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Cette thèse a pour objet la mise en place d'ateliers de philosophie auprès élèves adultes incarcérés. Notre dispositif pédagogique initie des discussions philosophiques sur des dilemmes moraux. En prison, l'enseignement a pour objectif principal de préparer le détenu à la sortie et de lui permettre de comprendre le monde dans lequel il vit. C'est dans cette optique que s'inscrit notre travail de recherche. Notre question centrale est : Dans quelle mesure le recours à la discussion de dilemmes moraux entre adultes incarcérés peut-il participer à leur développement moral ? Notre première hypothèse porte sur la mobilisation de la dimension rationnelle dans le jugement, afin de favoriser l'accès des détenus à un stade de développement moral plus avancé qu'auparavant. La seconde hypothèse concerne la nécessaire prise en compte de la dimension émotionnelle et affective dans la formulation des jugements moraux, car elle interfère avec les approches rationnelles. Sur le plan méthodologique, nous recourons à une méthode qualitative, l'analyse de contenu. A partir de la retranscription des discussions sur les dilemmes moraux, nous procédons au codage des unités de sens des verbatim, en lien avec les valeurs orientant la théorie des stades de développement moral de Kohlberg. Ensuite, nous appliquons la méthode de l'analyse de contenu afin d'accéder à la compréhension fine des arguments des apprenants. Puis nous appréhendons, sur l'ensemble des discussions, le niveau de développement moral des détenus, et dressons leur profil d'éducabilité morale. Ce travail réflexif sur le dilemme vise l'éducabilité morale du sujet, en se fondant sur le postulat d'une éducabilité toujours possible. Les résultats de cette recherche, en évaluant le potentiel l'éducabilité morale des détenus, pourrait permettre de rendre une décision sur le plan judiciaire. Notre recherche montre également qu'il est impossible de rattacher certaines argumentations à la grille de Kohlberg.En effet, la théorie des niveaux de développement moral ne prend pas en compte la primauté des valeurs familiales, idéalisées chez les personnes détenues. Nous postulons donc l'existence d'un nouveau stade de développement moral, de niveau post conventionnel, qui pourrait être nommé «stade du respect inconditionnel des valeurs familiales». Il aurait, comme principe directeur, la préservation absolue des membres de sa famille / This thesis's subject is the setting up of philosophy workshops aimed at inmates serving some time in jail. Our educational project allows them to learn and exchange on philosophical topics related to moral dilemmas. In prison, the teacher's main role is to prepare the inmates for their release and teach them how to understand better the world in which they live. Our research founds its framework for this purpose. The issue raised in this particular work is «To what extent can the use of discussions on moral dilemmas between inmates take a part in their moral development and/or behaviour ?». Our first hypothesis deals with the mobilisation of the rational dimension in their own judgement, in order to give them the opportunity to develop and increase their previous state of moral behaviour. The second hypothesis takes into account the emotional and affective dimension as regard the wording of moral judgements, as it might alter the rational approaches. On the methodological aspect, we focus on the qualitative side that is to say on the content analysis. Starting from the transcript of the discussions on moral dilemmas, we proceed to the coding of the units of meaning of the verbatim, in connection with the values guiding the theory of the stages of moral development of Kohlberg. Then, we apply the content analysis method to reach the sharp understanding of the learners' arguments. At last, from the whole discussions, we grasp the level of the prisoners' moral development and draw their profile of moral educability. This reflexive work on the dilemma aims at the subject's moral educability, based on the premise of a still possible educability. The outcomes of this research, by assessing the potential of the moral educability of the detainees, could alter a decision making on the judicial level. Our research also shows that some arguments can't be related to Kohlberg's grid. Indeed, the theory of moral development levels does not take into account the presence of family values, idealized for detained people. We therefore postulate the existence of a new stage of moral development, of a postconventional level, which could be called "stage of unconditional respect for family values". It would have, as a guiding principle, the absolute preservation of one's family members

