Since World War II the Canadian military community has evolved to meet the needs of a permanent military force and has changed from the preserve of the single male to include women and families. Thus the Department of National Defence (DND) has become concerned with the welfare of military families as an integral part of military preparedness. A variety of accommodation policies were formulated and programs established to satisfy the needs of these families who worked and lived in such a unique environment. These policies and programs have emphasised housing and related infrastructure, and included both physical and social services. They have, in part, enabled DND to relieve many family related problems despite the disruptive lifestyle. However, as a result of evolutionary changes in the Canadian Forces, the lifestyle of Canadians and the general economic situation, concern has arisen that current DND policies relating to housing and service provision may no longer be appropriate or effective. This thesis looks at the lifestyle and unique difficulties of military families in order to evaluate the social impacts on the families resulting from accommodation policy. Although the general question of whether DND should even be in the business of creating and maintaining its own communities is complex and requires the consideration of many factors, this thesis limits itself to the social impacts of accommodation policies. Since it is generally perceived that social concerns have received limited consideration in the past, this thesis develops a framework to consider and include such concerns. This is done through: secondary research of analogous civilian communities and other military communities; primary data from recent DND family studies; informal interviews with families and decision-makers in the military community; and, the personal experience of the author as a member of the military community. There are four main findings. First, a framework based on Lichfield's Planning Balance Sheet methodology is a suitable and appropriate tool for assisting decision-makers in making informed choices. Second, the creation of a Non-Public Housing Society responding to DND but operated at arms-length, is seen as a viable housing policy alternative which deserves further study. Third, the social impacts on military families resulting from the municipalization of physical services are not significant. And fourth,.; social services when provided internally appear more successful. The unique lifestyle of military families is linked to operational effectiveness and military preparedness through the work/family environment. The importance of social planning on this interface is emphasized to encourage decision-makers to explicitly incorporate social planning into the decision-making process. The Planning Balance Sheet methodology is suggested as an appropriate one for this purpose. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Title: The effect of box (parabox) on respiratory functions in wheelchair dependent. Aim of thesis: The main objective of this thesis is to present a new kind of sport, a qualitative pilot case study exploring the impact of boxing on respiratory functions in people dependent on wheelchairs. Next prepare a proper research methodology and finally make independent measurements including subjective feeling records of participants. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first theoretical part, I tried to find out the latest information based on studies and research on the topic. Unfortunately, in the available literature the problem of people in wheelchairs has not yet been completely summarize and a significant number of publications relate exclusively to people with spinal cord lesions. In the second part of my thesis I include the aforementioned research monitories the chase in respiratory function, also depending on the subjective feelings of participants and their overall life valuation. Methodology: The research group consists of 3 participants - men fully attached to wheelchairs, training box once-twice a week. To fulfil the purpose of the research I used both clinical (spirometric measurements) and questionnaire (SQUALA) methods. Data was collected over a period of 2.5 months in the fall...

