This thesis examines the need for a multilateral regime for the regulation of foreign direct investment. The absence of such a regime has slowed the growth of foreign direct investment, as investment decisions are difficult to make because of the uncertainty of investment rules. Attempts to establish a multilateral framework for investment have failed due to disagreement between developed and developing countries on its scope. The major source of controversy has been the inclusion of the national treatment standard in the prospective agreement. This thesis analyses the position of both sides, and attempts to find a balance between the positive and negative effects of the multilateral framework for regulating foreign direct investment. It argues that an investment regime modelled after the General Agreement on Trade in Services could be beneficial, as it would provide security for investment, and flexibility for host countries to control the inflow of foreign investment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilCCC.pdf: 520021 bytes, checksum: 364cda2a7839ad3e4d4163b24daa182f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research tried to follow up with the way of intervention that a developing State promotes it regional development, once its action departs from a quantitative conception until its acting focused in maintenance, like the strategy of local development input in the Northeastern of Brazil in the 90 s. particularly, the attention was focused onto Banco do Nordeste which, between 1995 and 2002, achieved a organization changing process to get fit itself to the new conception of development and State, that advocates the maintenance and the participation of the society in its accomplishment, becoming itself the main agent of the Federal Government in the Region. By taking over the strategy of local development, Banco do Nordeste starts, at least in speech, to be less of a bank to become more of a development agent , representing some development and hope to overcome the social and economical inequalities of the Region. The hypothesis that surrounds this essay is that this reorientation experienced at Banco do Nordeste is related to three factors: timing; the Institution of a project of international technical cooperation with PNUD; the unrest of an employees group, who used to fight for the acting increase of the Bank to beyond the credit acting; and, above all, the juncture created in Ceara from the second half of the 80 s, expressed, mainly, for the political rise of a group of businessmen, who took over and modernized the standards of public management in the State, transforming the cearense experience into reference in Brazil and the world. The research was developed from information got through the use of semi-structured interviews and documental research and, as complementary resource, field observation. The interviews were done with BNB managers between 1995 and 2003, some of them current administrators (2003-2006), plus one of CAPEF directors and the present president of AFBNB. The research revealed that strategic place taken by BNB in the period studied did not come to represent a rupture in its organizational culture, being strongly attached to factors that allows its operation. When some of these elements stopped existing, it was observed a retracing in the pattern of state intervention in the Region. This conclusion restates the vision of State that guided this thesis, identified as relationships field, of different interests; space where social conflicts are established; incarnated through the institutions / Esta pesquisa procurou acompanhar a forma de interven??o do Estado desenvolvimentista na promo??o do desenvolvimento regional, desde o momento que sua a??o partia de uma concep??o quantitativa at? a atua??o focada na sustentabilidade, como a estrat?gia de desenvolvimento local implementada no Nordeste do Brasil a partir da d?cada de 90. Em particular, focou-se a aten??o para o Banco do Nordeste que, no per?odo de 1995 a 2002, realizou um processo de mudan?a organizacional para adequar-se ? nova concep??o de desenvolvimento e de Estado, que preconiza a sustentabilidade e a participa??o da sociedade na sua realiza??o, tornando-se o principal agente do Governo Federal na Regi?o. Ao assumir a estrat?gia de desenvolvimento local, o Banco do Nordeste passa, pelo menos no discurso, a ser menos banco para tornar-se mais agente de desenvolvimento , representando um avan?o e uma esperan?a para a supera??o das desigualdades sociais e econ?micas da Regi?o. A hip?tese que norteia este trabalho ? que essa reorienta??o vivenciada no Banco do Nordeste est? relacionada a tr?s fatores: a vig?ncia, na Institui??o, de um projeto de coopera??o t?cnica internacional com o PNUD; a inquieta??o de um grupo de funcion?rios, que defendia uma amplia??o da atua??o do Banco para al?m da a??o credit?cia; e, sobretudo, a conjuntura criada no Cear? a partir da segunda metade da d?cada de 1980, expressa, principalmente, pela ascens?o pol?tica de um grupo de empres?rios, que assumiram e modernizaram o padr?o de gest?o p?blica no Estado, transformando a experi?ncia cearense em refer?ncia para v?rios estudos sobre gest?o p?blica, no Brasil e no mundo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de informa??es colhidas mediante o uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e pesquisa documental e, como recurso complementar, observa??es de campo. As entrevistas foram realizadas com gestores do BNB do per?odo de 1995-2003, alguns gestores da atual administra??o (2003-2006), al?m de um diretor da CAPEF e do atual presidente da AFBNB. A pesquisa revelou que o posicionamento estrat?gico assumido pelo BNB no per?odo estudado n?o chegou a representar uma ruptura na sua cultura organizacional, estando fortemente atrelado aos fatores que possibilitaram a sua operacionaliza??o. Quando alguns desses elementos deixaram de existir, observou-se um retrocesso no modelo de interven??o estatal na Regi?o. Essa constata??o reafirma a vis?o de Estado que orientou esta tese, identificado como campo de rela??es, de interesses divergentes; espa?o onde se estabelecem os conflitos da sociedade; corporificado atrav?s das Institui??es

