Photocopy of typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Para ser competitivo atualmente, o sistema intensivo de produção de suínos deve estar pautado na eficiência. A fim de obter esta eficiência produtiva, o avanço genético das ultimas décadas buscou por fêmeas suínas cada vez mais prolíficas. A prolificidade contudo, veio acompanhada por uma queda no consumo voluntário de alimento por parte das fêmeas, bem como um aumento na produção de leite, e no número de leitões nascidos; o aumento da leitegada, levou a uma redução do peso ao nascimento e um aumento da heterogeneidade entre os leitões. Como forma de contornar o problema, são oferecidas aos leitões dietas formuladas com ingredientes de alto valor biológico a partir dos sete dias de vida, procurando suprir a demanda nutricional do animal durante o período de amamentação e preparar seu sistema digestório para o desmame. Contudo, grande parte das dietas formuladas para os leitões neonatos são oferecidas aos animais em sua forma sólida. Neste projeto, avaliamos os efeitos sobre a performance de leitões neonatos e da performance reprodutiva da fêmea suína do oferecimento de uma dieta líquida para os leitões neonatos, dieta esta que foi disponibilizada aos animais através de um sistema automatizado que realizou a mistura do alimento em sua forma sólida com a água. Para tais avaliações, os leitões ao nascer foram alocados em três grupos distintos, recebendo a dieta em sua forma líquida, em sua forma sólida ou então apenas o leite materno. Foram avaliadas variáveis zootécnicas relacionadas aos leitões, como peso, ganho diário de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade pré-desmame; frequência de dias com diarreia nos leitões em fase de maternidade e creche. Foram eutanasiados leitões aos 14 e aos 28 dias de idade, para a realização do exame morfométrico da altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e a relação entre a altura de vilosidade e profundidade de cripta nas porções do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. Avaliamos também o impacto do uso da dieta líquida sobre o catabolismo sofrido pela fêmea durante a lactação, através da aferição do peso e da espessura de toucinho desta fêmeas durante o período lactacional e também a duração do intervalo desmame estro e a duração do estro subsequente ao desmame. Não verificamos contudo um melhor desempenho zootécnico dos leitões nos períodos de maternidade e creche, tão pouco uma alteração favorável quanto a frequência de dias com diarreia nas duas fases em relação aos leitões que não consumiram nenhum tipo de suplementação. Quanto aos parâmetros morfométricos do intestino delgado, apenas aos 28 dias de idade os leitões que receberam a dieta líquida apresentaram maiores alturas de vilosidades no íleo em relação aos leitões que consumiram a dieta sólida e os animais do grupo controle apresentaram menores profundidades de cripta no mesmo seguimento e idade quando comparados aos demais animais. Contudo, estas alterações não foram o suficiente para garantir diferenças na relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta. E ainda, a suplementação independente de sua forma não reduziu o catabolismo sofrido pela fêmea suína durante a lactação / To be competitive today, intensive pig production system must be founded on efficiency. In order to obtain this production efficiency, genetic progress of recent decades sought for sows increasingly prolificity. Prolificity however, was accompanied by a decrease in voluntary feed intake by the sow, an increase in milk yield, and the number of piglets born; increased litter led to a reduction in birth weight and increased heterogeneity among piglets. In order to solve this problem, are offered to piglets diets formulated with high biological value ingredients starting at seven days of life, trying to meet the nutritional demand of the animal during the breastfeeding period and prepare digestive system for weaning. However, most diets formulated for newborns piglets are offered in its solid form. In this project, we evaluated the effects on performance of newborn piglets and reproductive performance of swine female offering a liquid diet for the newborn piglets, which was made available to the animals through an automated system that held the mixture of solid feed with water. For such evaluations, the piglets were divided into three groups, receiving the diet in liquid form ,in its solid form or only breast milk. Husbandry variables related to the piglets were evaluated, such as weight, daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion, pre-weaning mortality; frequency of days with diarrhea in piglets in maternity and nursery. Piglets were euthanized at 14 and 28 days for morphometric examination of villus height, crypt depth and the ratio of villus height and crypt depth in the portions of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. We also evaluated the impact of the use of liquid diet on the catabolism suffered by the sow during lactation, by measuring the weight and backfat thickness during the lactation period and also the duration of weaning to estrus interval and duration of the subsequent estrus. We not checked a better growth performance of piglets during periods of maternity and nursery, nor a favorable change for the frequency of days with diarrhea in this two phases. As for the morphometric parameters of the small intestine, only 28 days old piglets that received liquid diet showed greater heights of villi in the ileum for piglets that consumed the solid diet and the control group showed lower crypt depth in the same tracking and age when compared to other animals. However, these changes were not enough to warrant differences in villus height:crypt depth. And yet, the independent supplementation of its form not reduced catabolism suffered by female swine during lactation

