This paper considers the fast changing developments and changes in relation to sustainable development law with its three pillars, and the needs of international development. The focus of the analysis is on the connection between international economic, international social and international environmental law which constitute sustainable development law at their intersection point, and will show how they can be the paths to sustainable peace. As sustainable development law is emerging as international concern, the qualitative approach of this paper will show its pillars separately and their connection under different conditions. This paper also demonstrates that this approach is gaining ground in the literature, and it contends that it is a more appropriate way of addressing the problems of economic, social and environmental. In support of this argument, the paper looks initially how sustainable development law fits to be the path to sustainable peace within the contemporary world which is full of economic, social and environmental conflicts. Secondly, it provides a theoretical framework how sustainable development law with its pillars can lead the world to sustainable peace. Thirdly, the three pillars, (-international economic law, international social law and international environmental law-), will be elaborated in relation to their intersection and sustainable development law.

Tucson, Arizona is often said to have a water problem. The water table is falling, giving rise to concern on the part of the public and conflicts between water users in the Basin. Many see the problem as a shortage of water to be solved by bringing more water to Tucson by means of the Central Arizona Project. This dissertation examines the occurrence and use of water in the region in order to determine the real nature of Tucson's water problem. First, the institutions governing the use of water in the Basin are described and the disputes between the local water users are discussed. Next, an account is given of the use of water by businesses and residences in Tucson, by the copper mines to the south of Tucson, and by the farms in the Basin. The effect of changes in the cost and availability of water on each of these classes of water user is investigated and the effect that changes in water use could have on the region's economy is discussed. Next, an account is given of the water available for use in the Basin. The occurrence of groundwater in the region is described and the merits of the proposed Central Arizona Project are investigated. The information on the use of water in the Basin and the information on the sources of water available for use in the Basin are then combined to forecast the depletions of groundwater that will take place under various circumstances. Various ways of balancing the region's water budget are described and an assessment is made of the effect that curtailing the use of water in the region would have upon the local water users and the region's economy. The principal conclusions of this study are as follows. First, there is no danger of the supply of water in the Basin becoming exhausted in the near future. The economic and physical effects of the continuing fall in the level of the water table are unlikely to be serious. The second main conclusion is that the region's water budget could be balanced very economically by retiring all agriculture in the region and making modest reductions in the amount of water consumed by urban water users and the copper mines. Given suitable institutional arrangements, curtailing the use of water in the Basin would be a much more economical way of balancing the region's water budget than building the Central Arizona Project. The final conclusion is that the real water problem is an institutional problem. The threat of the Indians' claims to the groundwater of the Tucson Basin, together with the difficulty of resolving the continual disputes between the mines, the farms, and the City of Tucson over water puts all of the local water-using interests in a position where they see the provision of more supplies of water as the only cure to their woes. The remedy to the region's water problem is not the provision of more supplies of water, but a settlement of the Indians' claims and a reform of Arizona's groundwater law to enable a resolution of the conflicts between the water users in the Tucson Basin.

Canada and the United States are two of the most energy-intensive countries in the world and have an immense impact upon their surrounding environment. Both countries have committed to contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, in accordance with the United Nations climate change regime. Their climate change-related energy policies do not, as yet, show any sign of achieving that objective, especially in light of the fact that greenhouse gas emissions are on the rise. This thesis consequently argues that not enough is being done by Canada-US to fulfill their commitments under the climate change-regime and tests that hypothesis.

No description available.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

South Africa is a dry, water-stressed country which faces many water management challenges. Some of these challenges are unique to South African freshwater resources management while others are conventional water management problems. In light of these water management problems it is important that South Africa manages its scarce water resources effectively and efficiently. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is regarded internationally as the best way to manage freshwater resources as it provides for the holistic management of land and water while taking into account various other factors such as sustainable development. Although there have been some difficulties in finding international consensus on the precise meaning of IWRM there are a number of defining aspects which are common place in the development of this concept. From an analysis of environmental law and policy relating to freshwater resources it is clear that South Africa has included many of these aspects of IWRM into its own freshwater resources management. In fact there are few short comings in the provision for IWRM under South African law and policy. South Africa’s problems, however, lie in the implementation of its provision for IWRM. By looking at various reports, statistics, strategies, commentaries and other documents relating to the status of freshwater resources it becomes clear that although progress has been made in realising implementation of South Africa’s water law since 1994 there are still many core areas of freshwater management which are far from being implemented. If South Africa is to achieve true IWRM it will need to address its implementation short comings. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