Yes / This paper explores the multidimensional effects of an external non-tariff measure (NTM) on maritime transportation between the United States (US) and Puerto Rico (PR) trades. In particular, this research addresses the vulnerability level of PR’s agrifood sector in relation to sustainability as a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) highly influenced by a larger economy. Due to the high potential of climate changes in the Caribbean, this study reviewed the effects of a maritime cabotage policy on a SIDS agribusinesses’ logistic. Could a NTM affect the supply chain capabilities and the food security of a SIDS? What challenges and opportunities does the US Cabotage policy present for PR’s agricultural sector’s competitiveness? Based on mixing empirical analysis in an exploratory convergent design, the research categorizes the cabotage policy in relation to the effects on PR’s agrifood supply chain, its port infrastructure, and its native agribusinesses’ competitiveness. Results show the maritime cabotage itself is a constraint. However, the interactions with others NTMs, indirectly related to the cabotage but inherent to the political status and business relationship between PR and the US, add other limits. In addition, it revealed that internal factors have an impact on the efficiency and competitiveness of PR’s agro-industrial sector.

Freshwater scarcity leads to serious effects on the socioeconomic and commercial development of a country. The management of freshwater resources will be one of the most pressing issues of this millennium making it a catalyst for war and peace. Some of the most water-scarce countries in the world are small island developing states that are mainly supplied by freshwater through groundwater and rainwater due to their natural conditions. Small islands in the Eastern Caribbean are geographically prone to suffer from water scarcity due to their natural circumstances. Due to systematic failures, the small island developing state of Anguilla has few renewable freshwater resources. To meet the Sustainable Development Goals and respect Human Rights, Anguilla needs to invest in finding new ways of securing freshwater for its inhabitants. Leading technologies in the insurance of freshwater security are desalination, wastewater clearing and the import of freshwater. Three case studies of Kuwait, Cyprus and Singapore have been analysed as best practices as these countries are experienced and have sophisticated water strategies for dealing with water scarcity. The three technologies and the knowledge and practices from the case studies have then been applied to Anguilla. Due to the economic situation, Anguilla will most likely keep relying on freshwater imports but also on treating wastewater for irrigation and flushing uses to release stress on freshwater. The option of implementing a water conservation tax or fiscal subsidies would be an additional incentive for inhabitants and tourists to reduce water consumption and release stress on freshwater scarcity in Anguilla.

ABSTRACT The cost of doing nothing would be very high on the fragile national ecosystems andultimately on the society of the Seychelles. ’Seychelles National Report 2012 p55 This Minor Field Study, undertaken as a Bachelor’s thesis, aims to research the Seychelleswork with sustainable tourism development and its challenges. The study was conducted onsite for two months in cooperation with the Seychelles Tourism Board. The national strategyfor sustainable tourism development is intended to maintain the uniqueness of Seychelles.Seychelles has for over 30 years been a global leader in protecting biodiversity and naturalenvironment and 51 % of the total land area consists of conservation areas. On the otherhand, Seychelles main source of income is tourism, with 40 % of the inhabitants directly orindirectly depending on tourism. As one of our interviewees put it: “the more tourism, themerrier”. The country will get better infrastructure and more jobs because of it and howcould that spoil the environment? This study looks into hotels perceptions of sustainabledevelopment in the tourism industry, their work with sustainable practices and thoughtsconcerning ecolabelling. Results show dissatisfaction with the government and that betterenvironmental governance is needed. The recent rapid development of new hotels isbecoming a rather problematic situation due to higher competition, infrastructural problemsand lack of labour force. The interest in an eco label is high, although they believe it iscomplicated to implement and is perceived as expensive. On the other hand, hotels are moreor less working in a sustainable way already.Regardless of the sustainable tourism development initiative, our interviewees had afear that Seychelles is becoming a mass tourism destination. They demand that this trend bestopped. We ask therefore, is more really merrier?