"This paper addresses the right to dignity of a group of people with two vulnerabilities i.e. being a disabled person and a prisoner. The concept of dignity applies to prisoners and detainees irrespective of their offences at any given time. This is a right that is ascribed to a person by virtue of one's humanity and not one's circumstances. In Ghana and Nigeria, the rights of able and disabled prisoners are not given serious consideration. This is probably due to the fact that these two countries are still involved in violations of human rights and they are yet to implement most of the provisions in international human rights instruments. The protection of the rights of disabled prisoners is a mirage in the two countries probably because they constitute a minority and their vulnerability relegates them to the lower rungs of the society. However, international human rights instruments recognise that disabled persons have rights that should be respected. ... Despite these international standards, the treatment of disabled prisoners is still below the recommendation. This necessitates a study of the role which human rights law ought to play in the mitigation of the hardship of disabled prisoners, as their dignity is a central element to their existence." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor E.V.O. Dankwa at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Organe institué par la Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples, la Commission africaine exerce une mission de contrôle du respect des droits de l’Homme en Afrique depuis 1987. Dans ce cadre, elle a rendu de 1992 à 2017, un ensemble de 57 décisions à travers lesquelles elle participe à la protection des droits des détenus en Afrique. Cette démarche est axée sur deux composantes à savoir, la reconnaissance des droits des détenus et leur mise en œuvre. Ainsi, la Commission a mis à profit son activité interprétative pour donner de la substance aux droits généraux reconnus par la Charte et adapter ces derniers au cadre de la détention. Cette dernière a donc institué des normes et principes, exigeant le respect et la protection de la dignité humaine, la protection de l’intégrité physique ou morale ainsi que le droit aux relations sociales et le droit à la légalité de la détention du détenu. Par ailleurs, la Commission a élaboré et institué les mécanismes (contentieux et non contentieux) et de suivi, à travers lesquels elle contrôle les mesures adoptées par les Etats pour donner effet aux droits des détenus. Ainsi, cette recherche a mis en lumière les points positifs et les limites de cet apport. Ces limites qui sont dues à des facteurs internes et externes à la Commission ont donné lieu à des recommandations dont la prise en compte permettra de renforcer ce mécanisme et rendre la protection des droits des détenus plus effective. / Treaty body established by the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the African Commission has exercised its mission to monitor the respect of Human rights in Africa. In this context, from 1992 to 2017, it issued a set of 57 decisions through which it contributes to the protection of the rights of detainees in Africa. This approach focuses on two components namely, the recognition of prisoners' rights and their implementation. Thus, the Commission has used its interpretative activity to give substance to the general rights recognized by the Charter and to adapt them to the specific context of detention. The Commission has therefore raised standards and principles demanding respect and protection of the human dignity, the protection of physical or moral integrity, the right to social relations and the right to the lawfulness of detention. In addition, the Commission has established litigation and non-litigation mechanisms along with follow up mechanisms, through which it monitors the measures adopted by States to give effect to the rights of detainees. Thus, this research has highlighted the positive aspects and the limits of this contribution. These limits, which are due to factors both internal and external to the Commission, have given rise to recommendations that, if taken into account, would strengthen this mechanism and make the protection of detainees' rights more effective.

