Operation Iraqi Freedom launched with the backing of U.S. Coalition Forces (CF) on March 20, 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein from power. The United States occupied Iraq by bombing and cleansing Iraq of weapons (Dahabour 105-130). During the first year of occupation U.S. soldiers at the detention facility Abu Ghraib tortured detainees in their charge. This torture becomes known to the public through worldwide media coverage in May 2004. My thesis will cover my service as a Military Police officer (MP) at Abu Ghraib from December 2005-August 2006. During my tour of duty at Abu Ghraib I was required to complete the military goals for success which conflicted with some of my own beliefs and moral values. In this thesis I write an autobiographical description of my nine months of duty as an MP at the U.S. military Forward Operating Base (FOB) Abu Ghraib. I use my own photographs to recreate the environment as vividly as possible for my story. This thesis helps to explain some of the frustrations that U.S. military personnel experience. The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) needs to conduct, and implement research on how to prevent military personnel from torturing detainees. After the research is conducted the DOD needs to implement that research in detainee operations. That includes a need for more realistic detainee operations training that emphasizes not torturing detainees, and it should be the standard for all the U.S. military branches.

For over two decades, the United States imprisoned and detained hundreds of suspected terrorists at the United States Naval Base in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. While many of these prisoners were suspected of being terrorists, no formal charges were ever levied against the detainees. All of the prisoners detained were considered non-citizens of the United States. They were not citizens of either Cuba or the United States. Instead, they were citizens of another country. While the legal precedent in the United States' territorial jurisdiction is that non-citizens are granted specific Constitutional rights, Guantánamo Bay was a legal black hole to which the United States had not claimed territorial jurisdiction. This paper seeks to understand if the prisoners at Guantánamo Bay held any Constitutional rights when they were brought to the Naval Base. Through the examination of the Supreme Court cases that dealt with non-citizen prisoners located outside of the United States borders and through the classification of the prisoners as unlawful enemy combatants, the question of the legal rights held by these prisoners will be answered. A better understanding of the events that transpired at Guantánamo Bay will allow the United States federal government and subsequent intelligence communities better insight into the rights that non-citizens possess.

Hunger strikes are used as a method of protest to call attention to grievances or political positions and galvanize support for a cause. Historical examples from pre-Christian Europe through Guantanamo Bay have demonstrated various motives, interventions, and outcomes to this unique form of protest. Starvation causes life-threatening damage to the body, and to intervene on an unwilling subject involves invasive medical procedures. As scholars have debated how to approach this medical-ethical dilemma, a tug-of-war exists between autonomy, beneficence, and social justice with regard to the rights of prisoners of war (POWs) and detainees. International documents, legislation, and case law demonstrate vast support for and place precedence on the prisoners right to make their own autonomous, informed medical decisions, and many in the international community lean towards abstaining from intervention on hunger strikes on the basis of patient autonomy. However, there are notable arguments both for and against force-feeding that have been well documented. Despite the vast international dialogue, there is a key component that seems to have been forgotten—the environment within which the prisoner or detainee resides is immersed with coercive and manipulative activity and interrogation on a regular basis. This environment may impede the ability for the POW or detainee to make an autonomous decision and then leads to the refusal of life-saving, medical intervention on the basis of a decision that is markedly coerced or manipulated. It is therefore noted that a different lens must be used to analyze hunger strike situations for this specific population. / Urban Bioethics

