The diploma thesis deals with nonlinear dynamical systems with emphasis on typical phenomena like bifurcation or chaotic behavior. The basic theoretical knowledge is applied to analysis of selected (chaotic) models, namely, Lorenz, Rössler and Chen system. The practical part of the work is then focused on a numerical simulation to confirm the correctness of the theoretical results. In particular, an algorithm for calculating the largest Lyapunov exponent is created (under the MATLAB environment). It represents the main tool for indicating chaos in a system.

The diploma thesis is focused on the use of heuristic and metaheuristic methods to stabilization and controlling the selected systems distinguished by the deterministic chaos behavior. There are discussed parameterization of chosen optimization methods, which are the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and pattern search. The thesis also introduced the suitable controlling methods and the definition of the objective function. In the theoretical part of the thesis there is a brief introduction to the deterministic chaos theory. The next chapters describes the most common and deployed methods in~the~control theory, especially OGY and Pyragas methods. The practical part of the thesis is divided into two chapters. The first one describes the~stabilization of the artifical chaotic systems with the time delayed Pyragas method - TDAS and its modification ETDAS. The second chapter shows the real chaotic system control. The Duffing oscillator system was chosen to serve this purpose.

Montamos um aparato experimental para o estudo de comportamentos complexos na dinâmica de formação de gotas d\'água no bico de uma torneira. Desenvolvemos um sistema hidráulico em circuito fechado, e um sistema de aquisição de dados automatizado, que também controla a abertura da torneira (uma válvula de agulha). Utilizamos como parâmetro de controle a taxa de gotejamento estabelecida pela abertura da torneira. Os dados são séries de tempos {T n} entre gotas sucessivas para cada taxa de gotejamento. Utilizando diagramas de bifurcação, e reconstruções do espaço de fase com mapas de primeiro retomo Tn+1 x Tn , observamos duplicações de período, bifurcação de Hopf, crises interiores e de fronteira, comportamentos intermitentes, e movimentos quase-periódicos. Aplicamos anticontrole de caos, desestabilizando um ponto fixo estável com pulsos de ar comprimido sobre o bico da torneira. Também iniciamos o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para o controle de caos. Verificamos a existência de pontos de sela em vários atratores experimentais e, com a aplicação de dinâmica simbólica, observamos tangências homoclínicas associadas ao aparecimento de atratores de Hénon e bifurcações homoclínicas. Utilizando métodos de caracterização topológica, estabelecemos duas rotas para o caos envolvendo tangências homoclínicas, e mostramos que o súbito desaparecimento de um atrator caótico, em altas taxas de vazão, é devido a uma \"chaotic blue sky catastrophe\", apenas observada anteriormente num modelo de equações usadas por Van der Pol para simular a dinâmica cardíaca. / We assembled an experimental apparatus to study the dynamical complex behavior of water drop formation in a nipple faucet. We developed a closed hydrodynamic circuitry, and an automated acquisition data system, which also controls the faucet (a needle valve) opening. We have used as a control parameter the dripping rate set up by the faucet opening. For each dripping rate, the data are interdrop time series {Tn} between two successive drops. With the help of bifurcation diagrams, and reconstructed phase spaces in first return maps Tn+I x Tn, we were able to observe period doubling, Hopf bifurcation, interior and boundary crises, intermittent behaviors, and quasiperiodic movements. An anti-control of chaos was applied by perturbing a stable fixed point with pulses of compressed air on the nipple faucet. We also started the development of a technique to apply the control of chaos. The occurrence of saddle points was verified in some experimental attractors. By applying symbolic dynamics, we were able to observe homoclinic tangencies associated with the appearence of Hénon-like attractors and homoclinic bifurcations. By means of topological characterization, we established two routes to chaos related to homoclinic tangencies. We also observed, at high dripping rates, a sudden disappearance of a chaotic attractor due to a \"chaotic blue sky catastrophe\", just seen in a Van der Pol model used to simulate cardiac dynamics.