Les peines d’emprisonnement constituent à ce jour la première réponse aux exigences de répression de la délinquance dans le paysage français. Alors que bon nombre de détenus, dès leur entrée dans le système pénitentiaire, se trouvent être sans-abri, sans couverture sociale, malades physiquement et/ou psychologiquement, consommateurs de drogues, d’alcool ou encore de médicaments, le système pénal se trouve confronté à un paradoxe entre besoins des détenus en matière de soins d’une part et répression des crimes et délits d’autre part. Cette contradiction aboutit bien souvent à ce que les problématiques d’ordre médico-psychologique des détenus ne trouvent pas de solutions en prison et persistent à la sortie, une situation préjudiciable tant pour les individus que pour les systèmes judiciaires et pénitentiaires. Face au tiraillement entre soin, punition et réinsertion, cette thèse adopte un double point de vue prospectif et empirique avec pour ambition d’articuler les récentes réformes législatives et les pratiques de traitement médico-psychologique exercées au sein d’une maison d’arrêt. / Prison sentences constitute the first response to the requirements of delinquency repression in France. Since many prisoners, as they enter the penitentiary system, happen to be homeless, with no social security cover, physically and/or mentally ill, drug, alcohol or medicine addicts, the penal system finds itself confronted to a paradox between the needs of the detainees regarding health care on the one hand and crime repression on the other. This contradiction often has for a result that the prisoners’ medico-psychological problems find no solution in jail and remain as they get out. This situation may become prejudicial as much for the individuals than for the penal and judiciary systems. In front of the conflict between health care, punition and rehabilitation, this Ph. D. adopts a double perspective, both prospective and empirical: it aims at hanging together the recent legal reforms and the medico-psychological treatment practices that are currently at stake in a specific detention center.

Doctor Legum - LLD / In South Africa, prison authorities are not primarily concerned with the health of the prison population. This is evidenced by inter alia: the vast number of complaints regarding health care received by the Judicial Inspectorate of Correctional Centres; natural deaths in prisons reported annually; litigation regarding health care and treatment in prisons; and the notoriously poor conditions of detention which inevitably have a negative impact on prisoners' health. There is as a result a noticeable difference between state provided health care to the public and health care in prisons. This thesis is therefore aimed at unpacking what the right to health means in respect of terminally ill prisoners. This question has been overshadowed by issues regarding medical parole in South Africa and intermittently by calls for palliative care in prisons. Whilst these issues are relevant to their plight, there is a need to articulate the scope of the right to health of terminally ill prisoners. This is imperative as not all prisoners who are terminally ill are eligible for medical parole and there are instances where the granting of such parole may be impractical. An analysis of the right to health in relation to terminally ill prisoners will provide legal certainty as to the legal entitlements regarding health care for one of the most vulnerable groups in society. They will know what they may legally claim and what they cannot insist upon in terms of the law.

There are five detention centers in Sweden (in swedish ”förvaret”), were asylum seekers and migrants are held in custody until the Migration Agency has completed their investigation and concluded who are allowed to remain in Sweden and who should return/sent back to their home countries. The detainees are taken into detention centers because the state and authorities are afraid that they will ”go under ground”. This study has been based on the primary empirical data provided by semi-structured interviews. These have then been analysed with a narrative methodology, and in interaction with relevant literature as secondary data. Seven staff members at the detention center in Flen have been interviewed. Erving Goffman´s theory about ”total institutions” and Michael Foucault´s theory about power and its exercise have been used as theoretical basis for the analysis. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the staff members in the detention center in Flen works, how the staff experience their duties and what opportunities there are available for the detainees. The following questions should be answered: (1) How does the staff work in the detention center and how does the interaction between the detainees and the staff look like? (2) How the detention center affects detainees health and what kind of care is available for detainees? (3) What do the staff consider of the criticisms against the detention centers? In summary, the empirical base shows that (1) the staff at the detention center (in Flen) have two different roles, first to help detainees who feel bad or are sick and also to persuade the detainees to cooperate and leave the country voluntarily. The interviewers stated that some of the detainees do not want any contact with the staff, while others are more open to it. (2) The main aim of the staff is to treat the detainees within the walls of the detention center, however, when the resources are insufficient. When more serious problems arise the detainees are offered care outside the detention center. (3) The interviewed staff members held the opinion that the criticism of the detention centers is wrong and unfair. Their conviction was that the lawmakers have decided that these detention centeras are needed and that they trust their decisions, detention centers are part of the asylum process, that the staff only trying fulfill their duties, detention centers are the result of the policy that people voted for in general elections.