In this study the nature and extent of the sexual assault and rape of male sentenced offenders and awaiting-trial detainees in Pretoria Local Correctional Centre were investigated. Prison gangs, overcrowding of correctional centres, the involvement of correctional officials and the sexual orientation of the potential victim were highlighted as risk factors in the sexual assault and rape of male offenders and awaiting-trial detainees. As this study focused on both the victim and the offender of male-on-male sexual assault and rape, both victimological and criminological theories were used as a theoretical basis. Creswell’s dominant-less-dominant model of combination was used in this study, with the dominant model being the qualitative methodology, and the less-dominant model the quantitative methodology. Non-purposive sampling was used, as the researcher could not identify the victims and/or perpetrators of male-on-male sexual assault and rape individually. In order to obtain in-depth information on the research participants’ experiences of sexual activities and rape in the correctional centre, face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with one hundred research participants. After the analysis and interpretation of the data, it became evident that male-on-male sexual assault and rape, as well as consensual sexual activities, do occur in this correctional centre. Research participants highlighted four types of sexual engagements in this correctional centre, namely the need for emotional sex, survival sex, compliant sex and forced sexual acts. The reasons offered for the occurrence of rape in this correctional centre include that an agreement had not been reached between inmates and because of that the rape will take place, corruption by correctional officials, the involvement of prison gangs and the use of deception by the perpetrators. Six research participants revealed that they had been the victims of rape. All the victims were raped within days or weeks after their arrival at the correctional centre. Five of the victims did not receive medical treatment after the rape, and none of the victims received counselling or therapy after the rape. Five of the research participants reported that they had sexually assaulted and/or raped other inmates. Four of the perpetrators were awaiting trial for an aggressive offence (armed robbery) and one for a sexual offence (rape). The perpetrators forced their victims to engage in oral sex, inter-femoral sex and anal sex. The aims of the study were reached and recommendations for further research were also made. Emanating from the feedback of the participants as well as the literature review, the researcher developed an Offender Sexual Assault Protocol. The Department of Correctional Services can use this protocol to reduce and manage sexual assault and rape in male correctional facilities. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Approved for public release / The atrocities committed by Americans at Abu Ghraib shocked the collective American moral conscience. Guilty of inhumane treatment of its prisoners there, Abu Ghraib did immeasurable damage to U.S. credibility and made clear that American detainee policy is off-track and needs to comply with objective standards of law, morality, and operational effectiveness. The emotional aftermath of 9/11 created a politically permissive environment within which the military organizational structures was unsuited for the critical tasks assigned to them relative to the context of the Bush Administration’s “new paradigm.” Two issues sit at the forefront of the political context of U.S. detainee policy: war powers and human rights. This thesis will utilize a synthesized decision-making model to analyze the President’s decisions leading to the current detainee policy. Policy alternatives require smaller corrections to bureaucratic process, not a major reorganization of bureaucratic structure. This thesis will provide policy-makers with a moral and legal framework for a corrected detainee policy. Adoption of the full framework of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, including U.S. ratification of Additional Protocols I and II (1977), provides the best framework to combat transnational insurgency, while retaining the moral and legal high ground required of the world’s superpower. / Major, United States Air Force

Trata-se do estudo da casuística internacional sobre as violações cometidas pelos Estados Unidos da América contra o artigo 36 da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A Corte Internacional de Justiça e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos interpretam, regulamentam e aprimoram o direito de informação sobre assistência consular para preso estrangeiro, que deixa de ser visto como um direito puramente inter-Estatal por ambos os tribunais. Abordamse questões de Direito Internacional Público, como a força vinculante das decisões da Corte Internacional de Justiça, e sua íntima relação com o direito interno do Estado parte do tratado, inclusive com relação aos Estados terceiros ao litígio internacional, como o Brasil. Em sendo um componente do pacote das garantias do devido processo legal, o prejuízo causado ao réu estrangeiro pela falta de informação sobre o direito de assistência consular pode ensejar o reconhecimento de nulidade processual penal absoluta. / This is the study of international cases relating the violations committed by the United States of America against the article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. The International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have the opportunity to interpret, regulate and enhance the right to information on consular assistance to foreign detainee, who is no longer seen as a purely inter-State law by both Courts. The study addresses issues of Public International Law, as the binding force of decisions of the International Court of Justice, and its close relationship with the Domestic Law of the State party to the treaty, including with respect to third states to the international dispute. Considered a human right, part of the package of guarantees of due process, the demonstrated prejudice caused to the foreign defendant for lack of information about his right to consular assistance may cause the recognition of absolute nullity of criminal procedure.

Trata-se do estudo da casuística internacional sobre as violações cometidas pelos Estados Unidos da América contra o artigo 36 da Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A Corte Internacional de Justiça e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos interpretam, regulamentam e aprimoram o direito de informação sobre assistência consular para preso estrangeiro, que deixa de ser visto como um direito puramente inter-Estatal por ambos os tribunais. Abordamse questões de Direito Internacional Público, como a força vinculante das decisões da Corte Internacional de Justiça, e sua íntima relação com o direito interno do Estado parte do tratado, inclusive com relação aos Estados terceiros ao litígio internacional, como o Brasil. Em sendo um componente do pacote das garantias do devido processo legal, o prejuízo causado ao réu estrangeiro pela falta de informação sobre o direito de assistência consular pode ensejar o reconhecimento de nulidade processual penal absoluta. / This is the study of international cases relating the violations committed by the United States of America against the article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963. The International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have the opportunity to interpret, regulate and enhance the right to information on consular assistance to foreign detainee, who is no longer seen as a purely inter-State law by both Courts. The study addresses issues of Public International Law, as the binding force of decisions of the International Court of Justice, and its close relationship with the Domestic Law of the State party to the treaty, including with respect to third states to the international dispute. Considered a human right, part of the package of guarantees of due process, the demonstrated prejudice caused to the foreign defendant for lack of information about his right to consular assistance may cause the recognition of absolute nullity of criminal procedure.

