Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / The purpose of the study described in this thesis was to investigate the structure required to implement and manage digital forensic readiness within an enterprise. A comparative analysis of different digital forensic readiness frameworks was performed and, based on the findings of the analysis, the digital forensic readiness commonalities framework (DFRCF) was extended. The resultant structure was used to design a digital forensic readiness maturity assessment model (DFRMAM) that will enable organisations to assess their forensic readiness. In conclusion, both the extended DFRCF and the DFRMAM are shown to be validated by forensic practitioners, using semi-structured interviews. A qualitative research design and methodology was used to perform a comparative analysis of the various digital forensic readiness frameworks, to comprehend the underlying structures. All the participant responses were recorded and transcribed. Analysis of the findings resulting from the study showed that participants mostly agreed with the structure of the extended DFRCF; however, key changes were introduced to the extended DFRCF. The participants also validated the DFRMAM, and the majority of respondents opted for a checklist-type MAM. Digital forensic readiness is a very sensitive topic since organisations fear that their information might be made public and, as a result, increase their exposure to forensic incidents and reputational risk. Because of this, it was difficult to find participants who have a forensic footprint and are willing, able, and knowledgeable about digital forensic readiness. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge by presenting an original, validated DFRCF and DFRMAM. Practitioners and organisations now have access to non-proprietary DFRMAM.

在本文中，我們證明了：若對應於壽命分佈函數F之更新函數為凸（ 凹 ）族，因此解決了Shaked和Zhu(1992)所提出的兩個問題。 蝻う漫宒銵A 我們進一步得到了於某些特定之壽命分佈函數族中， / We prove that if the renewal function M(t) corresponding to a life distribution F is convex(resp. concave) then F is NBU(resp. NWU), and hence answer two questions posed by Shaked and Zhu(1992). Moreover, based on the renewal function, some characterizations of the exponential distribution within certain classes of life distributions are given. Key words and phrases:exponential distribution;renewal counting process; DFR;NBU;NWU;NBUE;NWUE.

L'ingénierie des systèmes mécatroniques nécessite la conception simultanée et pluri-disciplinaire des différents sous-systèmes mécanique, électronique et informatique. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'un projet plus général portant sur la ``Conception Intégrée en Mécatronique Sûre de Fonctionnement''. Il s'agissait de développer des méthodes devant permettre et faciliter la collaboration entre personnes de spécialités différentes dans le but d'aboutir à un système sûr de fonctionnement sans fixer a priori de contraintes sur un élément du système en particulier. Dans la première partie, nous présentons donc un modèle de vieillissement du transistor MOSFET induit par le mécanisme des porteurs chauds. Nous détaillons ensuite l'étude du vieillissement de structures de bases de l'électronique analogique. Nous proposons une méthodologie de conception permettant de maximiser la durée de vie d'un circuit, donc des micro-capteurs, grâce à l'utilisation du modèle de vieillissement. Dans la deuxième partie, en prenant comme exemple un OTA Miller, nous montrons comment notre méthode permet de concevoir des structures complexes sûres de fonctionnement. Pour clore le manuscrit nous proposons une application originale de notre méthode de conception : un capteur de vieillissement de circuit intégré analogique CMOS.

Antibiotic resistance challenges the practice and development of modern medicine. The aim of this thesis was to test the hypothesis that antibiotic resistance is reversible once the selection pressure of an antibiotic is removed. A decisive reduction (85%) in trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole over 24 months in Kronoberg County, Sweden, is described. The resistance baseline prior to the intervention and the effects of the intervention on resistance levels, trimethoprim resistance genes (dfr-genes) and population structure in Escherichia coli were studied. The effects of different algorithms for excluding patient duplicate isolates were small but systematic. An identical algorithm was used throughout. The drastic decrease in the use of trimethoprim containing drugs did not result in a corresponding decrease in trimethoprim resistance. This was true both for total trimethoprim resistance and for trimethoprim mono-resistance. The distributions of E. coli phenotypes, dfr-genes and E. coli sequence types were stable. The marginal effect on resistance rates was explained by a low fitness cost of trimethoprim resistance observed in vitro and the high levels of associated resistance in trimethoprim resistant isolates. Trimethoprim resistance was, although widespread in the E. coli population, more common in certain E. coli sequence types. The distributions of dfr-genes were different in E. coli and K. pneumoniae and between different E. coli sequence types. These results indicate mechanisms related to the genetic back-bone of E coli to be important for the acquisition and persistence of antibiotic resistance. The findings of this thesis indicates that, at least for some classes of antibiotics, we may have overestimated the usefulness of a strategy for reversing antimicrobial resistance based on the fitness cost of resistance. We have equally underestimated the conserving effects of associated resistance. The stability of the dfr-genes and E. coli sequence types underlines the importance of associated resistance and successful lineages in the spread and maintenance of antibiotic resistance in E. coli.

This study presents challenges and opportunities in Incident Response as a part of Digital Forensic Readiness. For this study, the authors adopted a qualitative approach to identify and analyse challenges and opportunities for companies in Incident Response, specifically from the perspective of cybersecurity consultants in the Swedish market. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data, and thematic coding was performed to analyse the data from interviews. Identifying and analysing these challenges and opportunities can provide valuable insights for cybersecurity practitioners, policymakers, and the academic community. The result of this study is that companies face challenges regarding Incident Response due to a lack of processes and in-house knowledge. The challenges may vary depending on the size of the company. Opportunities for companies with a successful Incident Response capability showed higher trust from customers, vendors, and partners, as well as brand trust due to the competitive nature of IT. Some of the important key factors contributing to successful Incident Response capability were well-established processes and staff training.

The Swedish company Kockums AB, at the forefront within maritime and naval technology, is in need of a tool, document, and/or method to include environmental aspects in their product development process. This is mainly because of additional requirements put on Kockums AB from their main customer. Ship recycling is the major issue that has to be addressed and included in Kockums AB’sworking procedures. Moreover, ship recycling is a pressing issue to handle due to horrible conditions in South Asian countries, where most ship dismantling is taking place. For these reasons, the objective of this M.Sc. thesis was to integrate environmental aspects in the product development process at Kockums AB by designing and proposing a way of implementing a tool, document, and/or method. Environmental product requirements that Kockums AB is demanded to fulfill mainly derives from customers, classification societies, laws and legislations, and themselves. The Hong Kong Convention has been adapted, in 2009, but is yet to enter into force. Ship recycling is covered by the convention,and an ‘Inventory of Hazardous Materials’ has to be provided from the ship builder, and hence this is the main aspect for Kockums AB to consider. Naval ships are, however, excluded from the Hong Kong Convention. Kockums AB does not have a routine on how to handle environmental requirements nor are environmental aspects included in their product development process. Consequently, Kockums AB’senvironmental ambition should not be put too high and rather aim at follow laws. In an empiricalstudy, regarding environmental aspects at Kockums AB, difficulties were identified. Lack of environmental knowledge, communication problems, and misunderstandings regarding the ambiguous term environment showed to be most notable. The three most prominent success factors for asuccessful integration of ecodesign, from the conducted literature review and empirical findings, are education for employees, existence of an environmental champion, and top management support. A Long-term Environmental Action Plan (LEAP), which took the success factors into account and contains 18 Actions, was developed for Kockums AB, and is the ultimate result of this research. The LEAP was developed in accordance with ISO 14006, a new standard for incorporation of ecodesign in Environmental Management Systems, with the aim of reducing adverse environmental impactsthroughout a product’s lifecycle. Moreover, the proposed way of implementing the LEAP was based on a ”Plan, Do, Check, Act” methodology from Product-Oriented Environmental Management Systems (POEMS). POEMS focus on a product’s environmental efficiency throughout its lifecycle, by a systematic integration of ecodesign in the company’s strategies and practices, and hence continual improvements. This way of implementation should be familiar to Kockums AB because the company is certified according to ISO 14001, where continual improvement of environmental performance is a key factor. The proposed LEAP includes tools, documents, and methods that are to be used in daily work and product development at Kockums AB. It is a step towards environmentally conscious design and enhanced environmental knowledge at Kockums AB. Additionally, as a result of the LEAP, the expectation is that environmental conscious mindsets of employees arise.