Im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert ist die Rede der Enzyklopädisten - gemeint sind damit alle, wohl mehrere hundert alphabetisch geordneten und umfangsstarken Wissenswerke vor und nach der französischen "Encyclopedie" (1751- 1765) - erkennbar darin unterschiedlich, je nachdem, an welches Publikum sie sich richten. Dabei kann man vom Beispiel der französischen Akademie ausgehen und vermutungsweise zwei Haupttypen unterscheiden, nämlich das allgemeine Publikum und die Fachleserschaft. Einen charakteristischen Fall scheinen medizinische Enzyklopädien abzugeben, denn bei medizinischen Artikeln kann man sogar davon sprechen. dass die unterschiedlichen Redeweisen enzyklopädischer Werke zwei Körper konstituieren: den ärztlichen Behandlungsgegenstand und den Körper des Bürgers. Während der eine Objekt von Praktiken ist, akkumuliert der andere anatomische und chirurgische Kenntnisse als theoretisches Wissen. Die therapeutische Wirkung der Lektüre ist entsprechend verschieden. Für den Arzt bedeutet eine fachliche Auskunft immer auch eine mögliche Handlungsanweisung, für den Laien reduziert sich der praktische Anwendungsnutzen auf präventive Maßnahmen oder lediglich auf ein Verständnis ärztlicher Kunst. Der Unterschied ist einfach zu beobachten, wenn man die beiden Textsorten - den Fachartikel und den des allgemeinen Wissens - auseinander hält. Das soll im Folgenden am Beispiel einer medizinischen Enzyklopädie geschehen, deren Artikel die fachsprachlichen Vermittlungs- und Lesetechniken überschreiten und eine allgemeinbildende Wissensartikulation auch im Bereich des medizinischen Wissens durchsetzen wollen. Es handelt sich um das kurz vor der berühmten "Encyclopedie" von Diderot und d' Alembert veröffentliche "Medical Dictionary" von Robert James.

Orientador: Claudia Maria Xatara / Banca: Jelssa Ciardi Avolio / Banca: Maria Cristina Parreira da Silva / Resumo: Da segunda metade do século XX até os dias atuais podemos observar uma crescente preocupação dos projetos lexicográficos em atender às necessidades dos aprendizes e, em especial, dos aprendizes de línguas estrangeiras. Diversas pesquisas têm gerado um arcabouço de conhecimentos e constituindo a chamada Metalexicografia Pedagógica. Nesse contexto, surgiram várias inovações, dentre as quais o dicionário semibilíngüe. Esse tipo de dicionário tem sido discutido internacionalmente, mas ainda não existe um consenso quanto à sua inserção na classificação tipológica geral. O presente trabalho, além de trazer uma seleção de recentes contribuições que associam o dicionário ao ensino de línguas estrangeiras, tem por principal objetivo apresentar uma proposta de inserção do dicionário semibilíngüe na tipologia de dicionários. Para isso, parte da verificação de três hipóteses: 1) trata-se de um novo tipo de dicionário, alternativo ao bilíngüe e ao monolíngüe; 2) trata-se de um sucedâneo do dicionário bilíngüe; 3) trata-se de um subtipo do dicionário bilíngüe. Percorrendo o caminho dos principais pesquisadores na área da Metalexicografia Pedagógica e analisando contrastivamente os dicionários bilíngüe e semibilíngüe, são reunidos subsídios que levam à conclusão de que o semibilíngüe é um subtipo do dicionário bilíngüe. O trabalho propõe, também, uma nova denominação para o dicionário semibilíngüe - "dicionário bilíngüe pedagógico" -, mostrando por que a atual terminologia não é a mais adequada. / Abstract: From the second half of last century, there is an increasing effort in lexicographic projects to satisfy learners’ needs, notably foreign languages learners. In this context, several researches embody a new field of investigation that may be called Pedagogical Metalexicography. Among the pedagogical lexicographic innovations, the very first bilingual one seems to be the semi-bilingual dictionary. As the typological classification of this kind of dictionary is still under discussion, this work presents a proposal for it. Three hypothesis are verified: 1) semi-bilingual is a new type of dictionary, alternative to the bilingual and monolingual ones; 2) it is a substitute for the bilingual dictionary; 3) it is a subtype of bilingual dictionary. Following the path of the more representative researchers in Pedagogical Metalexicography, and contrasting bilingual dictionary with the semi-bilingual one, this work concludes that semi-bilingual is a subtype of the bilingual dictionary. Finally, it is also proposed and justified a new denomination for semi-bilingual dictionary - "pedagogical bilingual dictionary". / Mestre