Notre thèse, La construction des identités carcérales dans le discours des prisonniers. Approche comparée français et roumain, propose une analyse des milieux carcéraux français et roumain dans une perspective sociolinguistique. Nous proposons une vision pluridisciplinaire de l’analyse du milieu de réclusion, ainsi que du discours carcéral en vue de comprendre les manifestations langagières des sujets-parlants constituant notre échantillon. Pour ce qui est de la mise en pratique du discours de la prison, notre thèse la discute en termes de prémisse pour l’expression de l’identité multiple du sujet-parlant détenu et comme moyen d’intégration sociale de celui-ci dans le nouveau groupe social. Le principe qui est à la base de cette recherche est celui de valorisation. Pour avoir une vision complexe du monde carcéral, nous puisons à la fois dans des sciences linguistiques et non linguistiques qui permettent, d’une part, la compréhension du milieu de réclusion en tant que milieu dichotomique et clos, et, d’autre part, l’ouverture de pistes de recherche sociolinguistique. Cette thèse à été construite suite à un travail de terrain auprès de 100 personnes privées de liberté et grâce à la connaissance in situ de ce que nous appelons intimité carcérale. Nous partons de la définition de ce concept pour mieux mettre en évidence l’écart qui s’établit entre l’individuel déviant et la collectivité normative, plus précisément pour souligner l’essence de la psychologie sociale, c’est-à-dire « le conflit entre l’individu et la société. » Notre recherche analyse deux hypostases du sujet-parlant détenu : dans son milieu quotidien, lors du processus de socialisation et de construction de l’identité carcérale multiple à l’aide des relations non officielles et dans des situations de communication officielle. Cette thèse est composée de 3 parties, avec un total de 6 chapitres. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur le contexte social caractérisant les deux milieux de réclusion, ce dernier devenant progressivement le point d’appui pour la mise en discussion des identités carcérales. / Our thesis, Construction of prison-related identities in detainees’ speech. A comparative vision on the French and Romanian fields, of Romanian and French prison-related environments proposes an analysis from a sociolinguistic perspective. We put forth a multidisciplinary analysis of the prison-related environment and of the prison speech with the purpose of understanding the linguistic manifestations and behaviours of the subject-speakers making up our sample group. As concerns the putting into practice of detainees’ speech, our thesis considers it as a premise for the expression of the multiple identity of the detainee subject-speaker and as a means for his social reintegration into the new social group. The principle underlying the current research is that of exploitation of results. In order to have a complex vision of the prison-related world, we put together linguistic and non-linguistic sciences which could allow us, on the one hand, to understand the prison-related environment as a closed and dichotomic environment and, on the other hand, to open up new sociolinguistic researches. The current thesis was built as a result of a field work which meant getting into contact with 100 persons in custody and getting to know in situ what we call prison-related intimacy. We start out in our scientific approach by defining this concept to underline the distance between the deviant individual and the regulatory collectivity, more exactly to point out the essence of the social psychology, which is "the conflict between the individual and the society". Our research analyses two aspects of the detainee subject-speaker: in its daily environment, during the process of socializing and building the multiple prison-related identity by means of the unofficial relationships and in official communication situations. The thesis is structured in three parts, having a total of 6 chapters. In the first part, we concentrate on the social context characterizing the two prison-related environments, the latter progressively becoming a support point in discussing the prison-related identities. / Teza noastră, Construirea identităţilor carcerale în discursul deţinuţilor. O viziune comparată asupra domeniilor francez şi român, a mediilor carcerale francez şi român propune o analiză din perspectivă sociolingvistiă. Propunem o analiză pluridisciplinară a mediului carceral şi a discursului închisorii cu scopul de a înţelege manifestările şi comportamentele lingvistice ale subiecţilor-vorbitori care constitue eşantionul nostru. In ceea ce priveşte punerea în practică a discursului deţinuţilor, teza noastră îl discută ca premisă a exprimării identităţii multiple a subiectului-vorbitor deţinut şi ca mijloc de integrare socială a acestuia în cadrul noului grup social. Principiul care stă la baza acestei cercetări este cel al valorizării. Pentru a avea o viziune complexă asupra lumii carcerale, reunim ştiinţe lingvistice si nelingvistice care să ne permită, pe de o parte, înţelegerea mediului carceral ca mediu dihotomic şi închis şi, pe de alta parte, deschiderea de piste de cercetare sociolingvistică. Această teză a fost construită ca urmare a unei munci de teren care a însemnat contactarea a 100 de persoane private de libertate şi cunoasterea la faţa locului a ceea ce noi numim intimitate carcerală. Plecăm în demersul nostru ştiinţific de la definirea acestui concept pentru a pune în evidenţa distanţa care se stabileşte între individualul deviant şi colectivitatea normativă, mai exact pentru a sublinia esenţa psihologiei sociale, adică « conflictul intre individ si societate. » Cercetarea noastră analizează doua ipostaze ale subiectului-vorbitor deţinut : în mediul său cotidian, în timpul procesului de socializare şi de construire a identităţii carcerale multiple cu ajutorul relaţiilor neoficiale şi în situaţii de comunicare oficiale. Această teză este structurată în 3 părţi, cu un total de 6 capitole. In prima sa parte, ne concentrăm pe contextul social ce caracterizează cele două medii carcerale, acesta din urmă devenind progresiv punctul de sprjin în discutarea identităţilor carcerale.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees every person a fair trial; the right to a fair trial right trial must begin and conclude within a reasonable time and without undue delay. Internationally the same guarantees and protections are available to unconvicted suspects. However, the South African criminal justice system lacks behind internationally and falls short of promoting these guarantees. Investigation was done on delays in commencing and finalising trials in light of constitutional provisions, the consequence and the impact of the delay with discussion on prison conditions and overcrowding with reference to the Constitutiton, legislation and case law. Delayed trial, prison overcrowding and poor prison conditions are still an issue in South Africa and there needs to be positive change to enforce and practice prescribed directives. South Africa‟s justice system through its servants, need to do more to gain a higher status of having a constitutionally democratic country that fully promotes‟ rights of detainees. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LLM