Montamos um aparato experimental para o estudo de comportamentos complexos na dinâmica de formação de gotas d\'água no bico de uma torneira. Desenvolvemos um sistema hidráulico em circuito fechado, e um sistema de aquisição de dados automatizado, que também controla a abertura da torneira (uma válvula de agulha). Utilizamos como parâmetro de controle a taxa de gotejamento estabelecida pela abertura da torneira. Os dados são séries de tempos {T n} entre gotas sucessivas para cada taxa de gotejamento. Utilizando diagramas de bifurcação, e reconstruções do espaço de fase com mapas de primeiro retomo Tn+1 x Tn , observamos duplicações de período, bifurcação de Hopf, crises interiores e de fronteira, comportamentos intermitentes, e movimentos quase-periódicos. Aplicamos anticontrole de caos, desestabilizando um ponto fixo estável com pulsos de ar comprimido sobre o bico da torneira. Também iniciamos o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para o controle de caos. Verificamos a existência de pontos de sela em vários atratores experimentais e, com a aplicação de dinâmica simbólica, observamos tangências homoclínicas associadas ao aparecimento de atratores de Hénon e bifurcações homoclínicas. Utilizando métodos de caracterização topológica, estabelecemos duas rotas para o caos envolvendo tangências homoclínicas, e mostramos que o súbito desaparecimento de um atrator caótico, em altas taxas de vazão, é devido a uma \"chaotic blue sky catastrophe\", apenas observada anteriormente num modelo de equações usadas por Van der Pol para simular a dinâmica cardíaca. / We assembled an experimental apparatus to study the dynamical complex behavior of water drop formation in a nipple faucet. We developed a closed hydrodynamic circuitry, and an automated acquisition data system, which also controls the faucet (a needle valve) opening. We have used as a control parameter the dripping rate set up by the faucet opening. For each dripping rate, the data are interdrop time series {Tn} between two successive drops. With the help of bifurcation diagrams, and reconstructed phase spaces in first return maps Tn+I x Tn, we were able to observe period doubling, Hopf bifurcation, interior and boundary crises, intermittent behaviors, and quasiperiodic movements. An anti-control of chaos was applied by perturbing a stable fixed point with pulses of compressed air on the nipple faucet. We also started the development of a technique to apply the control of chaos. The occurrence of saddle points was verified in some experimental attractors. By applying symbolic dynamics, we were able to observe homoclinic tangencies associated with the appearence of Hénon-like attractors and homoclinic bifurcations. By means of topological characterization, we established two routes to chaos related to homoclinic tangencies. We also observed, at high dripping rates, a sudden disappearance of a chaotic attractor due to a \"chaotic blue sky catastrophe\", just seen in a Van der Pol model used to simulate cardiac dynamics.

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This thesis focuses on deterministic chaos and selected methods of chaos control. It briefly describes the matter of deterministic chaos and presents commonly used tools of analysis of dynamical systems exhibiting chaotic behavior. A list of frequently studied chaotic systems is presented and followed by a description of methods of chaos control and the optimization of these methods. The practical part is dedicated to the stabilization of two model systems and one real system with described methods.

L'intelligence en essaim constitue désormais un domaine à part entière de l'intelligence artificielle distribuée. Les problématiques qu'elle soulève touchent cependant à de nombreux autres domaines ou questions scientifiques. En particulier le concept d'essaim trouve pleinement sa place au sein de la science dites des ``systèmes complexes''. Cette thèse présente ainsi la conception, les caractéristiques et les applications d'un modèle original, le système multi-agent logistique (SMAL), pour le domaine de l'intelligence en essaim. Le SMAL trouve son origine en modélisation des systèmes complexes : il est en effet issu des réseaux d'itérations logistiques couplées dont nous avons adapté le modèle de calcul au schéma ``influence-réaction'' des systèmes multi-agents. Ce modèle est fondé sur des principes communs à d'autres disciplines, comme la synchronisation et le contrôle paramétrique, que nous plaçons au coeur des mécanismes d'auto-organisation et d'adaptation du système. L'environnement à base de champs est l'autre aspect fondamental du SMAL, en permettant la réalisation des interactions indirectes des agents et en jouant le rôle d'une structure de données pour le système. Les travaux décrits dans cette thèse donnent lieu à des applications principalement en simulation et en optimisation combinatoire.L'intérêt et l'originalité du SMAL pour l'intelligence en essaim résident dans l'aspect générique de son schéma théorique qui permet de traiter avec un même modèle des phénomènes considérés a priori comme distincts dans la littérature : phénomènes de ``flocking'' et phénomènes stigmergiques ``fourmis'' à base de phéromones. Ce modèle répond ainsi à un besoin d'explication des mécanismes mis en jeu autant qu'au besoin d'en synthétiser les algorithmes générateurs. / Swarm Intelligence is from now on a full part of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Its associated problematics meet many other fields and scientific questions. The concept of swarm in particular belongs to the science called the science of complex systems. This phd thesis shows the design and the characteristics and the applications of a novel type of model called the logistic multi-agent system (LMAS) dedicated to the Swarm Intelligence field. The LMAS has its foundations in complex system modeling: it is inspired from the coupled logistic map lattice model which has been adapted to the ``Influence-Reaction'' modeling of multi-agent systems. This model is based on universal principles such as synchronization and parametric control which are considered as the main mechanisms of self-organization and adaptation in the heart of the system. The field-layered based environment is the other important feature of the LMAS, since it enables indirect interactions and plays the part of a data structure for the whole system. The work of this thesis is put into practice for simulation and optimization.The novelty of the LMAS lies in its generic theoretical framework, which enables to tackle problems considered as distinct in the literature, in particular flocking and ant-like stigmergic behavior. This model meets the need of explaining basic mechanisms and the need of synthesizing generative algorithms for the Swarm Intelligence.

