Thesis (M.Dev.) University of Limpopo, 2008.

During the 2001 war in Afghanistan hundreds of people associated with the Taliban or al Qaeda were arrested by United States forces and transported to the Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The legal status and treatment of these detainees has been an ongoing problem over the last five years. The majority have been given no recourse to justice and allegations of inhuman treatment and torture have been frequent. The first issue raised by the incarceration of these people is whether any of them may be entitled to Prisoner of War status. The evidence shows that, in general, the Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters were not lawful combatants, and hence they are not entitled to Prisoner of War status. While the rights of Prisoners of War are well documented and generally uncontested, the rights of people not entitled to Prisoner of War status are not so easily definable. Despite classification as unlawful or unprivileged combatants, the detainees are not in legal limbo - they are still entitled to the benefit of certain fundamental human rights. There are applicable protections under the Fourth Geneva Convention, Additional Protocol I, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the United Nations Convention Against Torture. The main rights upheld by these documents are the right to liberty and freedom from arbitrary detention; the right to a fair trial; and the right to life. Furthermore, there is a requirement of humane treatment and an absolute prohibition on torture. Reports from international humanitarian watchdogs such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch suggest that the United States Government is not upholding the rights held by the detainees. It is essential that the United States Government recognises the fundamental rights owed to the detainees and ensures that they receive the requisite treatment and access to justice.

During the last decade, immigration operations have drastically increased in the United States. Between 2009 and 2015, the Obama administration deported a record high of 2.4 million unauthorized immigrants (Homeland Security, 2016). Due to the amplified number of migrants being deported, the number of individuals in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers has also increased. Consequently, this phenomenon has raised concerns regarding undocumented migrants’ access to medical services in these facilities. This research project was conducted in order to assess the quality of medical and health care services in ICE detention centers in the state of Arizona. It also examined whether the ICE operational manuals and detention standards on medical care were being followed and were consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The findings indicated that ICE was not compliant with a major portion of their Performance-Based National Detention Standards on medical care and thus, were violating the basic human rights of undocumented immigrants in detention centers as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernando@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-12-21T12:27:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivo total.pdf: 27950687 bytes, checksum: cc182fb42203bf6b3714c10f11eec55f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T12:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivo total.pdf: 27950687 bytes, checksum: cc182fb42203bf6b3714c10f11eec55f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / This paper analyses the perception of detainees about their conditions in the prison: we compared the perception of primary detainee and relapsed one. We work with two groups of detainees. One group that committed homicide and was sent to the prison only once. The other group was sent to the prison more then once, had committed homicide and another infraction, could be homicide or not, with a second time in the prison. In this context we identified some conditions inside the prison. According to them we make the questions to be answered by the detainees. We studied the perception of the family, the lost of work conditions, and the security inside the prison; the infraction causes, the relapse probability and the conditions that help their recovery or not. The diferences found between the two groups show us how the detainees build up their guilt feeling and also the relationship they have with their family. / O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a representação que os detentos fazem das suas condições carcerárias, comparando a representação dos primários com a dos reincidentes. Não utilizaremos o conceito de representação no contexto da teoria da "Representação Social" (Moscovici - 1961) mas para indicar tão somente a maneira como os detentos vêm, percebem e sentem suas condições de vida. Nesse sentido, durante todo o trabalho utilizaremos indistintamente os termos representação e percepção para indicar a maneira subjetiva e pessoal como os presos nos dizem sentir, perceber ou representar as condições a que estão submetidos, a partir de sua condenação legal. Dessa maneira, foram utilizados como amostra dois grupos de detentos: o primeiro formado por indivíduos que cometeram delito de homicídio e que estavam presos pela primeira vez; o outro composto por reincidentes que tinham cometido homicídio e outro delito, que podia ser homicídio ou não, com segunda passagem pelo presídio. Dentro deste contexto, vários aspectos das condições do cárcere foram identificados, transformando-se em objeto do questionário aplicado ao detento. Foram estudados, para a representação da família, os seguintes aspectos: a perda das condições de trabalho e de segurança no presídio, as causas do delito, a probabilidade de reincidência e as condições que ajudam ou não a sua recuperação. As diferenças encontradas entre as duas amostras indicam, tanto a maneira como o preso constrói seu sentimento de culpabilidade, como os laços que conservam com a família. Este trabalho limita-se a tentar entender qual a representação que os detentos têm de suas condições carcerárias. Em futuras pesquisas, com metodologia mais adequada, poderá averiguar-se, a partir destes dados, se a experiência carcerária é um dos fatores determinantes da reincidência.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Helena Petrucci Rangel de Azevedo.pdf: 2094932 bytes, checksum: 975a7d98b3d005552e9f1482aab8faf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-03 / The thesis aims to analyze different "control" instruments that prison authorities are utilizing and other resistance mechanisms of the imprisoned women, in an extremely asymmetric power environment. The theme of this research is defined as Criminal Talavera Bruce Institute TBI, and the choice is justified by the relatively small number of actual research on women's prisons as well as for the fact of the TBI being the Model Prison of Rio de Janeiro. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the instruments of resistances of the women there imprisoned are the same used by authorities to ensure the control in the Penitentiary. Authorities prioritize the coercion and punishment, within a close relationship with those resistance mechanisms that, in principle, intended to enlarge the qualities of life of these women in prison (perks, entertainment events, work, religion and visits, among others). In this research we have used a wide bibliography, being the hard nucleus of our analytical model a conjunction based on the contributions of Michel Foucault ("Power Networks "), Alessandro Pizzorno ("Interests", "Solidarity Systems and "Arenas of Equalities") and Jessé de Souza ("Primary Habitus and "Precarious Habitus ). In addition to the numerous interviews that were conducted with employees, authorities and detainees, as well as non-restrained conversations with other officers for more than six months, it was also sought to achieve a considerable bibliographical and documentary research on the topic. Imprisoned women use various strategies of resistance, seeking to mitigate the various processes of control authorities are implementing. The most extended of these strategies seek to match those activities developed internally, as closest as possible with those existing in the "free society", whether they are labor, or affective, or market relations, religion, entertainment events, visits, communication, food, among others / A tese tem por objetivo analisar diferentes instrumentos de controle das autoridades e os mecanismos de resistência das presas em um ambiente extremamente assimétrico de poder, definindo como objeto de pesquisa o Instituto Penal Talavera Bruce (TB), cuja escolha se justifica em função do número relativamente pequeno de pesquisas em penitenciárias femininas e por ser o TB um presídio modelo do Rio de Janeiro. A hipótese central da tese é de que os instrumentos de resistência das presas são os mesmos utilizados, pelas autoridades, para garantir o controle na penitenciária, como os que priorizam a coerção e os castigos, como aqueles, em princípio, voltados para ampliar a qualidades de vida das presas (regalias, eventos lúdicos, trabalho, religião e visitas, entre outros). Na tese, utilizamos vasta bibliografia, mas o núcleo duro do nosso modelo analítico baseia-se na conjunção de contribuições de Michel Foucault ( redes de poder ), Alessandro Pizzorno ( Sistemas de Interesses , Sistemas de Solidariedades e Arenas de Igualdades ) e Jessé de Souza ( habitus primário e habitus precários ). Além das entrevistas, que foram realizadas com funcionários, autoridades e presas, e das conversas livres com pessoas desses segmentos, por mais de seis meses, buscou-se, também, realizar um consideráveis levantamentos bibliográfico e documental sobre o tema. As presas utilizam diversas estratégias de resistência, buscando mitigar os diferentes processos de controle das autoridades, sendo que a mais abrangente delas é a de buscar tornar as atividades desenvolvidas internamente mais próximas possíveis daquelas existentes na sociedade livre , seja no trabalho, nas relações afetivas, mercado, religião, eventos lúdicos, visitas, comunicação, comida, entre outras