Military personnel are faced with having to move every three to four years, making it extremely difficult to build any equity in a home when they are forced to refinance their loan every time they buy and sell their home. This continuous churn of home loans over a 20 year career, results in military personnel ending their career with little equity in a home because they have primarily only paid the high interest portions of the loans to financial institutions and any equity gained from rising home prices is offset by closing costs. This research will review the current approaches to housing for military personnel, develop the stakeholders needs, propose new approaches to meet these needs, analyze these new approaches and identify the recommended new approaches. The major players in military home purchases have been the service member, Department of Defense, local real estate services, and financial institutions. Local real estate services and financial institutions are currently the groups benefiting from the churn of homes by service members so they have no obvious incentive to change. The research will break down the resources of each of these players and align them with new approaches to real estate. The new approaches listed below will establish the need for large property management/developers that have purchasing powers within the real estate markets similar to Wal-Mart/Sams Club within the consumer goods market. With the military base realignment and closure almost complete, Department of Defense looking to get out of the housing business and the military clearly at a low manning level, the markets are now primed for this transformation. New approaches include planned communities that are built specifically for military personnel and owned by the corporation. These communities can be strategically located near the bases (real estate values are often low adjacent to military bases), constructed according to the Basic Allowance for Housing (BAH) rate for each location, constructed for frequent resident moves, service contracts for maintenance, utilities maintained by corporation and then billed directly to residents, community center geared toward spouse and military activities and key business (veterinarian, pet boarding, video store, coffee shops, restaurants, military gear store, etc). If the corporation owned 2000 houses, there would be 4000 members with 30 year loans to maintain the equity for the homes.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 283-298). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 538-555). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / This thesis investigates the effect of marital and family status on the performance and job productivity of male U.S. Marine Corps officers. The analysis includes evaluation of fitness reports, retention, and promotion to O-4 and O-5 ranks as performance measures. The primary goal is to examine the existence of any marriage premium on officers' performance and productivity and to investigate potential causal hypotheses. The personnel database used for the analysis includes more than 27,000 male Marine officers who entered the Marine Corps between FY 1980 and 1999. After controlling for selection, estimating fixed effects and using panel data in order to capture timely-varying effects, this study finds that there is a marriage premium for all performance measures. The thesis rejects the explanation that such premiums are due to supervisor favoritism. Moreover, married male officers obtain higher fitness report scores, higher promotion probabilities, and higher retention probabilities than single officers. Each additional year spent in marriage increases fitness report scores and retention probabilities. Having additional non-spousal dependents increase fitness report scores and retention probabilities. On the other hand, being a currently single but "to-be-married" officer yields higher premium, as married officers, for all productivity and performance indicators. This supports selectivity into marriage as a partial explanation of the source of the marriage premium. / Lieutenant Junior Grade, Turkish Navy / First Lieutenant, Turkish Army

Ce travail dérive d'une recherche dont l'objectif principal a été de discuter quelles pédagogies sont utilisées pour aborder et traiter les jeunes qui ont une dépendance aux drogues chimiques ainsi qu'enquêter comment l'éducation se comporte dans ces cas. La question principale de cette enquête est: Quelle conception de l'éducation soutient de telles actions? L'éducation est-elle responsable de produire des chemins pour ces jeunes, autres que la mort annoncée? Je soutiens l'idée que l'éducation ouvre des perspectives importantes pour le développement humain ayant en vue que les individus sont constitués dans et par l'interaction sociale et historique. Dans l'étude des jeunes et leur exposition au "business de la drogue" - euphémisme de "business de la mort" - il a été possible de percevoir que ce qu'on appelle "d'éducation" dans le contexte des actions de l'État en relation aux "consommateurs de drogues" ou "dépendants chimiques" constitue une politique de retour du problème aux propres dépendants. Le travail accomplit par les ONG pour la Réduction des Méfaits, n'exclut pas les jeunes de la drogue puisque ceci n'est pas son but. Sa proposition est éducative et génère une pédagogie dont la perspective, obtenue par les réducteurs de méfaits, ne fait aucune intervention directe sur le pronostic de la mort annoncée par l'usage de drogue, par contre elle met en place selon la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits, la préservation de la vie et de leur conscience à ce sujet. Il est important dans ce processus d'établir de multiples interactions entre la jeunesse, les drogues, les réductions de méfaits et d'autres propositions de récupération face aux possibles actions éducatives de ce moment historique. Ce qui touche le champ empirique, j'ai enquêté l'ONG l'Industrie de la Solidarité : l'engagement avec la vie (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), située à Imbituba - Santa Catarina, qui intervient aussi dans les municipalités voisines. Avec une perspective ethnographique, j'ai suivi les réducteurs de méfaits dans leurs approches avec les jeunes et j'ai réalisé une observation participante, à la fois, lors des approches ainsi que lors des interventions dans leurs actions éducatives. En plus, j'ai pu constater comment l'insertion et l'acceptation de la proposition de réduction des méfaits se manifestent dans la communauté. J'ai fait des annotations du quotidien de l'ONG par le biais d'un journal de bord et j'ai recueilli des témoignages de consommateurs de drogues. Le deuxième champ empirique a été le Centre de Convivialité Écologie de l'Être (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser). Comme observatrice, en possession de mon journal de bord et d'entrevus avec la coordonnatrice, j'ai suivi des jeunes en cure depuis la période de désintoxication jusqu'au processus de réinsertion sociale, c'est alors que des objectifs comme le retour aux études/cours et la pratique du sport ont été mis en place. Ces jeunes ont écrit des témoignages décrivant leurs expériences jusqu'à présent et la signification de la drogue dans leurs vies. La compréhension de l'éducation comme possibilité pour l'être humain est le résultat du croisement de plusieurs expériences, d'avoir une autre perspective de créer des liens sociaux, d'être capable d'interpréter et conduire sa propre histoire à n'importe quelle époque de sa vie, c'est-à-dire d'avoir un futur ouvert. Je conclus en montrant les limites de la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits comme politique de l'État et les possibilités pédagogiques présentes en interventions qui viabilisent d'autres trajectoires pour les jeunes consommateurs en excluant le chemin de la dépendance chimique. / O presente trabalho deriva de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo central foi o de discutir que pedagogia(s) são utilizadas para abordar e tratar jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, os quais se constituem como dependentes químicos, bem como investigar como a educação se articula nessas relações. A questão central da investigação é: que concepção de educação sustenta tais ações? Ela produz pedagogias, ou seja, intervenções que possibilitem produzir outras trajetórias para esses jovens que não a da morte anunciada? Defendo a idéia de que a educação abre perspectivas importantes para o desenvolvimento humano, tendo em vista que os sujeitos se constituem nas e pelas interações sociais e históricas. No estudo dos jovens e sua exposição ao "negócio da droga" - eufemismo para "negócio da morte" -, foi possível perceber que o que se chama de "educação", no âmbito das ações do Estado em relação aos "usuários de drogas" ou "dependentes químicos", configura-se como política de devolução do problema aos próprios dependentes. O trabalho desenvolvido pelas ONGs para Redução de Danos não afastam os jovens das drogas, posto que esse não é seu intento. Sua proposta é educativa e gera uma pedagogia cuja perspectiva, concretizada pelos redutores de danos, não faz intervenção direta no prognóstico de morte anunciada pelo uso de drogas, mas coloca em ação a estratégia de Redução de Danos que tem em vista a preservação da vida e de sua consciência sobre ela. Foi importante, nesse processo, estabelecer múltiplas interações entre juventude(s), drogas, redução de danos e outras propostas de recuperação frente às ações educativas possíveis neste momento histórico. No que toca ao campo empírico, investiguei a ONG Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO, localizada em Imbituba - Santa Catarina, que atua também em municípios próximos. Com uma perspectiva etnográfica, acompanhei os redutores de danos em suas abordagens com jovens e realizei observação participante, tanto das abordagens como das intervenções em suas ações educativas. Além disso, observei como se expressam, na comunidade, a inserção e a aceitação da proposta de Redução de Danos. Registrei o cotidiano da ONG por meio de um diário de campo e coletei depoimentos de usuários de