A fundamental challenge is to understand nonequilibrium statistical mechanics starting from microscopic chaos in the equations of motion of a many-particle system. In this thesis we summarize recent theoretical advances along these lines. We focus on two different approaches to nonequilibrium transport: One considers Hamiltonian dynamical systems under nonequilibrium boundary conditions, another one suggests a non-Hamiltonian approach to nonequilibrium situations created by external electric fields and by temperature or velocity gradients. A surprising result related to the former approach is that in simple low-dimensional periodic models the deterministic transport coefficients are typically fractal functions of control parameters. These fractal transport coefficients yield the first central theme of this thesis. We exemplify this phenomenon by deterministic diffusion in a simple chaotic map. We then construct an arsenal of analytical and numerical methods for computing further transport coefficients such as electrical conductivities andchemical reaction rates. These methods are applied to hierarchies of chaotic dynamical systems that are successively getting more complex, starting from abstract one-dimensional maps generalizing a simple random walk on the line up to particle billiards that should be directly accessible in experiments. In all cases, the resulting transport coefficients turn out to be either strictly fractal, or at least to be profoundly irregular. The impact of random perturbations on these quantities is also investigated. We furthermore provide some access roads towards a physical understanding of these fractalities. The second central theme is formed by a critical assessment of the non-Hamiltonian approach to nonequilibrium transport. Here we consider situations where the nonequilibrium constraints pump energy into a system, hence there must be some thermal reservoir that prevents the system from heating up. For this purpose a deterministic and time-reversible modeling of thermal reservoirs was proposed in form of Gaussian and Nose-Hoover thermostats. This approach yielded simple relations between fundamental quantities of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and of dynamical systems theory. Our goal is to critically assesses the universality of these results. As a vehicle of demonstration we employ the driven periodic Lorentz gas, a toy model for the classical dynamics of an electron in a metal under application of an electric field. Applying different types of thermal reservoirs to this system we compare the resulting nonequilibrium steady states with each other. Along the same lines we discuss an interacting many-particle system under shear and heat. Finally, we outline an unexpected relationship between deterministic thermostats and active Brownian particles modeling biophysical cell motility.

The aim of this thesis is to design a universal analog oscillator using transconductance amplifiers. For studying behaviour of chaotic dynamical systems can be used systems Class C. Suitable way for the purpose modeling dynamic phenomena arising in these systems is an electronic circuit that exhibits the same behavior as modeled system. After familiarization with the basic principles of synthesis of integrators systems, and studying the involvement of frequently used functional blocks were designed the concept of universal chaotic oscillator using transconductance amplifiers. The functionality of this circuit has been verified by PSpice simulation program. A typical feature of chaotic oscillator is extremely sensitivity to initial conditions. Each small change on the initial parameters can lead to major change in the shape of the attractor. The result of this thesis is a functional sample of a universal chaotic oscillator, which was verified by the dynamic behavior of the given differential equations.

This diploma thesis deals with the prediction of financial time series on capital markets using artificial intelligence methods. There are created several dynamic architectures of artificial neural networks, which are learned and subsequently used for prediction of future movements of shares. Based on the results an assessment and recommendations for working with artificial neural networks are provided.