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Helena Petrucci Rangel de Azevedo.pdf: 2094932 bytes, checksum: 975a7d98b3d005552e9f1482aab8faf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-03 / The thesis aims to analyze different "control" instruments that prison authorities are utilizing and other resistance mechanisms of the imprisoned women, in an extremely asymmetric power environment. The theme of this research is defined as Criminal Talavera Bruce Institute TBI, and the choice is justified by the relatively small number of actual research on women's prisons as well as for the fact of the TBI being the Model Prison of Rio de Janeiro. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the instruments of resistances of the women there imprisoned are the same used by authorities to ensure the control in the Penitentiary. Authorities prioritize the coercion and punishment, within a close relationship with those resistance mechanisms that, in principle, intended to enlarge the qualities of life of these women in prison (perks, entertainment events, work, religion and visits, among others). In this research we have used a wide bibliography, being the hard nucleus of our analytical model a conjunction based on the contributions of Michel Foucault ("Power Networks "), Alessandro Pizzorno ("Interests", "Solidarity Systems and "Arenas of Equalities") and Jessé de Souza ("Primary Habitus and "Precarious Habitus ). In addition to the numerous interviews that were conducted with employees, authorities and detainees, as well as non-restrained conversations with other officers for more than six months, it was also sought to achieve a considerable bibliographical and documentary research on the topic. Imprisoned women use various strategies of resistance, seeking to mitigate the various processes of control authorities are implementing. The most extended of these strategies seek to match those activities developed internally, as closest as possible with those existing in the "free society", whether they are labor, or affective, or market relations, religion, entertainment events, visits, communication, food, among others / A tese tem por objetivo analisar diferentes instrumentos de controle das autoridades e os mecanismos de resistência das presas em um ambiente extremamente assimétrico de poder, definindo como objeto de pesquisa o Instituto Penal Talavera Bruce (TB), cuja escolha se justifica em função do número relativamente pequeno de pesquisas em penitenciárias femininas e por ser o TB um presídio modelo do Rio de Janeiro. A hipótese central da tese é de que os instrumentos de resistência das presas são os mesmos utilizados, pelas autoridades, para garantir o controle na penitenciária, como os que priorizam a coerção e os castigos, como aqueles, em princípio, voltados para ampliar a qualidades de vida das presas (regalias, eventos lúdicos, trabalho, religião e visitas, entre outros). Na tese, utilizamos vasta bibliografia, mas o núcleo duro do nosso modelo analítico baseia-se na conjunção de contribuições de Michel Foucault ( redes de poder ), Alessandro Pizzorno ( Sistemas de Interesses , Sistemas de Solidariedades e Arenas de Igualdades ) e Jessé de Souza ( habitus primário e habitus precários ). Além das entrevistas, que foram realizadas com funcionários, autoridades e presas, e das conversas livres com pessoas desses segmentos, por mais de seis meses, buscou-se, também, realizar um consideráveis levantamentos bibliográfico e documental sobre o tema. As presas utilizam diversas estratégias de resistência, buscando mitigar os diferentes processos de controle das autoridades, sendo que a mais abrangente delas é a de buscar tornar as atividades desenvolvidas internamente mais próximas possíveis daquelas existentes na sociedade livre , seja no trabalho, nas relações afetivas, mercado, religião, eventos lúdicos, visitas, comunicação, comida, entre outras