La réception plurielle du développement durable interpelle et interroge. Malléable, il fédère les différents acteurs de la société qui l’utilisent à différentes fins, traduisant ainsi la difficulté de la définition de sa nature juridique. Est-il un droit contraignant impliquant des obligations ? Au moyen de quel mécanisme peut-il être respecté ? A partir de ces interrogations, se dessine tout l’intérêt juridique devant être porté au développement durable. Du point de vue académique, il nous permet de concilier la philosophie naturaliste du droit avec sa traduction dans l’ordre juridique. Décloisonnant les branches du droit, il crée des interactions entre les différents foyers normatifs dans un ordre qui apparaît sous la forme d’un réseau. De par cette circulation, le développement durable se présente comme une force créatrice de droits à travers lesquels il tend à devenir un droit objectif. Du point de vue humain, il reconnaît la possibilité de croire à un avenir pour notre postérité. Au-delà, il se présente comme un droit du vivant promis à évoluer de génération en génération, constituant déjà en lui-même l’expression du patrimoine dont nous héritons de nos ancêtres et destiné au futur. / The plural reception of the sustainable development questions us. Malleable it federates the various actors who use in various purposes so translating the difficulty of the definition of its legal nature. Is it a binding law implying obligations ? How can it be respected? From these questions, he appears all the interest of the legal study of the sustainable development. From the academic point of view, he links the naturalistic philosophy of the right with his translation in the legal legal network. Which decompartmentalizes areas of law, he creates interactions wich each other. The sustainable development creating the right and tends to become a blinding law.From the human point of view, he recognizes the possibility of believing in a future for our offspring. Beyond, he appears as a right of alive promised to evolve from generation to generation, already establishing in himself the expression of the heritage of which we inherit from our ancestors and intended for the future.

South African law treats planning and the environment separately, causing considerable problems when developing land. Concerns in this regard are worldwide and various approaches have been adopted to solve them. This research seeks to explore what legal solutions can be provided using some international examples, fitting them within the unique governance, historical and legal context of South Africa. / Jurisprudence / LLM

L'agriculture biologique est issue d'une longue lutte du consommateur et du citoyen pour connaître et contrôler la qualité de son alimentation. Sa popularité montante confirme que la disponibilité de l'information sur l'offre joue un rôle économique et social central auprès de la demande. Cette tendance appuie l'émergence d'un nouvel élément au sein du corpus des droits de la personne : le droit à l'information. Cette étude aborde les étapes de sa formation et prend pour exemple la filière agroalimentaire biologique. Elle représente un modèle avant-gardiste de l'hybridation entre le droit privé et le droit public. Nous examinons en premier lieu comment l'activité des secteurs agroalimentaires civils et privés a contribué à fomenter le désir d'information du consommateur, pour ensuite le mettre en péril. Parallèlement à cela, nous proposons d'analyser les effets et l'influence du corpus de droits et de principes du développement durable sur la filière biologique, mais surtout sur la reconnaissance du besoin d'information pour le consommateur. Enfin, nous faisons un tour d'horizon de la réglementation publique de l'appellation biologique, de son label et de son étiquette. Pour cela, nous évaluons les mesures en place selon les critères de la véracité, de l'accessibilité et de l'exhaustivité de l'information divulguée au consommateur. À la lumière de notre analyse, le consommateur peut tirer ses propres conclusions sur les meilleures réponses normatives à ses besoins. Quelles mesures entre le droit transnational, le droit international et le droit national offrent le meilleur résultat? Laquelle de ces formes juridiques s'avère en mesure de promouvoir une consommation responsable où le consommateur ne fait plus face aux obstacles à son choix éclairé? / Organic farming is the result of a long struggle of the consumer and the citizen to know and control the quality of its food. Its rising popularity confirms that the availability of information on the supply plays a central role to economic and social demand. This trend supports the emergence of a new element within the corpus of human rights: the right to information. This study examines the stages of its formation and takes for example the organic food chain. It represents a pioneering model of hybridation between private law and public law. We first examine how the activity of civil and private sectors food helped foment the desire of consumer information, and then put it in jeopardy. Along with this, we propose to analyze the impact and influence of the corpus of rights and principles of sustainable development of the organic sector, but especially on the recognition of the need for consumer information. Finally, we present an overview of government regulation of the organic designation, its logo and its label. In order to do this, we evaluate the measures in place according to the criterias of accuracy, accessibility and completeness of the information disclosed to the consumer. In light of our analysis, the consumer can draw their own conclusions on the best normative responses to their needs. What measures between transnational law, international law and national law provide the best outcome? Which of these legal forms is able to promote a form of responsible consumption where consumers no longer face barriers to its choice?

University of Macau / Faculty of Law