Atsakomybė už tarptautinės teisės nedraudžiamus veiksmus suprantama kaip valstybių pareiga kompensuoti padarytą materialią žalą, vykdant rizikingą veiklą, kurios nedraudžia tarptautinė teisė. Tarptautinės objektyviosios atsakomybės normos yra specialios, jos turi apibrėžtą veikimo sferą tokiuose tarptautinės teisės posakiuose kaip tarptautinė kosmoso teisė, tarptautinė jūrų teisė, tarptautinė atominė teisė, kuriuose tarptautinė atsakomybė, susijusi su padidinto pavojaus šaltinių veikimu, gali būti numatyta tarptautinėse sutartyse. Labiausiai reglamentuota valstybių atsakomybė už tarptautinės teisės nedraudžiamus veiksmus yra kosmoso teisėje, kur numatoma absoliuti vykdančios kosminę operaciją valstybės atsakomybė už padarytą žalą. Kitose minėtose sutartyse numatoma tik dalinė (valstybės atsakingos už žalos atlyginimo ar prevencijos mechanizmo sukūrimą ar pan.), o žalą privalo atlyginti „teršėjas“ (privatus subjektas, užsiimantis padidinto pavojaus veikla). Apskritai autorė daro išvadą, kad šioje srityje trūksta privalomų tarptautinės teisės šaltinių-ji yra nepakankamai reglamentuota. / -. / Verantwortung für die Handlung, die in der internationalen Recht nicht verboten, aber gefährlich ist, ist die staatliche Pflicht die Materialischaden bezahlen. Diese Verantwortung ist am meisten in der Kosmosrecht, wo absolute Verantwortung der Staat, die kosmische Operation verwirkliche, reglamentiert. Im allgemeinen aber Staaten anerkennen die Pflicht in der rechtliche Handlung gemachte Schaden nicht.

Titanium is well known for its excellent properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratio and outstanding corrosion resistance. However the high cost of this metal has confined its applications to those mostly within the aerospace and military industries. The high purchase price of titanium is primarily driven by the need for intricate metal extraction processes, as well as the sensitivity towards conventional metal working operations. Among the potential solutions, powder metallurgy (P/M) technology provides an economical approach to bring down the price of finished titanium products. However, there are still many problems, such as the residual porosity in the sintered body, that need to be overcome. In this thesis, a fundamental study was carried out focusing on the P/M press-and-sinter technique, using commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) as well as two binary titanium alloys, namely Ti-Ni and Ti-Sn. The influence of several processing parameters including compaction pressure, lubricant type/concentration, sintering time/temperature were performed on both the CP and binary systems. The principal tools utilized for mechanical characterization were hardness and tensile testing, whereas optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy were employed to identify the microstructural features present. Press-and-sinter P/M strategies were successfully developed for all of the blends studied. For CP-Ti, a maximum tensile strength >750MPa and near full theoretical density (~99%) were achieved. Transitions in the size and the size distribution of pores and ?-Ti grains were also observed and quantified. It was found these transitions, as well as the powder impurities present (i.e. oxygen and carbon), greatly influenced the final mechanical properties. In the case of the binary alloys, it was shown that liquid phase sintering (LPS) significantly improved the sintered density for the Ti-10%Ni composition, when sintered at l100°C. A eutectic microstructure (CP-Ti + Ti2Ni), coupled with grains of CP-Ti, were identified as the principal phases present. On the other hand, the Ti-Sn alloys only showed a modest increase in sintered density compared to the CP-Ti, owing to the high solubility of Sn in Ti. In terms of crystal structure, XRD highlighted that the Sn containing samples were fully CP-Ti.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s literary relation to Walter Pater has already been established in the secondary literature; nevertheless, the Frau ohne Schatten has not been analysed with respect to this relation. This project investigates the role of the arts (especially that of architecture, painting, poetry, music and the carpet) in the story and connects this role with the aesthetics that Pater sets out in The Renaissance. It will be shown that art in its various forms is closely connected to the plot and action of the story. In the work of Pater and Hofmannsthal, art even has a vivifying or animating function. Important characteristics of art for Hofmannsthal and Pater are the relation of the arts to and amongst one another, the idea that all things flow (following Heraclitus’ panta rhei, Gr.), and the concept of Anders-streben. The world of art and the world of reality in its everyday sense will be shown through their ambiguous and even paradoxical relation to one another. Hugo von Hofmannsthals literarisches Verhältnis zu Walter Pater ist in der Sekundärliteratur schon belegt; trotzdem ist Die Frau ohne Schatten hinsichtlich dieses Verhältnisses nie analysiert worden. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Rolle der Künste (besonders der Architektur, Malerei, Dichtung, Musik und des Teppichs) in der Erzählung und verbindet diese Rolle mit der Ästhetik, die Pater in The Renaissance darlegte. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Kunst in ihrer verschiedenen Gestalten sehr eng mit der Handlung der Erzählung verbunden ist. Bei Pater und Hofmannsthal hat die Kunst sogar eine belebende Wirkung. Wichtige Merkmale der Kunst für Hofmannsthal und Pater sind das Verhältnis der Künste untereinander, die Idee, dass alles fließt (nach Heraklits panta rhei, Gr.), und das Konzept des Anders-strebens. Die Welt der Kunst und die Welt der Wirklichkeit im alltäglichen Sinne werden durch ihre vieldeutige und zumal paradoxe Beziehung zueinander gezeigt.

In this thesis I attempt to examine the way that rural women in Natal, from the early 1950s to the 1980s, were relegated to the periphery of both white society and black traditional society. Lauretta Ngcobo's second novel And They Didn't Die is therefore a very useful resource as it takes a look at the interplay of traditional black patriarchy, white patriarchy, and the way rural women were affected by these oppressive institutions. And They Didn't Die examines the way that apartheid affected rural communities and the individual. It investigates the various struggles faced by rural women; how women have to negotiate their own identities within different systems. And They Didn't Die focuses on the political, economic, and traditional struggles of rural women in Natal at the end of the 1950s, but unlike other novels, And They Didn't Die also focuses on the sexual identities of rural women, and how they mobilised themselves through political activities such as the struggle against the dreaded pass laws, and the protests against the beer halls. And They Didn't Die is a novel which explores political, traditional, economic, sexual, and communal aspects of rural life. Ngcobo foregrounds the communal, political, economic, and traditional problems that the women in the novel have to face. Ngcobo recreates the various political protests that were happening at this time, to demonstrate the construction of the black woman as political subject. She carefully demonstrates how agency has to be negotiated with both the white authorities and black patriarchy. Black South African women were forced to fight double political battles on the domestic and national fronts. The split structure of the political and traditional struggle is at the center of Ngcobo's work. And They Didn't Die shows that the struggle for female subjectivity is a dynamic process. In South Africa, rural black women had to negotiate numerous subject positions. Forging a sense of selfhood was difficult, especially when confronted with dual patriarchies, apartheid, and the constant negotiation with tradition. Ngcobo's novel is an interesting fictional account that draws on various historical events that offers the reader a sense of what women had to go through in order to survive the atrocities of apartheid. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

Inga Remeikaite Zusammenfassung Bis heute gibt es noch keine Publikationen, in denen ausführlich und systematisch auf den Kodifikationswandel der Betonung von Wörtern in Auflagen der Wörterbücher von gegenwärtiger litauischer Sprache (weiter – W. G. L. S.) untersucht wurde. Der Betonungswandel der zweisilbigen Substantive wurde bisher nicht grundlegend analysiert.. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine Untersuchung über Typen des Betonungswandel der zweisilbigen Substantive. Die Fakten und Grundlagen für diese Arbeit wurden aus allen (fünf) Auflagen gewählt. Etwa 130 zweisilbige Wörter, die für den Wandel der Kodifikation von Betonungs- Normen charakteristisch sind wurden gefunden. In dieser Arbeit finden nicht nur Geschlechter, der gegenwärtigen W. G. L. S. Verwendung, sondern auch Rekomendationen der staatlichen litauischen Sprachkommission werden verglichen. Modelle des Betonungswandel der zweisilbigen Substantive werden analysiert und W. G. L. S. Auflagen mit den häufigsten Betonungs Neuigkeiten der Wörter dieser Gruppe werden ermittelt. In Auswertung der analytischen Betrachtung lassen sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen und Erkenntnisse gewinnen: 1. Wandel der Betonungstypes: a. Neben der baritonischen Betonung finden sich oksitonische Betonungen. b. Neben der oksitonischen Betonung finden sich baritonische Betonungen. 2. Wandel der Betonungsstelle innerhalb der Stamm des Wortes: a. Akut wandelt sich zur Cirkumfleks b... [to full text]