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ilmar.pdf: 3890552 bytes, checksum: 4c527d64f6e87e72ce21b60733f61dda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-19 / This study aimed to examine the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety and hopelessness, as well as possible socio-emotional distress, among two hundred fifty-two inmates of the Penitentiary Anisio Jobim in the city of Manaus, capital of Amazonas State, Brazil. Data were collected from the instruments chosen and subsequently used with detainees, namely: 1) Beck Depression Scale, 2) Beck Anxiety Scale; 3) Beck Hopelessness Scale, 4) socio-emotional questionnaire. The results below indicate that depression is present among 25.0% of inmates, while 11.9% had anxiety symptoms, 6.64% indicating positive for symptoms of hopelessness and finally 59.7% had symptoms socio-emotional distress. It was also highlighted in the present study the correlation between socio-emotional distress and symptoms of depression, anxiety and hopelessness, indicating that the absence of family and social support, can lead the detainee to develop these symptoms over time. The data analysis also revealed that the higher the degree of vulnerability to which the prisoner is exposed, the greater the odds of presenting the same symptoms mentioned. Overall, this study allowed us to outline a framework of factors that trigger momentary suffering among inmates and impact the performance of daily activities within the establishment, and show that early identification of these symptoms can contribute to promoting mental health and quality Living among them. / Este estudo teve como objetivo principal averiguar a prevalência de sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e desesperança, bem como, possível sofrimento sócioafetivo, entre duzentos e cinquenta e dois detentos do Complexo Penitenciário Anísio Jobim, na Cidade de Manaus, Capital do Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados dos instrumentos escolhidos e posteriormente utilizados junto aos detentos, a saber: 1) Escala Beck de Depressão; 2) Escala Beck de Ansiedade; 3) escala Beck de Desesperança; 4) Questionário Sócioafetivo. Os resultados apontam abaixo que a depressão encontra-se presente entre 25,0% dos detentos, enquanto que 11,9% apresentam sintomas de ansiedade, 6,64% com indicação positiva para sintomas de desesperança e por fim 59,7% apresentaram sintomas de sofrimento sócioafetivo. Destaque-se ainda no presente estudo a correlação encontrada entre sofrimento sócioafetivo e sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e desesperança, indicando que a ausência de suporte familiar e social, pode levar o detento a desenvolver os referidos sintomas com o passar do tempo. A análise dos dados obtidos revelou ainda, que quanto maior o grau de vulnerabilidade a que o detento está exposto, maiores são as probabilidades do mesmo apresentar os mencionados sintomas. De maneira geral, este estudo permitiu traçar um quadro momentâneo dos fatores que desencadeiam sofrimentos entre os detentos e impactam o desempenho de suas atividades diárias no interior do estabelecimento, bem como mostrar que a identificação antecipada destes sintomas pode contribuir para promoção de saúde mental e qualidade de vida entre os mesmos.