The pronunciation dictionary is a key resource required during the development of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. In this thesis, we adapt a British English pronunciation dictionary to Standard South African English (SSAE), as a case study in dialect adaptation. Our investigation leads us in three different directions: dictionary verification, phoneme redundancy evaluation and phoneme adaptation. A pronunciation dictionary should be verified for correctness before its implementation in experiments or applications. However, employing a human to verify a full pronunciation dictionary is an indulgent process which cannot always be accommodated. In our dictionary verification research we attempt to reduce the human effort required in the verification of a pronunciation dictionary by implementing automatic and semi-automatic techniques that find and isolate possible erroneous entries in the dictionary. We identify a number of new techniques that are very efficient in identifying errors, and apply them to a public domain British English pronunciation dictionary. Investigating phoneme redundancy involves looking into the possibility that not all phoneme distinctions are required in SSAE, and investigating different methods of analysing these distinctions. The methods that are investigated include both data driven and knowledge based pronunciation suggestions for a pronunciation dictionary used in an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. This investigation facilitates a deeper linguistic insight into the pronunciation of phonemes in SSAE. Finally, we investigate phoneme adaptation by adapting the KIT phoneme between two dialects of English through the implementation of a set of adaptation rules. Adaptation rules are extracted from literature but also formulated through an investigation of the linguistic phenomena in the data. We achieve a 93% predictive accuracy, which is significantly higher than the 71 % achievable through the implementation of previously identified rules. The adaptation of a British pronunciation dictionary to SSAE represents the final step of developing a SSAE pronunciation dictionary, which is the aim of this thesis. In addition, an ASR system utilising the dictionary is developed, achieving an unconstrained phoneme accuracy of 79.7%. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The pronunciation dictionary is a key resource required during the development of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. In this thesis, we adapt a British English pronunciation dictionary to Standard South African English (SSAE), as a case study in dialect adaptation. Our investigation leads us in three different directions: dictionary verification, phoneme redundancy evaluation and phoneme adaptation. A pronunciation dictionary should be verified for correctness before its implementation in experiments or applications. However, employing a human to verify a full pronunciation dictionary is an indulgent process which cannot always be accommodated. In our dictionary verification research we attempt to reduce the human effort required in the verification of a pronunciation dictionary by implementing automatic and semi-automatic techniques that find and isolate possible erroneous entries in the dictionary. We identify a number of new techniques that are very efficient in identifying errors, and apply them to a public domain British English pronunciation dictionary. Investigating phoneme redundancy involves looking into the possibility that not all phoneme distinctions are required in SSAE, and investigating different methods of analysing these distinctions. The methods that are investigated include both data driven and knowledge based pronunciation suggestions for a pronunciation dictionary used in an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. This investigation facilitates a deeper linguistic insight into the pronunciation of phonemes in SSAE. Finally, we investigate phoneme adaptation by adapting the KIT phoneme between two dialects of English through the implementation of a set of adaptation rules. Adaptation rules are extracted from literature but also formulated through an investigation of the linguistic phenomena in the data. We achieve a 93% predictive accuracy, which is significantly higher than the 71 % achievable through the implementation of previously identified rules. The adaptation of a British pronunciation dictionary to SSAE represents the final step of developing a SSAE pronunciation dictionary, which is the aim of this thesis. In addition, an ASR system utilising the dictionary is developed, achieving an unconstrained phoneme accuracy of 79.7%. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a highly exible and non-invasive medical imaging modality based on the concept of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compared to other imaging techniques, major limitation of MRI is the relatively long acquisition time. The slowness of acquisition makes MRI difficult to apply to time-sensitive clinical applications. Acquisition of MRA images with a spatial resolution close to conventional digital subtraction angiography is feasible, but at the expense of reduction in temporal resolution. Parallel MRI employs multiple receiver coils to speed up the MRI acquisition by reducing the number of data points collected. Although, the reconstructed images from undersampled data sets often suffer from different different types of degradation and artifacts. In contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, information is effectively measured in 3D k-space one line at a time therefore the 3D data acquisition extends over several minutes even using parallel receiver coils. This limits the assessment of high ow lesions and some vascular tumors in patients. To improve spatio-temporal resolution in contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA), the use of incorporating prior knowledge in the image recovery process is considered in this thesis. There are five contributions in this thesis. The first contribution is the modification of generalized unaliasing using support and sensitivity encoding (GUISE). GUISE was introduced by this group to explore incorporating prior knowledge of the image to be reconstructed in parallel MRI. In order to provide improved time-resolved MRA image sequences of the blood vessels, the GUISE method requires an accurate segmentation of the relatively noisy 3D data set into vessel and background. The method that was originally used for definition of the effective region of support was primitive and produced a segmented image with much false detection because of the effect of overlying structures and the relatively noisy background in images. We proposed to use the statistical principle as employed for the modified maximum intensity projection (MIP) to achieve better 3D segmentation and optimal visualization of blood vessels. In comparison with the previous region of support (ROS), the new one enables higher accelerations MRA reconstructions due to the decreased volume of the ROS and leads to less computationally expensive reconstruction. In the second contribution we demonstrated the impact of imposing the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) basis for the temporal changes, based on prior expectation of the changes in contrast concentration with time. In contrast with other transformation, KLT of the temporal variation showed a better contrast to noise ratio (CNR) can be achieved. By incorporating a data ordering step with compressed sensing (CS), an improvement in image quality for reconstructing parallel MR images was exhibited in prior estimate based compressed sensing (PECS). However, this method required a prior estimate of the image to be available. A singular value decomposition (SVD) modification of PECS algorithm (SPECS) to explore ways of utilising the data ordering step without requiring a prior estimate was extended as the third contribution. By employing singular value decomposition as the sparsifying transform in the CS algorithm, the recovered image was used to derive the data ordering in PECS. The preliminary results outperformed the PECS results. The fourth contribution is a novel approach for training a dictionary for sparse recovery in CE-MRA. The experimental results demonstrate improved reconstructions on clinical undersampled dynamic images. A new method recently has been developed to exploit the structure of the signal in sparse representation. Group sparse compressed sensing (GSCS) allows the efficient reconstruction of signals whose support is contained in the union of a small number of groups (sets) from a collection of pre-defined disjoint groups. Exploiting CS applications in dynamic MR imaging, a group sparse method was introduced for our contrast-enhanced data set. Instead of incorporating data ordering resulted from prior information, pre-defined sparsity patterns were used in the PECS recovery algorithm, resulting to a suppression of noise in the reconstruction.

The master's thesis Theoretical Problems of Spanish Lexicography introduces issues associated with creating general monolingual dictionaries. The thesis has two main objectives. Firstly, it aims to summarise the most frequent lexicographic issues and attempt to find their suitable solutions in practice through an analysis of significant research studies dealing with this subject. The issues have been divided into two groups depending on whether they regard the macrostructure (collection of dictionary entries) or microstructure (collection of headword information). As for the macrostructure, one of the main issues is posed by determining the criteria for the selection of dictionary entries. Modern descriptive lexicography considers lexical unit usage frequency to be the main criterion. The macrostructure of general monolingual dictionaries should generally not include proper nouns while productive affixes and affixoids, phraseological units with a high degree of idiomaticity, abbreviations and frequently used neologisms should be included. The thesis also explores the issue of distinguishing between cases of homonymy and polysemy and its impact on lexicographic practice. The chapter on microstructure focuses primarily on the issues of constructing lexicographic definitions with user...

