infection and replication. Specifically, I determined if FDC signals could induce the expression of latent HIV in T cells and if so, to characterize the signaling pathways involved. Moreover, I also examined the ability of FDCs to produce inhibitory signals that might block active virus expression. I approached these problems using FDCs from tonsils and coculturing these with primary CD4+ T cells or latently-infected Jurket cells with a GFP reporter. Results indicated that FDCs dramatically augmented HIV production of these cells. FDC signaling was costimulatory in nature and was mediated by soluble TNFα. However, when ex vivo latently infected T cells were treated with PMA/ionomycin or IL2/IL7, little virus expression was observed until FDCs were added, which greatly increased virus production. The transcription factor NFAT is important for the reactivation of latent HIV. Inhibition studies as well as ELISA suggested that JAK/STAT signaling pathway was involved in virus reactivation. Because FDCs produce prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and I2, I determined the effect of PGE2 and PGI2 analogs on HIV infected T cells. Results indicated that both the PGE2 and PGI2 analogs inhibited proliferation and activation-induced cell death of HIV infected T cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, it was shown that indomethacin and CAY10404, cyclooxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, partially restored HIV production in the presence of FDCs, suggesting that FDC-produced PGE2 and PGI2 may inhibit virus replication. Thus, FDCs produce PGs that can block virus gene expression in T cells, which may be ideal for viral persistence. Therefore, FDC signaling appears to both promote and inhibit HIV production. A better understanding of FDC signaling and regulation in GCs may suggest new treatment strategies that would be beneficial to infected subjects.