The title of this diploma thesis is as follows: CMNI in theory and its practical implementation in the Danube region. CMNI stands for "Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway." This convention was adopted in a diplomatic conference in 2000. It entered into force in the year 2005. So far, it has been ratified by 15 European countries. All countries with connection to the Danube River, except Austria and the Ukraine, have ratified the CMNI until January 2011. The goal of this convention is to set up unified regulations for the carriage of goods by inland waterways. After a short introduction of some terms concerning inland navigation, the thesis gives a summary of the convention's content. After these theoretical chapters the thesis analyzes and evaluates the effect of the CMNI on the market situation of inland navigation companies which are operating in the Danube region. The results of the empirical analysis of 16 transportation companies, with place of business in the EU and operating on the Danube river, show that the CMNI is a convention with a more symbolic than practical or financial value. However, the CMNI has been past-due for decades. Thus the CMNI is seen as a seed towards a more unified law on carriage of goods by inland navigation. As a result of the researched findings, the thesis favors the ratification of the CMNI by Austria. Nevertheless, it is suggested that the convention can only be fruitful in combination with numerous measures, such as the modernization of harbors along the Danube, the elimination of nautical bottlenecks, an increase of subsidies and improved public relation work by the market participants. (author's abstract) / Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik - Verkehr

Proefskrif--PU vir CHO

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa6 (hereinafter the Constitution) gives everyone the right to fair labour practices.7 The Labour Relations Act8 (hereinafter the LRA) regulates the relationship between employers and employees as well as the relationship between employers and trade unions. These labour relations are quite extensively regulated by statutory measures. The same can unfortunately not be said about the relationship between a trade union and its members. Because a trade union is a legal entity, a trade union is controlled and managed by certain functionaries like any body corporate. The management structures of the trade union are defined in the trade union’s constitution. A trade union can not perform any legal functions which are not provided for in the trade union’s constitution. 9 The trade union’s constitution states the nature of the relationship between the union and its members.10 Workers join trade unions in order to protect themselves and their rights in the workplace. An expectation is therefore cultivated by the members that the trade union, through its representative power and mandate to act on behalf of the members, will do so in the best interest of the members. The disruption of the relationship can have negative implications for the trade union. In this study, relevant case law will be sited to explain the contents of the legal responsibility of a trade union to its members. The specific focus of the study is the legal responsibility of a trade union if its members would suffer pecuniary loss or harm as a result of the trade union’s actions. The purpose of this study is to discuss the regulation of the relationship between a trade union and its members in South Africa and to find a solution for the fragmented regulation or non-regulation thereof. The authority that a member grants to a trade union, mostly in the form of a contract, involves the expression of the will of the members that the trade union has the necessary power to perform judicial acts on its behalf. The discussion is limited to the actual authorization originated by a contract of mandate between a trade union and its members. In terms of the common law’s contract of mandate a representative is obliged to perform his orders with care and diligence, convey information, to act in good faith and to account for his actions. There are no statutory measures that regulate the nature of the legal relationship between a trade union and its members provided for in the trade union’s constitution. This study discusses the regulatory challenges that the regulation of the relationship between a trade union and its members in South Africa are facing, and some recommendations are made with regards to the possible application of existing legislation and the common law contract of mandate. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Proefskrif--PU vir CHO

This study focused on the pastoral guidance of the emotional wounded teen on the basis of a number of broad markers from the book Ecclesiastes. From the basis–theoretical research (Chapters 2 and 3) it was clear that it is a major challenge to come to a proper understanding of the nature and problems of the teen and his experiences.It there is the necessary understanding of all the relevant aspects and if these are handled correctly, it can promote the growth process of the teen developing an intimate relationship with God, and eventually also lead to the experience of a true sense of life and joy. From Ecclesiastes a number of guidelines were identified which can assist in giving the teen the necessary perspective about his daily life struggles. Answers to the search for sense and joy in life do not lie in people and things under the sun, but in a living and intimate relationship with God, in other words in that which is above the sun (to use the imagery of Ecclesiastes). The meta–theoretical section focused on contributions from the adjacent disciplines. Here it was clear that the emotional wounding of the teen results in damage to the forming of identity and self–esteem.When the teen, in a changing environment, does not experience safety and security within healthy relationships, it quite often leads to an identity crisis and to more wounding. From the empirical research it transpired that, as a result of the burden of unresolved emotional baggage from the past, teens are inclined to have a very negative view of the challenges of life and also to experience life as senseless and without joy. In the establishment of an own identity and self–esteem they displayed a strong need for personal relationships. Their negative and weak self–esteem can furthermore be traced to the lack of role models. Another consequence of this lack is a weak relationship with God and other people, as well as an inability to make decisions and to handle crises and trauma. In the practice–theoretical section, through a hermeneutical interaction between basistheoretical guidelines and meta–theoretival perspectives, the formulation of an adapted practice theory, on the basis of guidelines from Ecclesiastes, about the pastoral guidance of the emotional wounded teen was attempted. This model, aimed at pastoral practice, presents parameters for the pastoral guidance of all unresolved trauma and the emotional pain of teens, which are aspects that inhibit spiritual advancement and emotional healing. Only then will the teen be able to truly focus on the enjoyment of life under the sun, in the light of the principles and guidelines from Ecclesiastes. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.