No description available.

A água do equipo odontológico pode servir como meio de disseminação de microrganismos, uma vez que é a segunda maior fonte de contaminação na Odontologia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o nível de contaminação por bactérias aeróbias totais em água de equipos odontolóicos (reservatórios, seringas tríplices e alta rotação) e torneiras de 5 Clínicas Odontológicas da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto - USP, por meio do método convencional (R2A Agar) e o sistema Petrifilm AC (3M St, Paul, MN, USA). Além disso, determinou-se o nível de contaminação por Pseudomonas spp. (Cetrimide Agar Base), coliformes (Endo Agar) e fungos (Petrifilm YM para bolores e leveduras), como também identificou-se as bactérias com série bioquimica na forma de kit comemial (API 20NE), detectou-se bactérias da boca pela técnica de Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization e analisou-se o biofilme formado nas linhas dágua dos equipos (seringas tríplice e alta rotação), com auxilio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Por outro lado, foram sugeridas recomendações para a manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos odontológicos. As comparações estatísticas mostraram que os níveis de contaminação bacteriana das águas de torneiras, bem como dos equipos foram mais elevados pelo método R2A Agar do que pelo sistema Petrifilm AC (p<0,001). Embora, as amostras de água das torneiras utilizadas para preencher os reservatórios dos equipos tivessem pequeno número de bactérias (908UFC/ml) - R2A e (2UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC, as dos 25 equipos apresentaram: reservatórios de 0 a 3.900.000 UFC/ml (média de 211.705 UFC/ml) - R2A Agar, e de 0 a 231.000 UFC/ml (média de 14.065 UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC; seringas tríplices de 0 a 5.200.000 UFC/ml (média de 509.068 UFC/ml) - R2A Agar, e de 0 a 610.000 UFC/ml (média de 30.842 UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC; e alta rotação de 0 a 6.300.000 UFC/ml (média de 862.279 UFC/ml) - R2A Agar, e de 0 a 730.000 UFC/ml (média de 61.817 UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC. As placas Petrifllm AC incubadas a 23°C por 7 dias demonstraram um nível maior de contaminação bacteriana do que aquelas incubadas a 35°C por 48h (p<0,001). De acordo com o método de cultura, Escherichia coli, coliformes totais e Pseudomonas spp. estavam ausentes das amostras de água das torneiras, embora 11 (44%) dos equipos tivessem apresentado E. coli e/ou coliformes totais e em 1 (4%) de alta rotação, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Todavia, segundo o método molecular, 1 (50%) amostra de água de torneira e 36 (48%) de equipos mostraram contaminação por E. coli. Das águas de 10 torneiras e 25 equipos, 1 (10%) e 17 (68%) estavam contaminadas com fungos, respectivamente. As análises com MEV mostraram biofilmes nas linhas d\'água de todos os equipos, constituídos por uma diversidade microbiana embutida em densas e extensas matrizes de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares. As bactérias identificadas por meio do API 20 NE foram Acinetobacter Iwoffii, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Moraxella spp., Oligel/a ureo/ytica, Pasteurella spp., P. aeruginosa e Sphingomonas paucimobi/is. Nas águas dos equipos, as bactérias mais prevalentes exclusivas da boca forem Streptococcus gordonii (35/46,7%), Treponema denticola (28/37,3%), e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(b) (9/25,6%). Em conclusão, o BIOFILME formado nas linhas d\'água dos equipos funciona como um \"sistema amplificador\" do pequeno número de microrganismos das águas de torneiras, sendo a causa principal dessa alarmante contaminação das águas dos equipos. Assim, recomendações para a manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos, bem como a avaliação de fungos deveriam ser acatadas pelos profissionais da Odontologia. / Dental unit water may serve as microorganism dissemination, since it is the second major source of contamination in dentistry. The aim of this research was to assess the contamination level of total aerobic bacteria in water from dental units (reservoirs, air-water syringes and high-speed handpieces) and taps from 5 Dental Clinics at the Faculdade de odontologia de Ribeirão PReto USP using conventional method (R2A Agar) and Petrifilm SYSTEM (3m, St Paul, MN, USA). Moreover, to evaluate the level of contamination by Pseudomonas spp. (Centrimide Agar Base), coliforms (Endo Agar) and fungi (Petrifilm YM for yeasts and molds) as well as to identify the bacteria by means biochemical test in form of kit (API 20NE), to detect mouth microorganisms by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization technique and to analyze the biofilm formed on dental unit waterlines (air-water syringes and high-speed handpieces) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The levels os bacteria in water from tap and dental unit were higher by R2A Agar than Petrifilm AC (p<0.001). Although, the tap water used