The situation of prisons in Africa has been of concern to practitioners in the criminal justice system, researchers, policy makers, the government and even international organizations. Likewise, is the challenge of not having adequate information about prison system in Africa. In addition, most African countries are signatories to international treaties and convention regarding the treatment of prisoners, to what extent are prisons in Africa complying with the provisions and recommendation of such treaties and conventions. This study was therefore designed to explore the prison system in Africa countries. As part of its objectives the study explored the prison condition in countries in Africa as exemplified by the physical structure of the prison buildings; living conditions with regards to overcrowding, medical care, separation of categories, food, sanitation, beds and beddings, administration and independent monitoring. Furthermore, the treatment and prison conditions of pre- trial detainees were also considered. Similarly, this thesis evaluated the treatment and prison conditions of prisoners with special needs. This category of prisoners include prisoners with mental health care needs, prisoners with disabilities, foreign national prisoners, older prisoners, prisoners on the death row and prisoners living with HIV/AIDS. The conditions and treatment of women prisoners, pregnant women prisoners, and babies living with their mothers in prison were also discussed. The Nelson Mandela Rules, Kampala and Luanda declarations were employed as a bench mark to ascertain whether the treatment and conditions in prisons in Africa meet up to international standards. The study adopted a qualitative approach of inquiry using literature search as mode of inquiry. Data for the study was obtained from books, reports from international organisations such as United Nations, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Penal Reform International, Amnesty International, international conventions and treaties among others, journals (Local, Africa and International), reports from selected countries, government legislations, policies, Acts, previous studies on prison system, web based information and national data. The review of literature with regards to physical structure revealed that most prisons in African countries do not meet international standards pertaining to the issue of physical structure as most prison building are dilapidated and in bad conditions. The study further revealed that the prisons and treatment of prisoners in African prison do not meet international standards. In specific terms, most of the prisons in countries in Africa are overcrowded; most prisons are also characterized by inadequate medical care with lack of facilities, medical personnel and medications. To a large extent most prisons do not meet international standards with reference to separation of categories as most prisons in countries in Africa lock up awaiting trial persons with convicted persons, minor offenders with adult but in most cases women are separated from men. The food situation in most prisons in countries in Africa did not meet international standards in quantity and nutritional value. The finding of the study indicated that the sanitary conditions in most prisons in countries in Africa is in very poor condition which could lead to an outbreak of diseases, this too did not meet international standards. Most prisons in countries in Africa are typified by lack of beds and beddings, prisoners in some prisons sleep on bare floors while some sleep standing while others sleep in shifts. This condition does not meet international standards. With regards to administration it was equally revealed that the record keeping of most prisons in countries in Africa is inadequate, most prisons do not have an ombudsman where prisoners could lodge their complaints while corruption seem to also be rife. This do not meet international standards as well. However, on a good note, most prisons in countries in Africa do permit independent observers such as NGOs, human rights organisations and international organization to have access to the prisons Furthermore, literature search disclosed that the population of awaiting trial person in prisons in Africa is very high when compared to the total prison population and