This thesis aims to present several combined methods for the morphological processing of Turkic languages, such as Turkish, which pose a specific set of challenges for computational processing, and also aims to make larger data sets publicly available. Because of the highly productive, agglutinative morphology in Turkish, data sparsity---besides the lack of the publicly available large data sets---impose difficulties in natural language processing, especially with regards to relying on purely statistical methods. Therefore, we evaluate a publicly available rule-based morphological analyzer, TRmorph, based on finite state transducers. In order to enhance the efficiency of this analyzer, and to expand its lexicon; we combine statistical and heuristics-based methods for the named entity processing (and construction of gazetteers), morphological disambiguation task and the multiword expression processing. Experiment results obtained so far point out that the use of heuristic-methods provides promising coverage increase for the text being processed by TRmorph, while the statistical approach is used as a back-up for more fine-grained tasks that may not be captured by pattern-based heuristics approach. This way, our proposed combined approach enhances the efficiency of a morphological analyzer based purely on FST...

Notre recherche a pour objet l’analyse du discours préfaciel des dictionnaires bilingues italien-français français-italien depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours (du XVIe au XXe siècle). À partir de l’analyse approfondie des principaux dictionnaires bilingues italien-français français-italien diffusés sur le marché international depuis le XVIe siècle jusqu’au début du XXIe siècle, notre recherche vise à atteindre plusieurs objectifs :• Pallier une lacune de la recherche lexicographique et métalexicographique, où l’on observe un manque d’études d’ensemble sur les préfaces des dictionnaires bilingues I-F F-I.• Comprendre le rôle et la fonction du discours préfaciel relativement aux dictionnaires bilingues français-italien / italien/français.• Établir une typologie de thèmes récurrents abordés au sein du discours préfaciel des dictionnaires franco-italiens.• Comprendre les intentions du préfacier et les circonstances qui l’incitent à s’exprimer.• Déterminer les objectifs annoncés dans la préface et vérifier l’écart éventuel entre le programme et la réalisation concrète du projet.• Vérifier la présence de constantes et de variables par rapport aux choix lexicologiques et lexicographiques.• Identifier et décrire le parcours évolutif du genre « préfaces des dictionnaires bilingues I-F F-I ».• Comparer les discours préfaciels des dictionnaires bilingues I-F F-I avec ceux appartenant aux dictionnaires unilingues français, de manière à mettre en relief les similitudes et les dissemblances entre ces deux types de discours d’introduction dictionnairique.Notre recherche est organisée en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, on a analysé les sources bibliographiques disponibles et on a sélectionné le corpus, constitué des principaux dictionnaires bilingues italien-français français-italien publiés entre la fin du XVIe siècle et le début du XXIe siècle.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons analysé les préfaces ainsi que les textes qui les complètent ou les remplacent : Avis au lecteur, Avant-propos, Éclaircissement, Avertissement, Discours Préliminaire, Note de l'Éditeur, Présentation, etc. On a essayé, dans cette phase, d’identifier les stratégies discursives du préfacier à travers une analyse méthodique de ses procédés et de son vocabulaire. Notre méthodologie de recherche se base sur la recension et les commentaires des préfaces dans leur intégralité, dans le but d'identifier les sujets les plus récurrents abordés par les préfaciers. Cela nous a permis, deuxièmement, de mettre en lumière toutes les fonctions qui particularisent l'appareil préfaciel au sein des dictionnaires bilingues franco-italiens. On a employé à la fois une perspective diachronique (analyse au fil du temps des différentes éditions du même dictionnaire) et transversale (comparaison des différents dictionnaires entre eux en vue de comprendre les stratégies adoptées par les auteurs relativement à certaines thématiques). Cette approche nous a permis de suivre l'évolution de l'appareil préfaciel au fil des siècles et d'effectuer des parallèles entre des discours de présentation tirés de différents dictionnaires.En définitive, notre recherche vise à identifier et à examiner les divers types de renseignements contenus au sein des préfaces des dictionnaires bilingues italien-français français-italien, dont on fournira également une description formelle générale. Nous allons détailler, en employant une perspective diachronique, les principales étapes évolutives des discours introductifs dictionnairiques et les caractéristiques qui particularisent le discours préfaciel des dictionnaires bilingues F/I – I/F par rapport à celui des dictionnaires unilingues. / Our thesis aims at analysing the prefaces of bilingual dictionaries italian-french french-italian (XVI-XXI century). In our corpus we selected the mains bilingual I/F F/I dictionaries in the international market in order to have at our disposal the prefaces written by the most important authors in the franch-italian lexicography. Our purpose is to underline the recurrent topics mentioned by the lexicographers in their introduction texts as well as the differences concerning the monolinguals and bilingual prefaces. We will adopt a diachronic and transversal perspective of analysis, in order to identify and examine the different types of prefaces of the I/F F/I dictionaries. We will provide a general description of bilingual dictionaries I/F F/I prefaces, describing their origins as well as their evolution in order to increase the knowledge of a not enough explored field in the bilingual lexicography research.