to supply the dental unit reservoirs had few bacteria (908CFU/ml) R2A and (2CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC, water from 25 dental units showed: reservoir from 0 to 3,900,000CFU/ml (average of 211,705FCU/ml) R2A Agar, and from 0 to 610,000 CFU/ml (average of 30,842CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC; air water syringes from 0 to 5,200,000CFU/ml (average of 509,068CFU/ml) R2A Agar, and from 0 to 610,000CFU/ml (average of 30,842CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC; and high-speed handpieces from0 to 6,000,000CFU/ml (average of 862,279CFU/ml) R2A Agar, and from and0 to 730,000CFU/ml (average of 61,817CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC. The Petrifil AC plates incubated at 23ºC for 7 days demonstrated a level of bacterial contamination higher than those at 35ºC for 48h (p<0.001). According to culture method, Escherichia coli, total coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. Were not detected in water from taps, but E. coli and/or total coliforms were presented in 11 (44%) high-speed handpiece water. However, according to molecular method, 1 (50%) water sample from a tap and 36 (48%) from dental units showed contamination with E. coli. Water from 10 taps and 25 dental units were contamined with fungi in 1 (10%) and 17 (68%) samples, respectively. The analysis by SEM showed in all dental unit waterlines biofilms constituted of a microbial diversity embedded in dense and extensive matrices of extracellular polymeric substances. The bacteria identified by API 20 NE were Acinetobacter iwoffiii, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Morexella spp., Oligella ureolytica, Pasteurella spp., P. aeruginosa and Sphingomonas paulcimobilis. The oral bacteria prevalent in dental unit water samples were Streptococcus gordonii (35/46.7%), Treponema denticola (28/37.3%) and Aggregatibacter actiomycetemcomitansb (9/25.6%). In conclusion, BIOFILM formed in dental nit waterlines serve as an amplifier system of few microorganisms from tap water, being the major cause of high contamination of dental unit water. Besides, recommendations to maintain the microbiological quality of dental units as well as the fungal evaluation should be employed for Dentistry professionals

A água do equipo odontológico pode servir como meio de disseminação de microrganismos, uma vez que é a segunda maior fonte de contaminação na Odontologia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o nível de contaminação por bactérias aeróbias totais em água de equipos odontolóicos (reservatórios, seringas tríplices e alta rotação) e torneiras de 5 Clínicas Odontológicas da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto - USP, por meio do método convencional (R2A Agar) e o sistema Petrifilm AC (3M St, Paul, MN, USA). Além disso, determinou-se o nível de contaminação por Pseudomonas spp. (Cetrimide Agar Base), coliformes (Endo Agar) e fungos (Petrifilm YM para bolores e leveduras), como também identificou-se as bactérias com série bioquimica na forma de kit comemial (API 20NE), detectou-se bactérias da boca pela técnica de Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization e analisou-se o biofilme formado nas linhas dágua dos equipos (seringas tríplice e alta rotação), com auxilio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Por outro lado, foram sugeridas recomendações para a manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos odontológicos. As comparações estatísticas mostraram que os níveis de contaminação bacteriana das águas de torneiras, bem como dos equipos foram mais elevados pelo método R2A Agar do que pelo sistema Petrifilm AC (p<0,001). Embora, as amostras de água das torneiras utilizadas para preencher os reservatórios dos equipos tivessem pequeno número de bactérias (908UFC/ml) - R2A e (2UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC, as dos 25 equipos apresentaram: reservatórios de 0 a 3.900.000 UFC/ml (média de 211.705 UFC/ml) - R2A Agar, e de 0 a 231.000 UFC/ml (média de 14.065 UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC; seringas tríplices de 0 a 5.200.000 UFC/ml (média de 509.068 UFC/ml) - R2A Agar, e de 0 a 610.000 UFC/ml (média de 30.842 UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC; e alta rotação de 0 a 6.300.000 UFC/ml (média de 862.279 UFC/ml) - R2A Agar, e de 0 a 730.000 UFC/ml (média de 61.817 UFC/ml) Petrifilm AC. As placas Petrifllm AC incubadas a 23°C por 7 dias demonstraram um nível maior de contaminação bacteriana do que aquelas incubadas a 35°C por 48h (p<0,001). De acordo com o método de cultura, Escherichia coli, coliformes totais e Pseudomonas spp. estavam ausentes das amostras de água das torneiras, embora 11 (44%) dos equipos tivessem apresentado E. coli e/ou coliformes totais e em 1 (4%) de alta rotação, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Todavia, segundo o método molecular, 1 (50%) amostra de água de torneira e 36 (48%) de equipos mostraram contaminação por E. coli. Das águas de 10 torneiras e 25 equipos, 1 (10%) e 17 (68%) estavam contaminadas com fungos, respectivamente. As análises com MEV mostraram biofilmes nas linhas d\'água de todos os equipos, constituídos por uma diversidade microbiana embutida em densas e extensas matrizes de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares. As bactérias identificadas por meio do API 20 NE foram Acinetobacter Iwoffii, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Moraxella spp., Oligel/a ureo/ytica, Pasteurella spp., P. aeruginosa e Sphingomonas paucimobi/is. Nas águas dos equipos, as bactérias mais prevalentes exclusivas da boca forem Streptococcus gordonii (35/46,7%), Treponema denticola (28/37,3%), e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans(b) (9/25,6%). Em conclusão, o BIOFILME formado nas linhas d\'água dos equipos funciona como um \"sistema amplificador\" do pequeno número de microrganismos das águas de torneiras, sendo a causa principal dessa alarmante contaminação das águas dos equipos. Assim, recomendações para a manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos, bem como a avaliação de fungos deveriam ser acatadas pelos profissionais da Odontologia. / Dental unit water may serve as microorganism dissemination, since it is the second major source of contamination in dentistry. The aim of this research was to assess the contamination level of total aerobic bacteria in water from dental units (reservoirs, air-water syringes and high-speed handpieces) and taps from 5 Dental Clinics at the Faculdade de odontologia de Ribeirão PReto USP using conventional method (R2A Agar) and Petrifilm SYSTEM (3m, St Paul, MN, USA). Moreover, to evaluate the level of contamination by Pseudomonas spp. (Centrimide Agar Base), coliforms (Endo Agar) and fungi (Petrifilm YM for yeasts and molds) as well as to identify the bacteria by means biochemical test in form of kit (API 20NE), to detect mouth microorganisms by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization technique and to analyze the biofilm formed on dental unit waterlines (air-water syringes and high-speed handpieces) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The levels os bacteria in water from tap and dental unit were higher by R2A Agar than Petrifilm AC (p<0.001). Although, the tap water used to supply the dental unit reservoirs had few bacteria (908CFU/ml) R2A and (2CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC, water from 25 dental units showed: reservoir from 0 to 3,900,000CFU/ml (average of 211,705FCU/ml) R2A Agar, and from 0 to 610,000 CFU/ml (average of 30,842CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC; air water syringes from 0 to 5,200,000CFU/ml (average of 509,068CFU/ml) R2A Agar, and from 0 to 610,000CFU/ml (average of 30,842CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC; and high-speed handpieces from0 to 6,000,000CFU/ml (average of 862,279CFU/ml) R2A Agar, and from and0 to 730,000CFU/ml (average of 61,817CFU/ml) Petrifilm AC. The Petrifil AC plates incubated at 23ºC for 7 days demonstrated a level of bacterial contamination higher than those at 35ºC for 48h (p<0.001). According to culture method, Escherichia coli, total coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. Were not detected in water from taps, but E. coli and/or total coliforms were presented in 11 (44%) high-speed handpiece water. However, according to molecular method, 1 (50%) water sample from a tap and 36 (48%) from dental units showed contamination with E. coli. Water from 10 taps and 25 dental units were contamined with fungi in 1 (10%) and 17 (68%) samples, respectively. The analysis by SEM showed in all dental unit waterlines biofilms constituted of a microbial diversity embedded in dense and extensive matrices of extracellular polymeric substances. The bacteria identified by API 20 NE were Acinetobacter iwoffiii, Brevundimonas vesicularis, Burkholderia cepacia, Morexella spp., Oligella ureolytica, Pasteurella spp., P. aeruginosa and Sphingomonas paulcimobilis. The oral bacteria prevalent in dental unit water samples were Streptococcus gordonii (35/46.7%), Treponema denticola (28/37.3%) and Aggregatibacter actiomycetemcomitansb (9/25.6%). In conclusion, BIOFILM formed in dental nit waterlines serve as an amplifier system of few microorganisms from tap water, being the major cause of high contamination of dental unit water. Besides, recommendations to maintain the microbiological quality of dental units as well as the fungal evaluation should be employed for Dentistry professionals

This thesis is deals with design of dental chair which is integrated into dental unit. Whole concept of the proposal is in conformity with compulsory requirements for equipment of dental unit. Whole proposal meets technical, ergonomic and hygienic requirements, which are especially in health service very high. The main point of design proposal is elaboration of whole shape arrangement and determination of colour scheme. These characteristics have high influence for patient psychic. Comfortable sitting of patient and his rest help to doctors with treatment. Computer visualization and model in scale factor 1:3 is included.