that some countries in Africa are among countries in the world with highest number of pre - trial detainees. The treatment and living conditions of pre - trial detainees in most prisons in African countries do not meet international standards as they are locked in overcrowded cells, often locked up with convicted persons, no legal representation and having to stay longer that the stipulates without being charged to court. The thesis also conducted literature search on prisoners with special needs and the study point out that in each of the categories, prisons in countries in African countries do not meet international standards. For instance, there are no provisions to meet the mental health care needs of prisoners as there are no mental health practitioners, no facilities and no screening is conducted in most prisons. Similarly, there are no facilities to assist prisoners living with physical disabilities as well as older prisoners. The situation with foreign national prisoners are not different as there are no translation of prison materials that could make them adjust well to prison life, in some cases their consular are not contacted that they are in prison. With regards to prisoners on the death row, their conditions did not meet international standards as they are locked up in solitary confinement for most part of the day and their cells are often dirty with inadequate food and medical care. Some of this category of prisoners have been on the death row for as long as twenty years. For prisoners living with HIV/AIDS their treatment and condition does not met international standards as there are not treatment of any kind neither is there any form of screening conducted for inmates. For women prisoners, the treatment and conditions do not meet international standards as most prisons were not designed with women in mind. The living condition is unsanitary, unhygienic exemplified with inadequate toilet and bathroom facilities as well as no supply of peculiar needs of women such as sanitary towels. Review of literature equally indicates that there is no special treatment given to pregnant women prisoners. For children living with their mothers in prison, their treatment does not meet international standards as there is no special provision made for them, they share food with their mothers, some are locked up with their mothers for hours in overcrowded cells. Based on the finding of this study, some recommendations were made. These include the need to conduct more studies on prisons in countries in Africa, the need to consider reviewing the indigenous methods of treatment of offenders before the advent of colonial masters, need for a synergy amongst all practitioners in the criminal justice. Other recommendations are that there should be more advocacy on the prison conditions, need to establish a special trust fund, involve the private sector as well as professional bodies and to professionalize corrections management / Corrections Management / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice System)

There are approximately 5 million mentally ill detainees across the globe and a further 1 million who suffer from a severe mental illness. Various research has shown that the prevalence of mental illness within the corrections system is more substantive than that of the general population. On average, there is an upsurge by 1 million mentally ill detainees globally per year. Approximately all detainees detained in a correctional facility encounter depression or stress symptoms, however low rates of identification and treatment prevail. Further to this, the quality of the treatment provided to mentally ill offenders is questionable. The aim of the research study is to explore the prevalence of mental illness amongst detainees in South Africa, Nigeria, Germany, and the United States of America. The study investigates the availability of legislation in all four countries using the various international guidelines as a benchmark, the provisioning of rehabilitation programmes, and the challenges in providing rehabilitation, mental health care, and treatment to the mentally ill. Furthermore, the study sets out to ascertain whether the treatment and conditions in detention facilities meet international standards. Whilst considering that not all mentally ill offenders will need specialist