Etroitement liée aux droits du détenu, la question des décisions disciplinaires au sein des prisons occupe aujourd’hui une place prééminente dans le débat sur les réformes des politiques pénitentiaires en France et dans d’autres États européens. Le droit au recours est un droit capital, aussi important que les droits garantis dans les textes et conventions relatifs aux droits fondamentaux. Sa valeur n’a d’existence que si sa mise en oeuvre pratique est réelle, en d’autres termes qu’il puisse s’exercer sans réserve tout en réprimant sa violation. Ce droit n’a de cesse, jusqu'à récemment encore, de faire les frais d’une jurisprudence européenne dense, du fait des violations répétées dont il fait l’objet. Ceci est particulièrement le cas concernant les décisions disciplinaires carcérales, lesquelles peuvent produire d’importantes conséquences sur la durée et la qualité de vie du détenu. Réformer le régime juridique des décisions disciplinaires carcérales et sa procédure de manière à ce qu’elle s’applique en accord avec les principes fondamentaux des droits de l’Homme et en harmonie avec les principes de sécurité publique, est progressivement devenu une préoccupation majeure en matière de politique pénitentiaire pour le législateur. Aussi, rechercher le juste équilibre entre les missions de sécurité publique et de maintien de l’ordre d’une population dite « sensible et vulnérable », et cela dans le respect des droits fondamentaux, constitue l’un des objectifs premiers de cette étude. Il s’agit donc de réfléchir à une nouvelle conception de l’application du droit dans les prisons, notamment du droit au recours effectif, au moyen d’une approche comparative portant sur le cas de la France et du Canada. Ce choix est principalement motivé par la dualité des systèmes juridiques en présence, leur considération universaliste des droits de l’Homme, et leur conception différenciée du système pénitentiaire / Closely intertwined with the rights of detainees, the issue surrounding penitentiary disciplinary sanctions has taken a prominent place in today’s debate on penitentiary policy reforms in France and other European states. Detainees’ right to effective remedy is as important as all other rights guaranteed by regional and international conventions on fundamental human rights. The very existence of such right only has value its implementation is real, executed without reserved and any violation suppressed. This right incessantly continues to suffer at the hands of an increasingly growing body of European case law due to the recurrent violations it is subjected to. This particularly concerns penitentiary disciplinary sanctions, which can have significant consequences on the length of detention and the detainee’s quality of life. Reforming the legal system as it pertains to penitentiary disciplinary decisions and procedures in order to ensure that they comply with principles of fundamental human rights and public safety has progressively become a major governmental preoccupation. Hence, casting the right balance between the need to ensure public safety and maintaining order within a segment of the population referred to as “susceptible and vulnerable” in relation to compliance with fundamental human rights constitute one of the most prominent objectives of the present study. This investigation is concerned with a novel conception of the application of detainees’ rights within the prison system, more specifically detainees’ rights to an effective remedy, through a comparative analysis between the existing recourses in France and Canada. These jurisdictions were selected due to the duality they represent, their universalist consideration of human rights, and their differentiated conception of the prison system.

The objective of this study is to investigate the variations in the type of trauma (post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disorder of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS) resulting first from group membership, and second from variations in socioeconomic status, and last, from exposure to physical and psychological methods of interrogation due to imprisonment. I use a diverse sample of 202 child ex-detainees who served sentences in Israeli prisons and were 17 years of age or less at the time of arrest. Various regression techniques were utilized to determine the most parsimonious way to distinguish between the three groups in their trauma responses. The key finding in this study is that child refugee ex-detainees living in refugee camps, in general, did not report PTSD or DESNOS reactions compared to their counterparts. Continuing PTSD and DESNOS symptoms were more prevalent among the group of refugees living outside the camps. However, there is at least one finding that supported what I hypothesized: refugees living in camps were more likely to experience elevated levels of alterations in attention or consciousness (DESNOS2). For refugees in camps, the DESNOS absence tells us that the volatile childhood these children experienced was not associated with severe pathological reactions or heightened sensitization to trauma. In contrast, refugees living outside camps suffer from alterations in self-perception DESNOS4 symptomology, in addition, to elevated levels of complex trauma DESNOS and they qualified for the DESNOS diagnosis more than the other two groups of children. Refugees living outside camps were the only group subjected to interpersonal stressors.

Investigates to which extent the Mauritius government programmes and policies address the need for reform and reintegration of juvenile detainees. The specific objectives of the author are: a) To layout the normative content of both the international and regional legal framework on the reform and reintegration of juvenile detainees. b) To establish to what extent the government of Mauritius has adopted and implemented legislation, policies and practical programmes in the Juvenile Justice System (JJS) that are in conformity with the international principles on JJS and secure successful rehabilitation and reintegration of juveniles in detention. c) To identify the challenges faced by stakeholders in implementing the relevant programmes and d) To suggest steps that can be taken by both Mauritius and other African governments to transform the JJS to guarantee rehabilitation and reintegration of juveniles. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM