O idoso com insuficiência renal crônica terminal (IRCT) em tratamento de Diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (DPAC) requer maior atenção da família frente às dificuldades decorrentes. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivos: caracterizar os idosos com diagnóstico de IRCT em tratamento de DPAC, atendidos em uma Unidade Nefrológica de um Hospital Escola do interior paulista, bem como seus respectivos cuidadores familiares, e descrever o processo de cuidar desses idosos. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter qualitativo em que se utilizou como técnica de coleta de dados a história oral temática. Foi adotada a análise temática dos dados segundo Minayo. Participaram do estudo nove cuidadores familiares de idosos com IRCT em tratamento de DPAC. A coleta de dados foi realizada no domicílio dos cuidadores, no período de agosto de 2007 a janeiro de 2008. Quanto à caracterização dos idosos, 55,6% eram homens; média de idade de 70 anos; 88,9% eram casados; 88,9% aposentados e 55,6% recebiam 1 salário mínimo (SM); o tempo em que permaneceram recebendo cuidados foi em média 2,4 anos e todos eram dependentes de outra pessoa para realizar a troca de bolsa de diálise. Em relação aos cuidadores, 88,9% eram mulheres, 77,8% casados, com média de idade de 41,5 anos. Em relação à renda, 66,7% recebiam entre 2 a 4 SM e 22,2% 1 SM e o tempo dedicado ao cuidado representou 8horas/dia. A análise dos dados revelou quatro categorias: O impacto da IRCT e do tratamento para o idoso e o cuidador; O processo de cuidar do idoso com IRCT em DPAC no domicílio; Reações do cuidador frente à experiência de cuidar do idoso com IRCT no domicílio e Sistemas de suportes e recursos para o cuidado do idoso no domicílio. O estudo revelou a necessidade de atuar junto à família, na tentativa de auxiliar o cuidador a desenvolver conhecimentos e habilidades para lidar com a demanda de cuidados que o idoso com IRCT exige, principalmente em relação à DPAC. / Elderly patients with terminal chronic renal insufficiency (TCRI) receiving Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) treatment demand greater attention from the family due to the difficulties deriving from the disease, including dialysis bag change. This study aims to: characterize elderly people with diagnosed TCRI under CAPD, who receive care at a Nephrology Unit of a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil, as well as their respective family caregivers, and to describe the care process for these elderly. This is a qualitative study, using the thematic oral history for data collection. Thematic data analysis according to Minayo was adopted for data analysis. Study participants were nine family caregivers of elderly with TCRI under CAPD treatment. Data were collected at the caregivers homes between August 2007 and January 2008. As to the elderlys characterization, 55.6% were men; the mean age was 70 years; 88.9% were married; 88.9% retired and 55.6% received one minimum wage (MW); on the average, they had received care for 2.4 years and all clients depended on another person to change the dialysis bag. With respect to the caregivers, 88.9% were women, 77.8% married, with a mean age of 41.5 years. As for income, 66.7% received between two and four MWs and 22.2% received one MW. Eight hours per day were dedicated to care. Data analysis revealed four categories: the impact of TCRI and treatment for the elderly and the caregiver; the home care process for the elderly with TCRI under CAPD; reactions of the caregiver towards the experience of taking care of the elderly with TCRI at home; support systems and resources for home care delivery to the elderly. The study revealed the need to work with the family, in the attempt to help the caregiver to develop knowledge and skills to deal with the care demand the elderly with TCRI requires, mainly in relation to the CAPD.

by Tong Lai Wah, Christina. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Title Page --- p.i / Authorization Page --- p.ii / Signature Page --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v-viii / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Append --- p.ix xi / Title Page --- p.xii / Abstract --- p.xiii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.14-15 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.16-24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2 --- End-stage renal disease / Chapter 2.3 --- Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis / Chapter 2.4 --- Patient participation / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Definition of participation / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Benefits of participation / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Problems of patient participation / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Application of patient participation / Chapter 2.5 --- Conclusion / Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.25-43 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.2 --- Overview of grounded theory / Chapter 3.3 --- Procedures / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Data generation / Chapter - --- Sampling / Chapter - --- Data gathering / Chapter - --- Data recording / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Data analysis / Chapter - --- Open coding / Chapter - --- Constant comparative analysis / Chapter - --- Categorization / Chapter - --- Axial coding / Chapter - --- Theoretical sensitivity / Chapter - --- Memoing / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Theory construction / Chapter - --- Core category / Chapter 3.4 --- Method application / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Data collection / Chapter - --- Sampling / Chapter - --- Interview / Chapter - --- Recording / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Data analysis / Chapter - --- Open coding / Chapter - --- Constant comparative analysis / Chapter - --- Categorization and Axial coding / Chapter - --- Theoretical sensitivity / Chapter - --- Memoing / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Theoretical construction / Chapter - --- Concept formation / Chapter - --- Concept development / Chapter 3.5 --- Credibility & Trustworthiness / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion / Chapter 4 --- Findings --- p.44-72 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 4.2 --- Core category: Integrative Restructuring / Chapter 4.3 --- Emotional Labour / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Entering the active zone / Chapter (a) --- Conditions to go into active zone / Chapter (b) --- Outcomes of emotional labour / Chapter (c) --- Strategies used for emotional labour / Chapter - --- Letting go of emotions / Chapter - --- Aligning cognitive consistency / Chapter - --- Maximizing ego / Chapter - --- Locating self / Chapter - --- Boosting power / Chapter i. --- Active control / Chapter ii. --- Building positive expectancies / Chapter iii. --- Covariance to positive expectancies / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Retreating into comfort zone / Chapter (a) --- Contexts of comfort zone / Chapter (b) --- Conditions to build comfort zone / Chapter (c) --- Strategies used within comfort zone / Chapter - --- Defending / Chapter - --- Relinquishing / Chapter - --- Anchoring / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Migrating between the two zones / Chapter (a) --- Conditions to initiate the move / Chapter (b) --- Covariance to the movement / Chapter (c) --- Strategies to make progress / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion / Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.73-92 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 5.2 --- Theoretical framework / Chapter 5.3 --- Core category: Integrative Restructuring / Chapter 5.4 --- Variables affecting the move to active zone / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Preparations / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Support / Chapter (a) --- Source of support / Chapter (b) --- Context of support / Chapter (c) --- Effects of support / Chapter (i) --- Effects upon support-seekers / Chapter (ii) --- Supporter's reaction to support-giving relationship / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Commitment / Chapter (a) --- Perception of the situation / Chapter (b) --- Cultural influences / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Control / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion / Chapter 6 --- Concluding Chapter --- p.93-100 / Chapter 6.1 --- Limitations / Chapter 6.2 --- Implications / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Practice / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Research / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Teaching / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Policy Making / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Summary / Chapter 6.3 --- Future research / Chapter 6.4 --- Reflections upon the study / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion / References --- p.101-112

Orientador: Daniela Ponce / Resumo: Introdução: O controle da infecção no ambiente de terapia intensiva por patógenos hospitalares, frequentemente, inclui a utilização de vancomicina. Ressalta-se que profundas alterações ocorrem na farmacocinética dos antimicrobianos prescritos aos pacientes criticamente doentes e que os diferentes métodos dialíticos podem removê-los parcial ou totalmente. Objetivo: Avaliar a redução do antimicrobiano vancomicina por diferentes métodos de diálise em pacientes com lesão renal aguda (LRA) associada à sepse e identificar as variáveis associadas a concentrações terapêuticas. Metodologia: Estudo transversal que avaliou pacientes sépticos com LRA em hemodiálise convencional intermitente (HDI) ou hemodiálise prolongada (HDP) e em tratamento com vancomicina internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensivas (UTI) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-UNESP. Foram colhidas amostras seriadas de sangue no início da terapia dialítica, após 2 e 4 horas do tratamento e ao final da terapia. A concentração sérica de vancomicina foi aferida por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) ou por Imunoensaio enzimático homogêneo (Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique - EMIT). A partir desses dados foi realizado avaliação farmacocinética e Modelagem PK/PD. Resultados: De março de 2015 a agosto de 2017 foram incluídos 27 pacientes tratados por HDI, 17 por HDP 6h e 11 por HDP 10h. O volume de distribuição, assim como o tempo de meia vida e clearence dialítico da vancomicina fo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Infection control in the intensive care environment by hospital pathogens often includes the use of vancomycin. It is noteworthy that profound changes occur in the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials prescribed to critical patients and that different dialytic methods may partially or totally remove them. Objective: To evaluate the reduction of antimicrobial vancomycin by different dialysis methods in patients with AKI associated with sepsis and to identify the variables associated with its therapeutic level. Methodology: A cross-sectional study evaluating septic patients with AKI on intermittent conventional hemodialysis (IHD) and prolonged hemodialysis (PHD) and vancomycin treatment in intensive care unit (ICU) of Clinics Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu - UNESP. Serial blood samples were collected at the start of dialysis therapy after 2 and 4 hours of treatment and at the end of therapy. The serum level of vancomycin was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or by Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT). From these data, pharmacokinetic evaluation and PK / PD modeling were performed. Results: From March 2015 to August 2017, 27 patients treated for IHD, 17 for PHD 6h and 11 for PHD 10h were included. The volume of distribution was higher in the groups PHD 6h and PHD 10h (p <0.001), as well as half-life (p <0.001) and dialytic clearance of vancomycin (p <0.001). The reduction of vancomycin after 2 hours of therapy was 26... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Bárbara Perez Vogt / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente, várias sociedades internacionais reconhecem a presença da sarcopenia nas doenças catabólicas, como a doença renal crônica. Sarcopenia afeta qualidade de vida e atividades diárias dos indivíduos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o diagnóstico, prevalência e associação de parâmetros clínicos e nutricionais com a sarcopenia em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP). MÉTODOS: Realizado busca ativa da sarcopenia em pacientes prevalentes em DP maiores de 18 anos. Avaliação da massa muscular pelo índice de massa apendicular (IMMA) e da função muscular pela força de preensão manual (FPM) foram realizadas. Diagnóstico de sarcopenia foi realizado de acordo com o European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) e sua gravidade foi avaliada por teste de velocidade de marcha (VM). Para análise estatística, foi utilizado teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, seguido de qui quadrado ou exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney ou Teste t de Student, de acordo com a distribuição dos dados. Posteriormente, foi realizada regressão logística multivariada. As variáveis com significância <0,1 na análise univariada foram incluídas no modelo de regressão. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos cinquenta indivíduos em DP, média de idade de 55,74±16,22 anos, 52% eram mulheres. A prevalência de sarcopenia em DP foi de 10% (n=5), sendo 8% (n=4) considerados com sarcopenia severa. Comparando os grupos de pacientes de acordo com a presença de sarcopenia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Currently, several international societies recognize the presence of sarcopenia in catabolic diseases, such as chronic kidney disease. Sarcopenia affects quality of life and daily activities of individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis, prevalence and association of clinical and nutritional parameters with sarcopenia in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: Screening for sarcopenia was performed in prevalent patients in PD older than 18 years. Muscle mass by appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI) and muscle function by handgrip strength (HGS) were evaluated. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and its severity was assessed by gait speed (GS). For statistical analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used, followed by Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney or Student´s t Test, according to data distribution. Later, binary logistic regression was performed. Variables with significance <0.1 in the univariate analysis were included in the binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: Fifty subjects on PD were included, mean age 55.74±16.22 years, 52% female. Sarcopenia prevalence was 10% (n=5), and 8% (n=4) were classified as severe sarcopenia. Comparing the groups of patients according to the presence of sarcopenia, significant differences were found regarding body weight (55.34±7.01kg vs 70.78±15.60kg, p=0.003), body mass index (BMI) (22.75±1.45kg/m² vs 2... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Os pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em tratamento de hemodiálise (HD) possuem uma alta taxa de mortalidade decorrente de complicações cardiovasculares e infecções secundárias. Os fatores de risco tradicionais parecem não ser suficientes para, sozinhos, justificar o grande número de óbitos por doença cardiovascular (DCV). Pesquisas indicam que fatores de risco não tradicionais, como a presença de processos inflamatórios, também são importantes e exercem efeitos significativos sobre essas mortes. Dentro dessa conjuntura, as doenças periodontais figuram como uma importante fonte de inflamação e podem estar associadas à complexa interação entre DRC e DCV. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência da doença periodontal (DP) e os fatores associados a sua causa em pacientes com DRC submetidos à HD. Amostra de conveniência: 75 pacientes em tratamento na unidade do Hospital do Rim da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foi realizada avaliação periodontal, através do periograma completo, e a classificação de Tonetti e Claffey foi utilizada para categorizar a DP. Além disso, informações sociodemográficas e clínicas foram coletadas para realizar as associações com a DP que esteve presente em 46,7% dos indivíduos de forma severa, 37,3% de forma leve e 16% eram edêntulos totais. Dentro das limitações deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a DP está presente dentro desta população, porém devido a natureza deste trabalho, estudos intervencionais se tornam necessários para elucidar a relação entre a DP, DCV e DRC / Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD) have a high mortality rate due to cardiovascular complications and secondary infections. The traditional risk factors do not seem to be sufficient, by themselves, to justify the large number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research indicates that non-traditional risk factors, such as the presence of inflammatory processes, are also important and exert significant effects on these deaths. Within this context, periodontal diseases appearing as an important source of inflammation and may be associated with the complex interaction between CKD and CVD. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of periodontal disease (PD) and the factors associated with their cause in patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis. Convenience sample: 75 patients treated at the Hospital do Rim from the Federal University of São Paulo. Periodontal evaluation was performed through the full periogram, and Tonetti & Claffey (2005) definition was used to categorize the PD. In addition, sociodemographic and clinical information was collected to perform associations with PD, which was present in a severe form of 46.7%, in a mild form of 37.3% and 16% were edentulous. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the PD is present within this population, but due to the nature of this work, interventional studies will be necessary to elucidate the relationship between PD, CVD and CKD.

A gestação em mulheres com insuficiência renal crônica em terapia dialítica é evento incomum. Após a década de 90, houve um aumento no número de casos descritos relatando sucesso na gravidez. Durante o período de 1999- 2007 estudamos os resultados obstétricos e perinatais de 30 gestações que ocorreram em 27 pacientes em terapia dialítica, com idade média de 30,4 ± 5,13 anos (variação: 18-42 anos). Todas as pacientes estavam em hemodiálise. Quinze pacientes realizavam terapia dialítica antes da gestação com tempo médio de 2,93 ± 2,05 anos (variação: 1-8 anos) e treze iniciaram a diálise durante a gravidez. A concentração média de uréia foi 105,07±40,72 mg/dL (variação: 21-172 mg/dL); creatinina sérica foi 5,73±2,23 mg/dL (variação: 2,49-10,4 mg/dL). Hipertensão arterial materna ocorreu em 24 pacientes (85,7%), polidrâmnio em 11 casos (39,3%), hipotireoidismo em 6 casos (21,4%), diabetes gestacional em 5 casos (17,8%). Foi necessário o uso de medicações antihipertensivas em 21 pacientes para controle da hipertensão arterial materna e foi prescrito eritropoetina em 25 pacientes para controle da anemia. Ocorreram 18 partos cesarianas, 10 partos normais e dois partos fórcipe. A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi de 33,8±3,09 semanas (variação: 27-37 semanas) e o peso médio ao nascimento foi 1839,3±647,94 gramas (variação: 530- 3100 gramas). As complicações neonatais observadas no estudo foram: desconforto respiratório 19 casos (63,3%); necessidade de CPAP 12 casos (40%); necessidade de intubação orotraqueal 9 casos (30%); membrana hialina 7 casos (23,3%); displasia broncopulmonar 5 casos (16,7%); sepse 5 casos (16,7%); uso de surfactante pulmonar 4 casos (13,3%); retinopatia da prematuridade 3 casos (10%); enterocolite necrosante 1 caso (3,3%); hemorragia intracraniana 1 caso (3,3%). Ocorreu no estudo um óbito fetal, um óbito neonatal precoce e um óbito neonatal tardio. A taxa de sobrevida hospitalar dos recém-natos foi de 90%, porém morbidade neonatal permanece elevada, principalmente, em decorrência da prematuridade. / Pregnancy in women with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring chronic dialysis is a rare event. After the 90 decade, there was an increased number of cases reporting success in these pregnancies. During the period of 1999 to 2007 we studied the obstetrical and perinatal outcomes of 30 pregnancies in 27 patients on dialysis, with an average age of 30.4 ± 5.13 years (range: 18-42 years). All patients were on hemodialysis. Fifteen patients were on dialysis before pregnancy with mean time of 2.93 ± 2.05 years (range: 1-8 years) and thirteen began dialysis during pregnancy. The mean serum urea was 105.07±40.72 mg/dL (range: 21-172 mg/dL); serum creatinine was 5.73±2.23 mg/dL (range: 2.49-10.4 mg/dL). Maternal hypertension was present in 24 patients (85.7%); polyhydramnios in 11 patients (39.3%); hypotireoidism in 6 patients (21,4%); gestational diabetes in 5 patients (17.8%). The use of antihypertensive drugs was necessary in 21 patients for maternal hypertension control and erythropoietin was prescribed for 25 patients to control anemia. There were 18 cesarean sections, 10 vaginal deliveries and 2 forcipes deliveries. The mean gestational age at delivery was 33.8±3.09 weeks (range: de 27-37 weeks) and the prematurity rate was 70.6% (23 cases). The birthweight at delivery was 1839.3±647.94g (range: 530-3100 g). Neonatal complications observed in the study were: respiratory distress in 19 cases (63,3%); use of CPAP in 12 cases (40%); need of orotracheal intubation in 9 cases (30%); hyaline membrane disease in 7 cases (23.3%); bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 5 cases (16.7%); sepsis in 5 cases (16.7%); use of surfactant in 4 cases (13.3%); retinopathy of prematurity in 3 cases (10%); necrotizing enterocolitis in 1 case (3.3%); intracranial hemorrhage in 1 case (3.3%).15 newborns were small for gestational age and this was correlated with maternal serum urea >100mg/dL (p=0.035). There was one fetal demise and two neonatal deaths. The newborn survival rate was 90%, but the neonatal morbity remains high among this group of patients, mainly, due to prematurity.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Introducción Las características de la vivienda son un factor importante para llevar a cabo adecuadamente el tratamiento de diálisis peritoneal (DP), sin embargo, no se conoce si estas condicionan la aparición de peritonitis. Métodos Se eligió una cohorte retrospectiva en pacientes que iniciaron DP dentro del periodo enero de 2002-diciembre de 2011 en el Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. Se describieron los tiempos de seguimiento según la fecha de inicio de DP y la primera peritonitis u otros eventos (paso a hemodiálisis, trasplante, muerte o abandono). Las variables fueron evaluadas según su tipo, utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados El análisis incluyó a 218 pacientes con una media de edad de 54 años ± 16. El principal lugar donde se realiza el procedimiento de DP es el dormitorio (77,3%), en su mayoría se encuentra limpio (54,3%), ordenado (71,3%) y despejado (61,8%). Los insumos para el procedimiento se almacenan bajo techo (95,7%) y el mismo paciente ejecuta el tratamiento en la mayoría de los casos (73,1%). La incidencia encontrada fue de 0,17 episodios/paciente-año. La media del tiempo de seguimiento fue de 975 días ± 750. De acuerdo al análisis realizado, no se encontraron resultados significativos que muestren la relación entre las variables de vivienda y el desarrollo de la primera peritonitis. Conclusión No se encontró asociación entre las condiciones de vivienda y el desarrollo de peritonitis en pacientes en tratamiento de DP. Es necesario evaluar y mejorar el programa de visitas domiciliarias.

Orientador: Jacqueline Costa Teixeira Caramori / Banca: Denise Mafra / Banca: Lilian Cuppari / Banca: Marcos Minicucci / Banca: Luis Cuadrado Martin / Resumo: Desnutrição e sobrecarga líquida têm sido apontadas como fatores que contribuem para o pior prognóstico cardíaco da população em diálise. A bioimpedância é opção para avaliação da composição corporal e monitoramento do estado de hidratação, entretanto faltam estudos que investiguem a relevância dos parâmetros da bioimpedância em relação ao prognóstico cardiovascular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a importância do monitoramento seriado por bioimpedância na ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares. Avaliou-se por bioimpedância 145 indivíduos prevalentes em diálise, em intervalos de quatro meses, investigando as relações entre parâmetros da bioimpedância e prognóstico cardiovascular fatal e não fatal. O período de seguimento foi de 23(12; 34) meses, com 27,6% dos pacientes acometidos por eventos cardiovasculares. Análise comparativa entre os pacientes que apresentaram e os que não apresentaram evento cardiovascular revelou que menores valores de ângulo de fase, massa celular corporal e água intracelular e maiores valores das relações massa extracelular/ massa celular corporal e água extracelular/ água corporal total foram indicativos de pior prognóstico cardiovascular. A análise de sobrevida por modelo de Cox convencional considerando unicamente parâmetros obtidos na inserção do paciente no estudo reforçou esses achados, exceto para relação água extracelular/ água corporal total. Na monitoração seriada por bioimpedância, analisada por modelo de Cox com covariável dependente do tempo, os parâmetros não foram preditores de eventos cardiovasculares. Esse conjunto de achados sugere a associação da desnutrição e da sobrecarga líquida com a ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares, o que reforça a aplicação da bioimpedância em diálise / Abstract: Malnutrition and fluid overload have been pointed as contribution factors to the poor cardiovascular prognosis of dialysis population. Bioimpedance is an option for both body composition and hydration status evaluations, however there are few studies that have investigated the relevance of the bioimpedance parameters in relation to cardiovascular prognosis. The purpose of this study was identify the importance of continued monitoring by bioimpedance in the prediction of cardiovascular events. One hundred forty five prevalent dialysis patients were evaluated every four months by bioimpedance, and the relations between its parameters and fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events were investigated. During the follow-up of 23(12; 34) months, 27.6% of patients had cardiovascular events. The comparative analysis between patients that had no events and those that had cardiovascular events showed that lower values of phase angle, body cell mass and intracellular water and higher values of the relation between extracellular water/ total body water and between extracellular mass/ body cell mass pointed to a worse cardiovascular prognosis. The survival analysis by traditional Cox regression considering parameters obtained in first evaluation reinforced these findings, except for extracellular water/ total body water relation. In serial monitoring by bioimpedance, analyzed by time-dependent Cox regression, the parameters were not identify as cardiovascular predictors. This set of findings suggests the association of malnutrition and fluid overload with cardiovascular events occurrence and reinforces the usefulness of bioimpedance in dialysis / Doutor

Introdução: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) está associada à alta morbidade e mortalidade, com aumento progressivo nas populações mundiais. A DRC e o tratamento hemodialítico podem desencadear mudanças no estilo de vida dos pacientes como alterações em seu cotidiano, na capacidade para desempenhar atividades do seu dia a dia e no autocuidado. Objetivos: Caracterizar os pacientes atendidos nos serviços de hemodiálise de uma cidade do interior paulista quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos, econômicos e clínicos; descrever a independência funcional utilizando o instrumento de Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF); descrever a capacidade de autocuidado utilizando a escala para avaliar as capacidades de autocuidado (ASA-A); verificar a associação da independência funcional e da capacidade do autocuidado com as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e verificar correlação entre a independência funcional e a capacidade de autocuidado. Material e Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, populacional e descritivo com abordagem quantitativa nos três serviços de diálise do município de São José do Rio Preto-SP, nos quais foram entrevistados 214 pacientes com 18 anos ou mais de idade, residentes nesse município, em tratamento por hemodiálise e que aceitaram participar do estudo. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) para a avaliação do estado cognitivo; instrumento para caracterização dos dados sociodemográficos, econômicos e clínicos; a MIF e a ASA-A. Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico SAS®9.0, no qual foram gerados as análises descritivas, os testes de associação e a correlação entre as variáveis do estudo. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto - FAMERP. Resultados: Dos 214 pacientes, 108 eram adultos e 106 idosos, dos quais 136 eram homens e 78 mulheres. O número médio de comorbidades para cada paciente foi de 2,3, e o número médio de complicações físicas foi de 4,7 por paciente. Foram evidenciados um nível de independência completa ou modificada nessa população (média MIF total 118,38; dp12,4) e um relativo conhecimento dos pacientes referente a sua capacidade de autocuidado (média 94,53; dp12,86). A MIF se correlacionou positivamente com a ASA-A e as duas negativamente com as variáveis idade, complicações relacionadas ao tratamento hemodialítico e comorbidades. Conclusão: Os pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de independência funcional e a capacidade de autocuidado. À medida que aumentam os escores de independência funcional, aumentam também os de capacidade de autocuidado. As variáveis sexo, idade, comorbidades, complicações relacionadas ao tratamento hemodialítico constituíram fatores importantes que prejudicaram a independência funcional e a capacidade de autocuidado dessa população. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram compreender aspectos referentes a essas variáveis que poderão subsidiar intervenções para a melhoria da assistência de enfermagem prestada a essa população. / Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with high and progressively increasing morbidity and mortality levels around the world. CKD and hemodialysis treatment can trigger changes in patients\' lifestyles, such as changes in their daily lives, in their ability to perform daily activities and in self-care. Aims: To characterize the patients attended at hemodialysis services in an interior city in São Paulo State, Brazil regarding sociodemographic, economic and clinical aspects; to describe their functional independence using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale; to describe their self-care ability using the Appraisal of Self-Care Agency Scale (ASA-A); to check the association between functional independence and self-care ability and sociodemographic and clinical variables and to check for the correlation between functional independence and self-care ability. Material and Method: A cross-sectional and descriptive population study with a quantitative approach was developed at the three dialysis services in the city of São José do Rio Preto- SP, where 214 patients were interviewed, aged 18 years or older, living in this city, under hemodialysis treatment and who accepted to participate in the study. The instruments used for data collection were: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognitive state assessment; instrument to characterize sociodemographic, economic and clinical data; FIM and ASA-A. Data were analyzed in SAS®9.0, used to generate descriptive analyses, association tests and correlations among the study variables. Approval for the project was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP. Results: Out of 214 patients, 108 were adults and 106 elderly, with 136 men and 78 women. The average number of comorbidities for each patient was 2.3, and the mean number of physical complications was 4.7 per patients. Complete or modified independence levels were evidenced in this population (mean total FIM 118.38; sd12.4) and patients\' relative knowledge about their self-care skills (mean 94.53; sd12.86). The FIM was positively correlated with the ASA-A and both instruments were negatively correlated with age, hemodialysis treatment-related complications and comorbidities. Conclusion: Patients under hemodialysis treatment presented satisfactory functional independence and self-care ability results. Gender, age, comorbidities, hemodialysis treatment-related complications represented important factors that impaired this population\'s functional independence and self-care ability. These study results permitted understanding aspects related to these variables that can support interventions to improve nursing care delivery to this population.

末期腎衰竭乃是一種慢性並且會持續惡化的疾病，現時唯一的治療方案便是腎功能替代療法。在香港，一般新發現患有末期腎衰竭的病人，將會被安排進行持續性家居腹膜透析。接受持續性家居腹膜透析的病人均需遵照以下四項治療性方案(包括限制膳食和流質食物，服用處方葯物，及跟從腹膜透析的指引)，以減慢病程的惡化。以往有關病人遵照治療性方案的研究，大多側重於使用血液透析的病人及醫護專業人仕的評估。本研究的目的乃是從現正進行持續性家居腹膜透析的病人的觀點，去明白及解釋病人遵照治療性方案的模式。 / 此硏究採用混合方法硏究設計，並分兩期進行。在第一期的調查，173位病人自我評估其遵照治療性方案中四個環節的程度。調查結果顯示:參加對葯物及腹膜透析的遵照程度，比限制膳食和流質食物的遵照程度為高。再者，男性、較年青、或進行了透析治療一至三年的參加者，自覺其遵照程度比其他參加者為低。此調查結果將指導第二期硏究的最大變化採樣，方法是跟據參加者自我報告其遵照治療性方案的程度分為跟從及不跟從兩組，硏究採用立意取樣方法去選取36位不同性別、年齡、及透析年歷的參加者作第二期硏究的面談。整合第一期的調查及第二期的面談結果後，硏究為參加者遵照治療性方案的模式提供了解釋。 / 結果顯示參加者的遵照模式乃是一個浮動過程，此過程可分為三個階段: 起初的遵照模式、隨後的遵照模式、及長期的遵照模式。在起初的遵照模式階段，參加者嘗試嚴謹地遵照各項治療性方案，但體會到這是不能持久的。在進行了透析二至六個月後，參加進入隨後的遵照模式，透過試驗、監察及不斷的調校，參加者學會選擇性地去遵照某些治療性方案。當參加者接受透析三至五年後，他們開始進入長期的遵照模式，在這階段，參加者已能將自行修改了的治療性方案融入日常的生活當中。 / 參加者遵照治療性方案的浮動過程，乃是受其「抱怨失去自主及常規」和「嘗試挽回自主及常規」所驅使。此浮動情況在每個階段都會發生。除了透析年歷，影響參加者遵照治療性方案的決定性因素乃是其家人及醫護專業人仕的支持。參加並認為醫護專業人仕非常強調其需絶對遵照所有治療性方案，反眏現行以治療為本的照料模式。 / 此硏究在理論及臨床上皆有貢獻。在理論方面，此乃首個硏究確立接受持續性家居腹膜透析的病人，在遵照治療性方案的浮動過程中出現的三個階段。在臨床上，此三個階段的確立可作為策劃護理方案的參照，以幫助病人順利過渡各個階段。硏究的結果亦倡導醫療模式的轉變，即由以治療作主導的模式轉變為以病人為本的照料模式，授權病人在末期腎衰竭的治療過程中參與自我料理。 / End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a chronic, progressive and debilitating illness with renal replacement therapy (RRT) as the only treatment modality. In Hong Kong, patients newly diagnosed with ESRD who require RRT are generally started on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Patients receiving CAPD are required to adhere to a renal therapeutic regimen comprising four components (dietary and fluid restrictions, and medication and dialysis prescriptions) to decelerate disease progression. Studies on patients' adherence have mainly focused on those undergoing haemodialysis and are generally from healthcare professionals' perspectives. The aim of this study was to understand and explain adherence from the perspectives of patients undergoing CAPD. / The study employed a mixed-methods design and was conducted in two phases. In phase I, a survey was conducted to examine 173 patients' self-reported adherence to the four components of the therapeutic regimen. Results showed that participants were more adherent to dialysis and medication prescriptions than to fluid and dietary restrictions. Moreover, participants who were male, younger or had received dialysis for 1 to 3 years rated themselves as more non-adherent than other participants. These findings guided the maximum variation sampling of 36 purposively recruited participants of different genders, ages, and duration of dialysis from the adherent and non-adherent groups for the phase II interview. The survey and interview data were merged in the interpretation of findings to provide an understanding of participants' adherence. / Findings indicate that participants' adherence was a dynamic process with three stages: initial adherence, subsequent adherence and long-term adherence. At the stage of initial adherence, participants attempted to follow instructions but found that strict persistent adherence was impossible. After the first 2 to 6 months of dialysis, participants entered the stage of subsequent adherence. Through experimenting, monitoring and making continuous adjustments, they learned to adopt selective adherence. The stage of long-term adherence commenced after participants had received dialysis for more than 3 to 5 years. At this stage, they were able to assimilate the modified therapeutic regimen into everyday life. / The dynamic process of adherence was driven by "grieving for the loss of autonomy and normality" and "attempting to regain autonomy and normality". The process was dynamic as there were fluctuations at each stage of the participants' adherence. In addition to the duration of dialysis, the major determinant influencing the participants' adherence was the support provided by family members and healthcare professionals. Moreover, participants perceived that the focus of care provision was on strict adherence to all components of the therapeutic regimen, reflecting a biomedical model of care. / This study has theoretical and clinical significance. Theoretically, this is the first study that identified three stages in the dynamic process of adherence among patients undergoing CAPD. Clinically, with reference to each stage identified, nursing interventions can be developed to help patients achieve a smooth transition throughout all the stages. The findings also call for a paradigm shift from the biomedical model of care to patient-centred care, so as to empower patients to engage in self-management of their ESRD. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lam, Lai Wah. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese. / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xvii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xviii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Introduction --- p.1 / ESRD and its management in the Hong Kong context --- p.2 / The research problem --- p.3 / Aim of the study --- p.6 / Overview of the thesis --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Introduction --- p.7 / Literature search strategies --- p.7 / The concept of adherence --- p.8 / Theoretical models used to understand adherence --- p.14 / Health belief model --- p.14 / Locus of control --- p.16 / Self-efficacy --- p.19 / Transtheoretical model --- p.22 / Measurement of adherence --- p.24 / Prevalence of adherence --- p.27 / Patients undergoing HD --- p.28 / Patients undergoing PD --- p.31 / Factors influencing patients’ adherence --- p.34 / Demographic and clinical characteristics --- p.34 / Social support --- p.37 / Knowledge about adherence --- p.39 / Chinese culture --- p.43 / Exploring adherence from patients’ perspectives --- p.47 / Adherence among patients undergoing dialysis in Hong Kong --- p.51 / An introduction to the concept of self-management --- p.52 / Summary --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY / Introduction --- p.56 / Aim --- p.56 / Objectives --- p.56 / Operational definitions --- p.57 / Research design --- p.57 / The paradigm of mixed methods research --- p.58 / Justification for using a mixed methods design --- p.60 / Application of the mixed methods design --- p.61 / Phase I study --- p.67 / Sampling --- p.67 / Setting --- p.67 / Sampling method and sample size --- p.67 / Data collection method --- p.68 / Instrument --- p.68 / Data collection procedures --- p.70 / Data analysis --- p.70 / Pilot Study --- p.71 / Validity and reliability --- p.72 / Phase II study --- p.74 / Sampling --- p.74 / Sample size --- p.74 / Sampling method --- p.75 / Data collection method --- p.80 / Semi-structured interview --- p.80 / Development of the interview guide --- p.81 / Data collection procedures --- p.82 / Making contact with participants --- p.82 / The interviewing process --- p.83 / Data analysis --- p.87 / Pilot study --- p.89 / Rigour of the study --- p.91 / Credibility --- p.91 / Dependability --- p.95 / Confirmability --- p.95 / Transferability --- p.95 / Ethical considerations --- p.96 / Summary --- p.98 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- FINDINGS OF THE PHASE I STUDY / Introduction --- p.99 / Results --- p.99 / Participants --- p.99 / Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants --- p.100 / Overall adherence to the therapeutic regimen --- p.103 / Number of days non-adherent to the therapeutic regimen --- p.103 / Degree of deviation from the therapeutic regimen --- p.104 / Adherence in relation to demographic and clinical variables --- p.106 / Summary --- p.109 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- FINDINGS OF THE PHASE II STUDY / Introduction --- p.110 / Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants --- p.110 / Major categories and subcategories identified --- p.115 / Perceptions of adherence --- p.117 / Meaning of adherence --- p.117 / Perceived needs to adhere --- p.118 / Perceived levels of adherence --- p.120 / The process of adherence --- p.123 / Initial adherence --- p.124 / Practising two major types of adherence --- p.124 / Striving to live with strict adherence --- p.124 / Doing what I am told --- p.124 / Trying my best --- p.125 / Exercising self-control --- p.127 / Adopting partial adherence --- p.128 / Recognizing limitations of current types of adherence --- p.129 / Sacrificing freedom for strict adherence --- p.129 / Social restriction --- p.129 / Having nothing to eat --- p.132 / Paying the price of inadequate adherence --- p.133 / Physiological complications --- p.134 / Need for additional treatment --- p.136 / Harsh comments from healthcare professionals --- p.137 / Realizing the need for changes in adherence --- p.139 / Rationalising an easy-going approach to adherence --- p.139 / Seeing the need for stricter adherence --- p.144 / Subsequent adherence --- p.146 / Experimenting with an easy-going approach to adherence --- p.147 / Allowing some slippage --- p.147 / Monitoring indicators of adherence --- p.148 / Making continuous adjustments --- p.149 / Adopting selective adherence --- p.153 / Long-term adherence --- p.158 / Factors influencing the process of living with adherence --- p.159 / Support --- p.159 / Family members --- p.159 / Healthcare professionals --- p.163 / Hope for the future --- p.165 / Situational factors --- p.168 / Dinning out --- p.169 / Employment --- p.171 / Summary --- p.173 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- DISCUSSION / Introduction --- p.177 / The dynamic process of adherence --- p.179 / Initial adherence --- p.182 / Following instructions --- p.182 / Grieving for the loss of autonomy and normality --- p.184 / Social restriction --- p.185 / Unmet nutritional and psychosocial needs --- p.187 / Subsequent adherence --- p.193 / Experimenting with an easy-going approach to adherence --- p.193 / Attempting to regain autonomy and normality --- p.198 / Dialysis --- p.199 / Medication --- p.201 / Fluid --- p.204 / Diet --- p.205 / Long-term adherence --- p.209 / Support as a major determinant of adherence --- p.212 / Family --- p.213 / Healthcare professionals --- p.216 / Biomedical model of care --- p.221 / Disease-oriented perspective --- p.222 / One-way paternalistic communication --- p.228 / Summary --- p.232 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- CONCLUSIONS / Introduction --- p.235 / Limitations of the study --- p.235 / Implications --- p.237 / Implications for clinical practice --- p.237 / Initial stage --- p.237 / Provision of timely appropriate support --- p.238 / Psychological support --- p.238 / On-site support --- p.239 / Adjustment of the CAPD training content --- p.240 / Empowering patients for self-management of their ESRD --- p.241 / Subsequent stage --- p.244 / Long-term stage --- p.245 / Implications for administration --- p.246 / Implications for nursing education --- p.247 / Recommendations for further research --- p.249 / Conclusions --- p.252 / REFERENCES --- p.254