Objectives: Since ultrasonic dental scalers contain internal narrow-diameter waterline tubing susceptible to bacterial biofilm growth, this study determined the cultivable prevalence of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria in ultrasonic scaler output water subjected to one of two commercial biocides favorably reviewed by the American Dental Association as effective for microbial biofilm control in dental unit waterlines, and assessed the potential antimicrobial effect on output water of an ultrasonic scaler tip activated at a maximum power frequency. Methods: Aseptically-collected water samples were obtained, and neutralized for residual chlorine with sodium thiosulfate, from 12 ultrasonic scalers provided municipal tap water treated with an iodine resin cartridge (Group A), and from eight ultrasonic scalers provided distilled water treated with a 0.78% silver ion-based disinfectant (Group B), all within a dental school clinic setting. The latter eight ultrasonic scalers were additionally sampled after output water was passed through an inserted scaler tip activated to a maximum power setting similar to its potential use in clinical patient care. All water samples were evaluated for aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria using nationally-accepted analytical procedures detailed in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edition (2017), with sample aliquots spread-plated onto R2A agar and aerobically incubated at 28°C for seven days. Aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria were considered elevated when ≥ 500 CFU/ml of the species were recovered per water sample. Predominant cultivable isolates of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria in the water samples were identified using matrix- assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and Bruker MALDI Biotyper analytic software. Results: Aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria averaged 610 ± 380 (SD) CFU/ml per ultrasonic scaler in Group A ultrasonic scalers, with eight of 12 (66.7%) evaluated ultrasonic scalers yielding elevated counts ≥ 500 CFU/ml. Similar mean values of 667 ± 340 (SD) CFU/ml per ultrasonic scaler were found in Group B ultrasonic scalers, with five of eight (62.5%) evaluated ultrasonic scalers yielding elevated aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria counts ≥ 500 CFU/ml. Acidovorax temerans, Novosphingobium subterraneum, Cupriavidus metallidurans, and Sphingobium yanoikuyae were the most prevalent cultivable species identified from ultrasonic scaler waterlines where the source water was municipal tap water treated with molecular iodine. In contrast, nearly pure growth of Cupriavidus metallidurans alone dominated cultivable waterline isolates from ultrasonic scalers where the source water was distilled water treated with a 0.78% silver ion disinfectant. No statistically significant impact was found on aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacterial counts after ultrasonic scaler output water passed through an inserted scaler tip activated to maximum power (P &gt; 0.05, Wilcoxcon signed-rank test). Conclusions: Approximately two-thirds of ultrasonic scalers in a dental school clinic setting yielded output water that failed to meet potable water regulatory standards in the United States with regard to aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic bacterial counts, even when subjected to disinfection with one of two American Dental Association favorably-reviewed biocide products, or exposed to high-frequency ultrasonic scaler tip oscillations. These findings question the effectiveness of infection control procedures used to manage ultrasonic scaler waterlines, and raise concerns about the safety of ultrasonic scaler output water introduced into the oral cavity of dental patients during dental treatment procedures. / Oral Biology

Il a été bien documenté que les différentes canalisations des unités de soins dentaires contiennent un épais biofilm. Ce biofilm est constitué entre autres de bactéries, mais aussi d’amibes. Certaines amibes ont un potentiel pathogène et peuvent causer des infections graves. Deux cas d’infections amibiennes et possiblement reliées aux unités dentaires ont retenu notre attention et sont à l’origine du présent projet. L’identification morphologique des amibes afin de déterminer si elles présentent un potentiel pathogène ou non est une tâche ardue, même pour les protozoologistes chevronnés. Nous avons donc utilisé la réaction de polymérase en chaîne (PCR) pour identifier les amibes. Des nouvelles amorces ont été élaborées pour détecter les amibes des genres Acanthamoeba