psychiatric treatment, differing levels of care should be available on a continuous basis by personnel who are adequately proficient in reducing mental harm and in promoting mental health among offenders. Recommendations include the need to conduct wider-scale national studies to make for easier comparisons and for benchmarking purposes. The availability of mental health legislation in itself is not a panacea for reducing mental health illness, but having to put this into practice is of paramount importance. The corrections system is at the end of the value chain and does not have a choice of closing their doors to offenders. They therefore need to partner with various government departments (criminal justice system, social systems, education systems, and community structures amongst others), to find an integration point to share knowledge and insight into the challenges facing corrections and for the Criminal Justice System to acknowledge that severely mentally ill individuals should never be sent to corrections. / Daar is ongeveer 5 miljoen sielsieke aangehoudenes wêreldwyd en ʼn verdere 1 miljoen wat aan ʼn ernstige geestesversteuring ly. Navorsing toon dat die voorkoms van geestesversteuring in die korrektiewe stelsel meer substantief as by die algemene bevolking is. Daar is jaarliks ʼn gemiddelde styging van 1 miljoen sielsieke aangehoudenes wêreldwyd. Feitlik alle aangehoudenes in ʼn korrektiewe fasiliteit ervaar simptome van depressie of stres, maar die syfers ten opsigte van identifisering en behandeling is laag. Die gehalte van die behandeling wat sielsieke oortreders ontvang, is boonop twyfelagtig. Die oogmerk van hierdie navorsing was om die voorkoms van geestesversteuring onder aangehoudenes in Suid-Afrika, Nigerië, Duitsland en die Verenigde State van Amerika te ondersoek. Die studie het ondersoek ingestel na die beskikbaarheid van wetgewing in al vier die lande, met behulp van die verskillende internasionale riglyne as ʼn maatstaf, die voorsiening van rehabilitasieprogramme en die uitdagings wat met die voorsiening van rehabilitasie, geestesgesondheidsorg en behandeling van die geestesiekes gepaardgaan. Die studie het ook ten doel gehad om te bepaal of die behandeling en toestande in aanhoudingsfasiliteite aan internasionale standaarde voldoen. Met inagneming daarvan dat nie alle sielsieke gevangenes spesialis- psigiatriese behandeling benodig nie, moet verskillende vlakke van sorg deurlopend beskikbaar gestel word deur bekwame personeel wat oor die vermoë beskik om geesteskade te verminder en om gevangenes se geestesgesondheid te bevorder. Aanbevelings sluit die behoefte in om studies op ʼn groter skaal landswyd uit te voer vir doeleindes van makliker vergelykings en vir normstelling. Hoewel die beskikbaarheid van wetgewing oor geestesgesondheid nie opsigself ʼn wondermiddel is vir die vermindering van geestesversteuring nie, is dit uiters noodsaaklik dat die wetgewing in plek moet wees. Die korrektiewe stelsel is aan die einde van die waardeketting, dus is dit nie ʼn opsie om hul deure vir oortreders te sluit nie. Hulle moet dus met verskeie staatsdepartemente (onder andere, strafregsplegingstelsel, maatskaplike stelsels, opvoedingstelsels en gemeenskapstrukture) saamspan om ʼn integrasiepunt te vind om kennis en insig rakende die uitdagings wat die korrektiewe stelsel in die gesig staar te deel, en sodat die strafregsplegingstelsel sal erken dat individue met ernstige geestesversteurings nooit na korrektiewe fasiliteite gestuur moet word nie. / Kukhona abantu abacishe babengu 5 miliyoni abagula ngengqondo abavalelwe kuwo wonke umhlaba, kanti kukhona abanye abangu 1 miliyoni abahlushwa yisifo sengqondo. Ucwaningo lukhombise ukuthi ubukhona besifo sengqondo kwinqubo yezamajele bukhulu kakhulu ukudlula kwisizwe sonkana ngokunabile. Ngokwesilingniso, kukhona ukwenyuka kwabantu abagula ngengqondo abavalelwe abangu 1 miliyoni kuwo wonke umhlaba ngonyaka. Cishe bonke abantu abavalelwe ezindawo zamajele babanokuxineka kwengqondo noma izimpawu zingcindezi, kodwa izinga lokuphawulwa kwabo kanye nokuthola ukwelashwa liphansi. Kanti futhi okunye, iqophelo lokwelashwa elihlinzekwa abantu abonile abagula ngengqondo alilihle. Inhloso yalesi sifundo socwaningo, bekuwukuphenya ngobukhona bokugula ngengqondo kubantu abavalelwe eNingizimu Afrika, eNigeria, eGermany nase-United