Esta tese de doutoramento é o resultado de duas pesquisas lexicográficas: a primeira, baseada no corpus estudado de oito minidicionários, seis publicados no Brasil e dois em Portugal, através da coleta, tabulação e análise contrastiva do nível de resolução dos itens lexicais da Introdução & apêndices, macro e microestruturas; a Segunda, uma pesquisa de campo, por amostragem, realizada na cidade de São Paulo, envolvendo alunos e professores do ensino fundamental e médio de duas escolas da rede particular e três da rede pública. A análise léxico-estatística do nível de resolução dos minidicionários compreendeu: Introdução & apêndices, em que analisamos Introdução & apêndices, a macroestrutura, em que priorizamos os empréstimos, lacunas, locuções, neologismos, nomes próprios, prefixo contra, prefixos e sufixos, siglas e microestrutura, através de antônimos e sinônimos, artigo definido, aumentativo irregular, campo lexical, contextos, definições, definições circulares, diminutivo irregular, divisão silábica, domínio, gênero feminino, formas sincréticas, homófonos, homógrafos, linguagem de explicação, parônimas, plural das palavras compostas, polissemia, predicação verbal, remissivas, rotulações, superlativos absolutos sintéticos, tautologia, vocabulário de explicação e vogal tônica/átona. A pesquisa de campo por amostragem foi feita por meio de quase 900 questionários, dos quais selecionamos 311 para nossa análise final, representativos do universo de alunos matriculados no ensino médio do Brasil em 1999. Estas análises pretenderam ser representativas do corpus total, tanto de minidicionários atualmente publicados no Brasil, como de alunos matriculados no ensino médio brasileiro. Expomos, ainda, o panorama histórico da produção lexicográfica em minidicionários, os fundamentos teóricos, estabelecimento do corpus e metodologia, uma análise de dois campos lexicais (peixes e frutos) e a tipologia dos dicionários monolíngues e a bibliografia. Das pesquisas acima, apresentamos, como conclusão do trabalho, uma sugestão de modelo de Superminidicionário de língua portuguesa para o ensino médio. / This doctorate thesis contains the results of two lexicographical piece of research. The first is based on the studied corpus of eight minidictionaries, six published in Brazil and two in Portugal, through the collection, tabulation and contrastive analysis of the level of resolution of the lexical items in the introduction and appendixes, in relation to their macro- and microstructures. The second is a piece of sampling field research carried out in the city of São Paulo. It involved students and teachers of fundamental and medium teaching at two schools in the private sector and three in the public sector. A lexical-statistical analysis of the level of resolution of the minidictionaries in the introduction and appendixes was carried out in that the introduction and appendixes were analysed. We looked at the macrostructure, in that we prioritized the loans, gaps, locutions, neologisms, proper names, prefixes against, prefixes and suffixes and acronyms. In addition, we looked at the microstructure, through considering the antonyms and synonyms, defined articles, irregular augmentatives, lexical field, contexts, definitions, circular definitions, irregular diminutives, syllabic divisions, domains, feminine gender, syncretic forms, homophones, homographs, explanatory language, paronyms, plurals of the composed words, instances of polysemy, predicative verbs, cross-references, labelling, synthetic absolute superlatives, tautologies, explanatory vocabulary and open/closed vowels. The sampling field research was conducted through giving out almost 900 questionnaires, out of the which we selected 311 for our final analysis, as these were representative of the enrolled students\' as a whole in the medium teaching in Brazil in 1999. These analyses are intended to be representative of the total corpus. So many of the minidictionaries are now published in Brazil, as of enrolled students in high education in Brazil. We further expose the historical panorama of the lexicographical production in minidictionaries, the theoretical foundation, the establishment of the corpus and methodology, an analysis of two lexical fields (fish and fruits) and the typology of the monolingual dictionaries and the bibliography. From the research above, we present, as a conclusion to the work, a suggestion for a model of a super-minidictionary of the Portuguese language for higher education. My thesis advisor was Professor Maria Vicentina.