ainsi que Naegleria. Des échantillons d’eau et de terre ont été prélevés dans l’environnement, et des échantillons d’eau et de biofilm ont été prélevés dans les unités dentaires. Une partie de chaque échantillon a été mise en culture selon une méthode améliorée pour une identification morphologique, et l’autre partie a été soumise à un PCR direct. Des Acanthamoebae et/ou des Naegleriae ont été détectées dans 100% des échantillons, mais les espèces varient d’un échantillon à l’autre. Des amibes à potentiel pathogènes sont détectables dans les unités dentaires ainsi que dans l’environnement, et celles-ci pourraient représenter un risque pour la santé de certains individus. / It has been well documented that the various tubing of a dental unit are covered with a thick biofilm. This biofilm mostly consists of bacteria, but amoebae can be found within the biofilm as well. Some amoebae are potential pathogens and may cause serious infections. Two cases of amoebic infections that were possibly linked with dental units drew our attention and stimulated our researches. Morphologic identification of amoebae in order to determine their possible pathogenicity requires much expertise, and is even difficult for proficient protozoologists. Therefore, the use of PCR is essential to detect potentially pathogenic amoebae with subjectivity. We elaborated new primers for the detection of Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp. Samples of water and dirt were taken in the environment, and samples of water and biofilm were taken in dental units. A part of each samples was cultivated for morphological identification, when a second part was utilized for PCR identification. Acanthamoebae and/or Naegleriae were detected in 100% of our samples, but the species varied from one sample to another. Potentially pathogenic amoebae were detected in dental units and in the environment, which could represent a health risk for some individuals.

Il a été bien documenté que les différentes canalisations des unités de soins dentaires contiennent un épais biofilm. Ce biofilm est constitué entre autres de bactéries, mais aussi d’amibes. Certaines amibes ont un potentiel pathogène et peuvent causer des infections graves. Deux cas d’infections amibiennes et possiblement reliées aux unités dentaires ont retenu notre attention et sont à l’origine du présent projet. L’identification morphologique des amibes afin de déterminer si elles présentent un potentiel pathogène ou non est une tâche ardue, même pour les protozoologistes chevronnés. Nous avons donc utilisé la réaction de polymérase en chaîne (PCR) pour identifier les amibes. Des nouvelles amorces ont été élaborées pour détecter les amibes des genres Acanthamoeba ainsi que Naegleria. Des échantillons d’eau et de terre ont été prélevés dans l’environnement, et des échantillons d’eau et de biofilm ont été prélevés dans les unités dentaires. Une partie de chaque échantillon a été mise en culture selon une méthode améliorée pour une identification morphologique, et l’autre partie a été soumise à un PCR direct. Des Acanthamoebae et/ou des Naegleriae ont été détectées dans 100% des échantillons, mais les espèces varient d’un échantillon à l’autre. Des amibes à potentiel pathogènes sont détectables dans les unités dentaires ainsi que dans l’environnement, et celles-ci pourraient représenter un risque pour la santé de certains individus. / It has been well documented that the various tubing of a dental unit are covered with a thick biofilm. This biofilm mostly consists of bacteria, but amoebae can be found within the biofilm as well. Some amoebae are potential pathogens and may cause serious infections. Two cases of amoebic infections that were possibly linked with dental units drew our attention and stimulated our researches. Morphologic identification of amoebae in order to determine their possible pathogenicity requires much expertise, and is even difficult for proficient protozoologists. Therefore, the use of PCR is essential to detect potentially pathogenic amoebae with subjectivity. We elaborated new primers for the detection of Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp. Samples of water and dirt were taken in the environment, and samples of water and biofilm were taken in dental units. A part of each samples was cultivated for morphological identification, when a second part was utilized for PCR identification. Acanthamoebae and/or Naegleriae were detected in 100% of our samples, but the species varied from one sample to another. Potentially pathogenic amoebae were detected in dental units and in the environment, which could represent a health risk for some individuals.