drogas. O segundo campo empírico foi o Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser, onde acompanhei - com observação, caderno de campo e entrevistas com a coordenadora da proposta - jovens internos desde o período de desintoxicação até o processo de reinserção social, quando colocaram em ação metas, como o retorno ao estudo, cursos e a prática de esportes. Esses jovens escreveram depoimentos, nos quais descreveram suas trajetórias até então e o significado da droga em suas escolhas de vida. Do cruzamento dessas várias experiências, resultou a compreensão da educação como possibilidade aberta para o ser humano, para ter outras perspectivas de relacionar-se socialmente, de ser capaz de interpretar e conduzir a própria história em qualquer época da sua vida, ou seja, de ter um futuro aberto. Concluo evidenciando os limites da estratégia de Redução de Danos como política estatal e as possibilidades pedagógicas presentes em intervenções que viabilizem outras trajetórias para os jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, que não a da dependência química. / The present work drifts of a research whose central objective was the discussing what pedagogy(ies) are used to approach and to treat young in contexts of the drugs use which are constituted as chemical dependents and to investigate how the education pronounces in those relationships. The main subject of the investigation is: what education conception does sustain such actions? Does it produce pedagogies, in other words, interventions that make possible to produce other paths for these young ones that not the announced death? I defend the idea that the education opens important perspectives for the human development, having in mind that the subjects are constituted in the and for the social and historical interactions. In the youth's study and their exhibition to the "business of the drug" - euphemism for "business of the death" - it was possible to notice that what calls her "education", in the scope of the State actions in relation to the "users of drugs" or "chemical dependents" is configured as devolution politics of the problem to the own dependents. The work developed by NGOs for Reduction of Damages does not moves away young people of the drugs, although it is not its project. Its proposal is educational and it generates a pedagogy whose perspective, realized by the reducers of damages, does not do direct interventions in the prognosis of announced death by the use of drugs, but it places in action the Reduction of damage strategy that aims the preservation of the life and their conscience about it. It was important, in that process, to establish multiple interactions among youth, drugs, reduction of damages and other proposals of recovery front to the possible educational actions at this historical moment. In relation to the empirical field, I investigated NGO Solidarity Industry: commitment with the life (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), located in Imbituba - Santa Catarina, which also acts in close municipal districts. With an ethnographic perspective, I accompanied the reducers of damages in their approaches with young people and I accomplished participant observation, as much of the approaches as of the interventions in their educational actions. Besides, I observed the insertion and acceptance of the proposal to Reduction of damages are expressed in the community. I registered the daily of NGO through a field diary and I collected users of drugs depositions. The second empirical field was the Center of Living Ecology of the Being (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser), where I accompanied - with observation, field notebook and interviews with the coordinator of the proposal - internal youth from their desintoxication period to the process of social reinsertion, when they put in action goals, such as the return to the study, courses and the practice of sports. These young ones wrote depositions in which they describe their paths and the meaning of the drug in their choices of life. Of the crossing of those several experiences, it resulted the understanding of the education as open possibility for the human being, to have other perspectives to be connected with the society, being able to interpret and to lead the own history in any time of their life, in other words, having an open future. I conclude evidencing the limits of the Reduction of Damages strategy as state politics, and the present pedagogic possibilities in interventions that make possible other trajectory for the youth in use of drugs contexts, that no the one of the chemical dependence.