Esta tese de doutoramento é o resultado de duas pesquisas lexicográficas: a primeira, baseada no corpus estudado de oito minidicionários, seis publicados no Brasil e dois em Portugal, através da coleta, tabulação e análise contrastiva do nível de resolução dos itens lexicais da Introdução & apêndices, macro e microestruturas; a Segunda, uma pesquisa de campo, por amostragem, realizada na cidade de São Paulo, envolvendo alunos e professores do ensino fundamental e médio de duas escolas da rede particular e três da rede pública. A análise léxico-estatística do nível de resolução dos minidicionários compreendeu: Introdução & apêndices, em que analisamos Introdução & apêndices, a macroestrutura, em que priorizamos os empréstimos, lacunas, locuções, neologismos, nomes próprios, prefixo contra, prefixos e sufixos, siglas e microestrutura, através de antônimos e sinônimos, artigo definido, aumentativo irregular, campo lexical, contextos, definições, definições circulares, diminutivo irregular, divisão silábica, domínio, gênero feminino, formas sincréticas, homófonos, homógrafos, linguagem de explicação, parônimas, plural das palavras compostas, polissemia, predicação verbal, remissivas, rotulações, superlativos absolutos sintéticos, tautologia, vocabulário de explicação e vogal tônica/átona. A pesquisa de campo por amostragem foi feita por meio de quase 900 questionários, dos quais selecionamos 311 para nossa análise final, representativos do universo de alunos matriculados no ensino médio do Brasil em 1999. Estas análises pretenderam ser representativas do corpus total, tanto de minidicionários atualmente publicados no Brasil, como de alunos matriculados no ensino médio brasileiro. Expomos, ainda, o panorama histórico da produção lexicográfica em minidicionários, os fundamentos teóricos, estabelecimento do corpus e metodologia, uma análise de dois campos lexicais (peixes e frutos) e a tipologia dos dicionários monolíngues e a bibliografia. Das pesquisas acima, apresentamos, como conclusão do trabalho, uma sugestão de modelo de Superminidicionário de língua portuguesa para o ensino médio. / This doctorate thesis contains the results of two lexicographical piece of research. The first is based on the studied corpus of eight minidictionaries, six published in Brazil and two in Portugal, through the collection, tabulation and contrastive analysis of the level of resolution of the lexical items in the introduction and appendixes, in relation to their macro- and microstructures. The second is a piece of sampling field research carried out in the city of São Paulo. It involved students and teachers of fundamental and medium teaching at two schools in the private sector and three in the public sector. A lexical-statistical analysis of the level of resolution of the minidictionaries in the introduction and appendixes was carried out in that the introduction and appendixes were analysed. We looked at the macrostructure, in that we prioritized the loans, gaps, locutions, neologisms, proper names, prefixes against, prefixes and suffixes and acronyms. In addition, we looked at the microstructure, through considering the antonyms and synonyms, defined articles, irregular augmentatives, lexical field, contexts, definitions, circular definitions, irregular diminutives, syllabic divisions, domains, feminine gender, syncretic forms, homophones, homographs, explanatory language, paronyms, plurals of the composed words, instances of polysemy, predicative verbs, cross-references, labelling, synthetic absolute superlatives, tautologies, explanatory vocabulary and open/closed vowels. The sampling field research was conducted through giving out almost 900 questionnaires, out of the which we selected 311 for our final analysis, as these were representative of the enrolled students\' as a whole in the medium teaching in Brazil in 1999. These analyses are intended to be representative of the total corpus. So many of the minidictionaries are now published in Brazil, as of enrolled students in high education in Brazil. We further expose the historical panorama of the lexicographical production in minidictionaries, the theoretical foundation, the establishment of the corpus and methodology, an analysis of two lexical fields (fish and fruits) and the typology of the monolingual dictionaries and the bibliography. From the research above, we present, as a conclusion to the work, a suggestion for a model of a super-minidictionary of the Portuguese language for higher education. My thesis advisor was Professor Maria Vicentina.