Na odontologia, o biofilme formado nas linhas d\'água de equipos odontológicos pode disseminar a contaminação microbiana na água. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a contaminação microbiana da água de abastecimento e de equipos odontológicos antes e após a implementação de um protocolo para melhoria e manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água de equipos odontológicos, bem como desenvolver produtos antibiofilme com possível aplicabilidade nas linhas d\'água. A carga microbiana da água de 27 torneiras e equipos (reservatórios, seringas tríplice e alta rotação) de uma clínica odontológica foi avaliada por meio do sistema Petrifilm(TM) (bactérias aeróbias totais e fungos) e meios de cultura convencionais (enterobactérias e Legionella spp.) em duas etapas distintas, sendo a segunda análise realizada após a implementação de um protocolo para melhoria e manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água dos equipos. Ainda, as atividades antibacteriana (concentração inibitória mínima - hipoclorito de sódio, ácido cítrico, bicarbonato de sódio, cloreto de sódio, dodecil sulfato de sódio, peróxido de hidrogênio, polissorbato 20 e quitosana) e antibiofilme (biomassa total e viabilidade celular) foram determinadas in vitro a partir de substâncias e produtos com possível aplicabilidade na desinfecção de linhas d\'água de equipos. As amostras de água das torneiras apresentaram carga bacteriana dentro do parâmetro estabelecido pela legislação brasileira, no entanto, as seringas tríplices e os alta rotação não. A implementação do protocolo para manutenção da qualidade microbiológica da água dos equipos demonstrou uma redução nas cargas bacteriana e fúngica apenas nos alta rotação. Enterobactérias e Legionella spp. não foram isoladas das amostras de água das torneiras e dos equipos. De acordo com a concentração inibitória mínima, o ácido cítrico, bicarbonato de sódio, cloreto de sódio, hipoclorito de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio demonstraram as melhores atividades antibacterianas. As melhores atividades antibiofilme (biomassa total) foram do peróxido de hidrogênio a 5% (E. coli e P. aeruginosa), ácido cítrico a 30% (P. aeruginosa) e bicarbonato de sódio a 30% (S. aureus). Os produtos (Wanitox A e Wanitox B) desenvolvidos apresentaram atividade antibiofilme (viabilidade celular) contra a E. coli e S. aureus. Assim, os produtos desenvolvidos nesta pesquisa apresentaram possível aplicabilidade no enfrentamento do biofilme nas linhas d\'água de equipos odontológicos, que permanece como um dos grandes desafios na odontologia. Ainda, pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para o aperfeiçoamento e aplicabilidade destes produtos. / In dentistry, biofilm formed on dental unit waterlines can disseminate microbial contamination in water. The objective of this research was to determine the microbial contamination of water from supplies and dental units before and after the implementation of a protocol for improvement and maintenance of microbiological water quality of water from dental units as well as to develop antibiofilm products with possible applicability in waterlines. The microbial load of water from 27 taps and dental units (reservoirs, air-water syringes and high-speed turbines) in a dental clinic was evaluated through a Petrifilm(TM) system (total aerobic bacteria and fungi) and conventional culture mediums (enterobacteria and Legionella spp.) in two distinct stages, being the second analysis performed after the implementation of a protocol for improvement and maintenance of microbiological water quality of water from dental units. Moreover, the antibacterial (minimum inhibitory concentration - sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, polysorbate 20 and chitosan) and antibiofilm (total biomass and cell viability) activities were determined in vitro from substances and products with possible applicability in disinfection of dental unit waterlines. The water samples from taps presented bacterial load within the parameter established by Brazilian legislation; however, air-water syringes and high-speed turbines did not. The protocol implementation for maintenance of microbiological water quality of water from dental units showed a decrease on bacterial and fungal loads only on high-speed turbines. Enterobacteria and Legionella spp. were not isolated from water samples from taps and dental units. According to minimum inhibitory concentration, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide showed the best antibacterial activities. The best antibiofilm activities (total biomass) were from 5% hydrogen peroxide (E. coli and P. aeruginosa), 30% citric acid (P. aeruginosa) and 30% sodium bicarbonate (S. aureus). The developed products (Wanitox A and Wanitox B) showed antibiofilm activity (cell viability) against E. coli and S. aureus. Thus, the products developed in this research presented a possible applicability in confrontation with biofilm on dental unit waterlines, and this remains as a major challenge in dentistry. Besides, additional researches are necessary for enhancement and applicability of these products.

This Diploma thesis deals with creation and realisation of extensions for medical dental unit Vizio. Specifically, it deals with electrotechnical solution and software for capacitive keyboard and with proposal of principle of control and regulation of speed for integrated brushless motor. The Diploma thesis contains both the description of used hardware components, and software solution implemented in assembly language. This device is already in commercial use.