Ce travail dérive d'une recherche dont l'objectif principal a été de discuter quelles pédagogies sont utilisées pour aborder et traiter les jeunes qui ont une dépendance aux drogues chimiques ainsi qu'enquêter comment l'éducation se comporte dans ces cas. La question principale de cette enquête est: Quelle conception de l'éducation soutient de telles actions? L'éducation est-elle responsable de produire des chemins pour ces jeunes, autres que la mort annoncée? Je soutiens l'idée que l'éducation ouvre des perspectives importantes pour le développement humain ayant en vue que les individus sont constitués dans et par l'interaction sociale et historique. Dans l'étude des jeunes et leur exposition au "business de la drogue" - euphémisme de "business de la mort" - il a été possible de percevoir que ce qu'on appelle "d'éducation" dans le contexte des actions de l'État en relation aux "consommateurs de drogues" ou "dépendants chimiques" constitue une politique de retour du problème aux propres dépendants. Le travail accomplit par les ONG pour la Réduction des Méfaits, n'exclut pas les jeunes de la drogue puisque ceci n'est pas son but. Sa proposition est éducative et génère une pédagogie dont la perspective, obtenue par les réducteurs de méfaits, ne fait aucune intervention directe sur le pronostic de la mort annoncée par l'usage de drogue, par contre elle met en place selon la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits, la préservation de la vie et de leur conscience à ce sujet. Il est important dans ce processus d'établir de multiples interactions entre la jeunesse, les drogues, les réductions de méfaits et d'autres propositions de récupération face aux possibles actions éducatives de ce moment historique. Ce qui touche le champ empirique, j'ai enquêté l'ONG l'Industrie de la Solidarité : l'engagement avec la vie (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), située à Imbituba - Santa Catarina, qui intervient aussi dans les municipalités voisines. Avec une perspective ethnographique, j'ai suivi les réducteurs de méfaits dans leurs approches avec les jeunes et j'ai réalisé une observation participante, à la fois, lors des approches ainsi que lors des interventions dans leurs actions éducatives. En plus, j'ai pu constater comment l'insertion et l'acceptation de la proposition de réduction des méfaits se manifestent dans la communauté. J'ai fait des annotations du quotidien de l'ONG par le biais d'un journal de bord et j'ai recueilli des témoignages de consommateurs de drogues. Le deuxième champ empirique a été le Centre de Convivialité Écologie de l'Être (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser). Comme observatrice, en possession de mon journal de bord et d'entrevus avec la coordonnatrice, j'ai suivi des jeunes en cure depuis la période de désintoxication jusqu'au processus de réinsertion sociale, c'est alors que des objectifs comme le retour aux études/cours et la pratique du sport ont été mis en place. Ces jeunes ont écrit des témoignages décrivant leurs expériences jusqu'à présent et la signification de la drogue dans leurs vies. La compréhension de l'éducation comme possibilité pour l'être humain est le résultat du croisement de plusieurs expériences, d'avoir une autre perspective de créer des liens sociaux, d'être capable d'interpréter et conduire sa propre histoire à n'importe quelle époque de sa vie, c'est-à-dire d'avoir un futur ouvert. Je conclus en montrant les limites de la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits comme politique de l'État et les possibilités pédagogiques présentes en interventions qui viabilisent d'autres trajectoires pour les jeunes consommateurs en excluant le chemin de la dépendance chimique. / O presente trabalho deriva de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo central foi o de discutir que pedagogia(s) são utilizadas para abordar e tratar jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, os quais se constituem como dependentes químicos, bem como investigar como a educação se articula nessas relações. A questão central da investigação é: que concepção de educação sustenta tais ações? Ela produz pedagogias, ou seja, intervenções que possibilitem produzir outras trajetórias para esses jovens que não a da morte anunciada? Defendo a idéia de que a educação abre perspectivas importantes para o desenvolvimento humano, tendo em vista que os sujeitos se constituem nas e pelas interações sociais e históricas. No estudo dos jovens e sua exposição ao "negócio da droga" - eufemismo para "negócio da morte" -, foi possível perceber que o que se chama de "educação", no âmbito das ações do Estado em relação aos "usuários de drogas" ou "dependentes químicos", configura-se como política de devolução do problema aos próprios dependentes. O trabalho desenvolvido pelas ONGs para Redução de Danos não afastam os jovens das drogas, posto que esse não é seu intento. Sua proposta é educativa e gera uma pedagogia cuja perspectiva, concretizada pelos redutores de danos, não faz intervenção direta no prognóstico de morte anunciada pelo uso de drogas, mas coloca em ação a estratégia de Redução de Danos que tem em vista a preservação da vida e de sua consciência sobre ela. Foi importante, nesse processo, estabelecer múltiplas interações entre juventude(s), drogas, redução de danos e outras propostas de recuperação frente às ações educativas possíveis neste momento histórico. No que toca ao campo empírico, investiguei a ONG Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO, localizada em Imbituba - Santa Catarina, que atua também em municípios próximos. Com uma perspectiva etnográfica, acompanhei os redutores de danos em suas abordagens com jovens e realizei observação participante, tanto das abordagens como das intervenções em suas ações educativas. Além disso, observei como se expressam, na comunidade, a inserção e a aceitação da proposta de Redução de Danos. Registrei o cotidiano da ONG por meio de um diário de campo e coletei depoimentos de usuários de drogas. O segundo campo empírico foi o Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser, onde acompanhei - com observação, caderno de campo e entrevistas com a coordenadora da proposta - jovens internos desde o período de desintoxicação até o processo de reinserção social, quando colocaram em ação metas, como o retorno ao estudo, cursos e a prática de esportes. Esses jovens escreveram depoimentos, nos quais descreveram suas trajetórias até então e o significado da droga em suas escolhas de vida. Do cruzamento dessas várias experiências, resultou a compreensão da educação como possibilidade aberta para o ser humano, para ter outras perspectivas de relacionar-se socialmente, de ser capaz de interpretar e conduzir a própria história em qualquer época da sua vida, ou seja, de ter um futuro aberto. Concluo evidenciando os limites da estratégia de Redução de Danos como política estatal e as possibilidades pedagógicas presentes em intervenções que viabilizem outras trajetórias para os jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, que não a da dependência química. / The present work drifts of a research whose central objective was the discussing what pedagogy(ies) are used to approach and to treat young in contexts of the drugs use which are constituted as chemical dependents and to investigate how the education pronounces in those relationships. The main subject of the investigation is: what education conception does sustain such actions? Does it produce pedagogies, in other words, interventions that make possible to produce other paths for these young ones that not the announced death? I defend the idea that the education opens important perspectives for the human development, having in mind that the subjects are constituted in the and for the social and historical interactions. In the youth's study and their exhibition to the "business of the drug" - euphemism for "business of the death" - it was possible to notice that what calls her "education", in the scope of the State actions in relation to the "users of drugs" or "chemical dependents" is configured as devolution politics of the problem to the own dependents. The work developed by NGOs for Reduction of Damages does not moves away young people of the drugs, although it is not its project. Its proposal is educational and it generates a pedagogy whose perspective, realized by the reducers of damages, does not do direct interventions in the prognosis of announced death by the use of drugs, but it places in action the Reduction of damage strategy that aims the preservation of the life and their conscience about it. It was important, in that process, to establish multiple interactions among youth, drugs, reduction of damages and other proposals of recovery front to the possible educational actions at this historical moment. In relation to the empirical field, I investigated NGO Solidarity Industry: commitment with the life (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), located in Imbituba - Santa Catarina, which also acts in close municipal districts. With an ethnographic perspective, I accompanied the reducers of damages in their approaches with young people and I accomplished participant observation, as much of the approaches as of the interventions in their educational actions. Besides, I observed the insertion and acceptance of the proposal to Reduction of damages are expressed in the community. I registered the daily of NGO through a field diary and I collected users of drugs depositions. The second empirical field was the Center of Living Ecology of the Being (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser), where I accompanied - with observation, field notebook and interviews with the coordinator of the proposal - internal youth from their desintoxication period to the process of social reinsertion, when they put in action goals, such as the return to the study, courses and the practice of sports. These young ones wrote depositions in which they describe their paths and the meaning of the drug in their choices of life. Of the crossing of those several experiences, it resulted the understanding of the education as open possibility for the human being, to have other perspectives to be connected with the society, being able to interpret and to lead the own history in any time of their life, in other words, having an open future. I conclude evidencing the limits of the Reduction of Damages strategy as state politics, and the present pedagogic possibilities in interventions that make possible other trajectory for the youth in use of drugs contexts, that no the one of the chemical dependence.