States of America. Ucwaningo luphenyisise ngobukhona bemithetho kuwo womane amazwe ngokusebenzisa imikhombandlela kazwelonke njenge-benchmark, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinhlelo zokwelapha kanye nezinselele ezikhona ngokuhlinzeka ngokwelapha, unakekelo lwezempilo yengqondo kanye nokwelashwa kwabagula ngengqondo. Kanti futhi okunye, ucwaningo belufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa nezimo ezikhona ezindaweni zokuvalelwa emajele kuhlangabezana namazinga amazwe omhlaba. Ngisho noma kubonelelwa ukuthi akuyibo bonke ababoshiwe abagula ngengqondo abadinga ukwelashwa ngokwengqondo kwezinga le-psychiatric, kodwa amazinga ehlukene onakekelo, kumele atholakale ngokuqhubekela phambili okunikezwa ngabantu abanolwazi nekhono ngokufanele ekuphunguleni ukulimala kwengqondo kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili impilo yezengqondo kwababoshiwe Izincomo zibandakanya isidingo sokwenza ucwaningo olunabile kumazwe ukwenzela ukuthi kubelula ukuqhathanisa kanye nenhloso yokwenza i-benchmarking. Ubukhona bemithetho yonakekelo lwempilo yengqondo akusona isixazululo sakho konke ngokuphungula ukugula ngengqondo, kodwa ukuba nemithetho esebenzayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Inqubo yezamajele isekugcineni, kanti ayinalo ukhetho lokuvala iminyango kubantu ababoshiwe. Ngakho-ke izikhungo zababoshiwe kumele zisebenzisane neminyango ehlukene kahulumeni (inqubo yezobulingiswa yamajele, izinqubo zenhlalakahle yabantu, izinqubo zemfundo kanye nezakhiwo zemiphakathi, phakathi kokunye) ukuthola indawo ehlangene yokwabelana ngolwazi mayelana nezinselele amajele abhekane nazo kanye nenqubo yezobulungisa yamajele ukwamukela ukuthi abantu abagula kakhulu ngengqondo akumele bathunyelwe emajele. / Go na le bagolegwa ba ka bago 5 milione bao ba lwalago ka monaganong lefaseng ka bophara le ba bangwe ba 1 milione ba ba nago ba lwalago kudu ka monaganong. Dinyakisiso di bontshitse gore go ata ga malwetsi a monagano ka gare ga tshepediso ya ditshokollo go bohlokwa kudu go feta ka gare ga setshaba ka kakaretso. Ka kakaretso, go na le koketsego ya bagolegwa bao ba lwalago ka monaganong ba 1 milione lefaseng ka bophara ka ngwaga. Ba e ka bago bagolegwa ka moka bao ba golegilwego lefelong la tshokollo ba itemogela kgatelelo ya monagano goba dika tsa kgatelelo, eupsa dikelo tsa boitshupo le boitshwaro le kalafo di fase. Go feta mo, boleng bja kalafo ye e fiwago basenyi ba ba lwalago ka monaganong bo a belaetsa. Maikemisetso a dinyakisiso tse e be e le go utolla go ata ga bolwetsi bja monagano gare ga bagolegwa ka Afrika Borwa, Nigeria, Germany le United States of America. Dinyakisiso di nyakisisitse go hwetsagala ga melao dinageng ka moka tse nne go somiswa ditlhahli tsa go fapafapana tsa boditshabatshaba bjalo ka motheo, kabelo ya mananeo a tsosoloso le ditlhohlo tsa go abela tshokollo, tlhokomelo ya maphelo a monagano le kalafo go bao ba lwalago ka monaganong. Go feta moo, dinyakisiso di ile tsa ikemisetsa go netefatsa gore kalafo le maemo a dikgolego a fihlelela maemo a boditshabatshaba. Ge re ntse re nagana gore ga se bagolegwa fela ka moka bao ba lwalago ka monaganong ba tla hloka kalafo ye e kgethegilelego ya malwetsi a monagano, tlhokomelo ye e fapanego e swanetse go hwetsagala ka mo go tswelago pele ke bahlankedi ba ba nago le bokgoni bjo bo lekanego bja go fokotsa dikotsi tsa monagano le go tswetsa pele maphelo a monagano gare ga bagolegwa. Ditigelo di akaretsa tlhokego ya go dira dinyakisiso tse di tseneletsego tsa setshaba go dira dipapiso tse bonolo le bakeng sa merero ya go bea maemo. Go hwetsagala ga molao wa maphelo a monagano ka bowona ga se pheko ya go fokotsa malwetsi a mongano, eupsa go somisa molao wo ke selo se bohlokwa kudu. Tshepediso ya ditshokollo e mafelelong a tatelano ya tshepediso gomme ga e na kgetho ya go tswalelela basenyi ka ntle. Ka gona ba hloka go somisana le dikgoro tsa go fapafapana tsa mmuso (tshepediso ya toka go bosenyi, ditshepediso tsa leago, ditshepediso tsa thuto le dikarolo tsa setshaba, gare ga tse dingwe) go humana ntlha ya kopanyo go abelana tsebo le temoso ditlhohlong tse di lebanego le ditshokollo bakeng sa tshepediso ya toka go bosenyi go amogela gore batho bao ba lwalago kudu ka monaganong le gatee ga ba swanela go romelwa ditshokollong. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)