Pendant l’Antiquité tardive, en Occident, les prisonniers reçoivent de l’aide pour supporter leur condition ou pour y échapper. Ceux qui sont détenus par une autorité judiciaire sont soutenus matériellement et psychologiquement sans restriction légale, mais leurs bienfaiteurs se heurtent à l’arbitraire de surveillants parfois corrompus. Le sentiment d’humiliation associé à la prison est nuancé au sein des communautés chrétiennes victimes des persécutions, car celles-ci attribuent à l’emprisonnement une signification religieuse. Les prisonniers de guerre sont rapatriés, notamment grâce à la pratique du rachat, et bénéficient du droit de postliminium qui leur permet de retrouver leur statut juridique antérieur à leur retour. Néanmoins, ils ont désormais l’obligation légale de rembourser leur bienfaiteur pour que s’applique ce droit et, à défaut, sont placés dans la dépendance de celui-ci. Quant au pouvoir romain, il fait du retour sans contrepartie des captifs une condition de paix impérative, signe d’une domination incontestée. La christianisation des sociétés impériale puis romano-barbares accroît l’intérêt pour la condition des prisonniers. A partir du Ve siècle, les efforts en faveur des prisonniers de guerre s’intensifient dans un contexte où leur nombre est multiplié en raison du recul et de l’effacement de l’Empire romain. L’Eglise intègre à son action charitable la libération et l’entretien des captifs de même que l’assistance aux détenus, qu’ils soient accusés ou condamnés. Désormais promu à un rôle de protecteur des cités, l’évêque assume cette fonction en portant secours aux prisonniers, et consolide ainsi son nouveau rang social et politique. / In the Late Antique West, prisoners are being helped in order to bear the bad conditions of their captivity or to be liberated. The inmates often receive visits and material as well as psychological support without any legal restriction. Yet, benefactors have often difficulties with the guards who take arbitrary decisions and are sometimes corrupted. Prison is no longer only a humiliating place because it is given a religious meaning by Christians during the persecutions. Captives are liberated, particularly by being redeemed, and profit from the postliminium legislation which allow them to recover their former juridical status. Nevertheless, they are from then on under the obligation to pay back their benefactor before they actually benefit by this right. If they can’t, they remain dependent on him. As for Roman authorities, they make of the return of captives without any compensation a non negotiable peace condition in order to show their total superiority. The progressive Christianization of the West make people show more interest for prisoners. From the beginning of the Vth century A. D., Captives, who become more and more numerous because of the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, receive more help. Redeeming captives and taking care of them is now a part of the Church charity work, as well as supporting inmates, whether they are accused or condemned. Being promoted protectors of cities, bishops are dealing with this responsibility by rescuing and relieving prisoners. Thus, they strengthen their new social and political rank.