Ce travail dérive d'une recherche dont l'objectif principal a été de discuter quelles pédagogies sont utilisées pour aborder et traiter les jeunes qui ont une dépendance aux drogues chimiques ainsi qu'enquêter comment l'éducation se comporte dans ces cas. La question principale de cette enquête est: Quelle conception de l'éducation soutient de telles actions? L'éducation est-elle responsable de produire des chemins pour ces jeunes, autres que la mort annoncée? Je soutiens l'idée que l'éducation ouvre des perspectives importantes pour le développement humain ayant en vue que les individus sont constitués dans et par l'interaction sociale et historique. Dans l'étude des jeunes et leur exposition au "business de la drogue" - euphémisme de "business de la mort" - il a été possible de percevoir que ce qu'on appelle "d'éducation" dans le contexte des actions de l'État en relation aux "consommateurs de drogues" ou "dépendants chimiques" constitue une politique de retour du problème aux propres dépendants. Le travail accomplit par les ONG pour la Réduction des Méfaits, n'exclut pas les jeunes de la drogue puisque ceci n'est pas son but. Sa proposition est éducative et génère une pédagogie dont la perspective, obtenue par les réducteurs de méfaits, ne fait aucune intervention directe sur le pronostic de la mort annoncée par l'usage de drogue, par contre elle met en place selon la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits, la préservation de la vie et de leur conscience à ce sujet. Il est important dans ce processus d'établir de multiples interactions entre la jeunesse, les drogues, les réductions de méfaits et d'autres propositions de récupération face aux possibles actions éducatives de ce moment historique. Ce qui touche le champ empirique, j'ai enquêté l'ONG l'Industrie de la Solidarité : l'engagement avec la vie (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), située à Imbituba - Santa Catarina, qui intervient aussi dans les municipalités voisines. Avec une perspective ethnographique, j'ai suivi les réducteurs de méfaits dans leurs approches avec les jeunes et j'ai réalisé une observation participante, à la fois, lors des approches ainsi que lors des interventions dans leurs actions éducatives. En plus, j'ai pu constater comment l'insertion et l'acceptation de la proposition de réduction des méfaits se manifestent dans la communauté. J'ai fait des annotations du quotidien de l'ONG par le biais d'un journal de bord et j'ai recueilli des témoignages de consommateurs de drogues. Le deuxième champ empirique a été le Centre de Convivialité Écologie de l'Être (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser). Comme observatrice, en possession de mon journal de bord et d'entrevus avec la coordonnatrice, j'ai suivi des jeunes en cure depuis la période de désintoxication jusqu'au processus de réinsertion sociale, c'est alors que des objectifs comme le retour aux études/cours et la pratique du sport ont été mis en place. Ces jeunes ont écrit des témoignages décrivant leurs expériences jusqu'à présent et la signification de la drogue dans leurs vies. La compréhension de l'éducation comme possibilité pour l'être humain est le résultat du croisement de plusieurs expériences, d'avoir une autre perspective de créer des liens sociaux, d'être capable d'interpréter et conduire sa propre histoire à n'importe quelle époque de sa vie, c'est-à-dire d'avoir un futur ouvert. Je conclus en montrant les limites de la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits comme politique de l'État et les possibilités pédagogiques présentes en interventions qui viabilisent d'autres trajectoires pour les jeunes consommateurs en excluant le chemin de la dépendance chimique. / O presente trabalho deriva de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo central foi o de discutir que pedagogia(s) são utilizadas para abordar e tratar jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, os quais se constituem como dependentes químicos, bem como investigar como a educação se articula nessas relações. A questão central da investigação é: que concepção de educação sustenta tais ações? Ela produz pedagogias, ou seja, intervenções que possibilitem produzir outras trajetórias para esses jovens que não a da morte anunciada? Defendo a idéia de que a educação abre perspectivas importantes para o desenvolvimento humano, tendo em vista que os sujeitos se constituem nas e pelas interações sociais e históricas. No estudo dos jovens e sua exposição ao "negócio da droga" - eufemismo para "negócio da morte" -, foi possível perceber que o que se chama de "educação", no âmbito das ações do Estado em relação aos "usuários de drogas" ou "dependentes químicos", configura-se como política de devolução do problema aos próprios dependentes. O trabalho desenvolvido pelas ONGs para Redução de Danos não afastam os jovens das drogas, posto que esse não é seu intento. Sua proposta é educativa e gera uma pedagogia cuja perspectiva, concretizada pelos redutores de danos, não faz intervenção direta no prognóstico de morte anunciada pelo uso de drogas, mas coloca em ação a estratégia de Redução de Danos que tem em vista a preservação da vida e de sua consciência sobre ela. Foi importante, nesse processo, estabelecer múltiplas interações entre juventude(s), drogas, redução de danos e outras propostas de recuperação frente às ações educativas possíveis neste momento histórico. No que toca ao campo empírico, investiguei a ONG Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO, localizada em Imbituba - Santa Catarina, que atua também em municípios próximos. Com uma perspectiva etnográfica, acompanhei os redutores de danos em suas abordagens com jovens e realizei observação participante, tanto das abordagens como das intervenções em suas ações educativas. Além disso, observei como se expressam, na comunidade, a inserção e a aceitação da proposta de Redução de Danos. Registrei o cotidiano da ONG por meio de um diário de campo e coletei depoimentos de usuários de drogas. O segundo campo empírico foi o Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser, onde acompanhei - com observação, caderno de campo e entrevistas com a coordenadora da proposta - jovens internos desde o período de desintoxicação até o processo de reinserção social, quando colocaram em ação metas, como o retorno ao estudo, cursos e a prática de esportes. Esses jovens escreveram depoimentos, nos quais descreveram suas trajetórias até então e o significado da droga em suas escolhas de vida. Do cruzamento dessas várias experiências, resultou a compreensão da educação como possibilidade aberta para o ser humano, para ter outras perspectivas de relacionar-se socialmente, de ser capaz de interpretar e conduzir a própria história em qualquer época da sua vida, ou seja, de ter um futuro aberto. Concluo evidenciando os limites da estratégia de Redução de Danos como política estatal e as possibilidades pedagógicas presentes em intervenções que viabilizem outras trajetórias para os jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, que não a da dependência química. / The present work drifts of a research whose central objective was the discussing what pedagogy(ies) are used to approach and to treat young in contexts of the drugs use which are constituted as chemical dependents and to investigate how the education pronounces in those relationships. The main subject of the investigation is: what education conception does sustain such actions? Does it produce pedagogies, in other words, interventions that make possible to produce other paths for these young ones that not the announced death? I defend the idea that the education opens important perspectives for the human development, having in mind that the subjects are constituted in the and for the social and historical interactions. In the youth's study and their exhibition to the "business of the drug" - euphemism for "business of the death" - it was possible to notice that what calls her "education", in the scope of the State actions in relation to the "users of drugs" or "chemical dependents" is configured as devolution politics of the problem to the own dependents. The work developed by NGOs for Reduction of Damages does not moves away young people of the drugs, although it is not its project. Its proposal is educational and it generates a pedagogy whose perspective, realized by the reducers of damages, does not do direct interventions in the prognosis of announced death by the use of drugs, but it places in action the Reduction of damage strategy that aims the preservation of the life and their conscience about it. It was important, in that process, to establish multiple interactions among youth, drugs, reduction of damages and other proposals of recovery front to the possible educational actions at this historical moment. In relation to the empirical field, I investigated NGO Solidarity Industry: commitment with the life (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), located in Imbituba - Santa Catarina, which also acts in close municipal districts. With an ethnographic perspective, I accompanied the reducers of damages in their approaches with young people and I accomplished participant observation, as much of the approaches as of the interventions in their educational actions. Besides, I observed the insertion and acceptance of the proposal to Reduction of damages are expressed in the community. I registered the daily of NGO through a field diary and I collected users of drugs depositions. The second empirical field was the Center of Living Ecology of the Being (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser), where I accompanied - with observation, field notebook and interviews with the coordinator of the proposal - internal youth from their desintoxication period to the process of social reinsertion, when they put in action goals, such as the return to the study, courses and the practice of sports. These young ones wrote depositions in which they describe their paths and the meaning of the drug in their choices of life. Of the crossing of those several experiences, it resulted the understanding of the education as open possibility for the human being, to have other perspectives to be connected with the society, being able to interpret and to lead the own history in any time of their life, in other words, having an open future. I conclude evidencing the limits of the Reduction of Damages strategy as state politics, and the present pedagogic possibilities in interventions that make possible other trajectory for the youth in use of drugs contexts, that no the one of the chemical dependence.

This research investigated changes in self-esteem and whether the origin and development of that self-esteem could be described in adult females participating in a GED program located at an Army Community Outreach Center. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was used to measure the self-esteem of 22 female family members of military personnel who did not adequately complete a high school program in the United States. Data were collected through interviews, daily journal writings, questionnaires, instructor's written observations, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.