This study resituates the twentieth-century origins of lifestyle reform movements by examining the cultural politics of nourishment in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868), when the move toward a shared, authoritative, and seemingly objective system of dietary reform began to take shape, apart from the influence of modern nutritional sciences or the nation-state. A host of popular writers adapted older knowledge on medicine and longevity to communicate rules for dietary conduct that could apply across the spectrum of status and class. The celebration of nourishment in the emerging cultural marketplace of Tokugawa Japan in part represented an attempt to bring society back into alignment through a rhetoric that bundled self-regulation, morality, and individual and collective prosperity into a holistic sense of what the body could become in the world when properly fueled. Surrendering to a desire for the delicious was tantamount to shirking one’s duty, inviting disease, and weakening not only the individual body but the household as well. This tension between self-regulation and an expanded, socially embedded conception of bodily care became the animating logic behind the dispensation and reception of dietary advice in Japan from the eighteenth century on. As the core component in a system of healthy being, nourishing life in late-Tokugawa Japan transcended the personal longevity regimens from which it had once originated to become a perceived cure for social ills. Developments in the Tokugawa and Meiji periods reveal an ongoing tension between a universal healthy diet rooted in human physiology and Japan-specific nutritional standards meant to apply only locally. This study seeks to demonstrate how difficult it can be to isolate and identify a Japanese diet in light of waves of historical change, not only in patterns of eating but in thought and motivation behind competing visions of what to eat and why. Each new iteration of advice represents another attempt to distill and communicate priorities that often extend beyond immediate physiological concerns of bodily care. Following dietary guidance into the past compels us to think of nourishment not as a progression to an increasingly sophisticated and complete understanding of the ways in which food affects how the body performs in the world, but as a contingent struggle between systems of self-care with their own logics, claims to efficacy, and extra-physiological concerns rooted in the historical contexts from which they emerged. Chapter One examines Kaibara Ekiken’s (1630-1714) Precepts on Nourishing Life (Yōjōkun, 1713), a text that marked a turning point at which previously esoteric principles of health migrated from medical systems to an emerging popular culture of nourishment. By the end of the Tokugawa period, Yōjōkun had become both a set of specific principles recorded by Ekiken and a “brand” that others could use to legitimize their own dietary sensibilities. Ekiken carved out a new position from the earlier Chinese and Japanese longevity texts from which he drew inspiration, adapting a model of alimentary choice and personal responsibility to his own historical moment. Chapter Two explores the rise of new knowledge, new knowledge makers, and new knowledge consumers in vernacular dietary guidebooks. These guides changed the implicit structure of authority between ordinary people and those from whom they sought advice on health. Assertions that guidebooks alone could provide all the care one needed altered the terms of the relationship between everyday readers and experts by inserting a new layer of access to knowledge without the need for firsthand consultation. Despite emerging from the realm of medical knowledge, new nourishing life (yōjō) manuals betrayed a growing skepticism of doctors and medicinal healing, subordinating them to preventive nourishment regimens. Chapter Three investigates how the commercial publishing culture of late Tokugawa Japan created a venue for non-specialist authors to comment on the social place of the well-nourished body developed in nourishing life guides. Literary storybooks explored the moral and economic dimensions of health, highlighting excess, gluttony, wealth, and income disparity as themes in who should or could eat what. The chapter focuses on two ‘tales of the stomach,’ which aimed to demystify digestion and the workings of the inner body by personifying foods and bodily responses to them. I argue for a more expansive view of food publications in the Tokugawa period, as well as an understanding of didacticism inclusive enough to account for shared dietary themes across genres. Chapter Four concludes the dissertation by tracing the encounter between Tokugawa dietary health and Western scientific nutrition in the Meiji period (1868-1912), as the fledgling Japanese empire negotiated its new position vis-à-vis the West on political, cultural, and corporeal grounds. The new nutritional sciences were a novel departure from the norms of dietary thinking not only in Japan but in Europe and America, where views on diet had been largely commensurable with those of nourishing life until around the middle of the nineteenth century. Late Meiji doctor Ishizuka Sagen and the civil organizations founded to advance his ideas were among the first to use a “chemical theory of nutrition” to challenge new norms of Western science by evoking a traditionalist vision of a Japanese diet of brown rice, whole grains, miso, and vegetables. Yet vernacular advice persisted as the medium for recording and communicating nourishment to the public, and Tokugawa understandings of yōjō continued to live on in new forms.

Segundo a Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Alimentos para Animais (ANFAL) de 2005, existe atualmente no país cerca de 21 milhões de cães com endereço fixo, a segunda maior população do planeta, atrás apenas dos Estados Unidos. Deste total cerca de 34% recebe alimento industrializado, um indício dos cuidados diferenciados de que são objetos. Assim o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a palatabilidade de dietas para cães adultos de diferentes tamanhos através do protocolo de palatabilidade. Foram utilizadas 40 fêmeas caninas adultas, sendo: 10 de pequeno, 10 de médio e 20 de grande porte, sem raça definida (SRD). Foram avaliados quatro produtos comerciais identificados por sorteio com as letras (A, B, C e D), formuladas de acordo com as exigências NRC, 1974 e 1985. Assim foram efetuados seis testes de confronto de palatabilidade entre os quatro produtos, ou seja, A x B, C x B, A x C, D x B, D x C e D x A. Ao final do experimento pode-se constatar que em termos de palatabilidade os resultados indicaram a seguinte superioridade dos alimentos (%): 76 x 24, 91 x 09, 33 x 67, 59 x 41, 07 x 93 e 10 x 90 ou seja: (C > A > D > B). / According to the National Association of the Manufacturers of Foods for Animals (ANFAL) of 2005, exists now at the country about 21 million dogs with fixed address, the second largest population of the planet, behind just only of the United States. Of this total about 34% is fed with industrialized diet, an indication of the cares differentiated to they are objects. Like this the present work has for objective to evaluate the palatability of diets for adult dogs of different sizes through the palatability protocol. 40 adult canine females were used, being: 10 of small, 10 of medium and 20 of great size, without defined race. They were appraised four identified commercial products for draw with the letters (A, B, C and D), formulated in agreement with the demands NRC, 1974 and 1985. Like this six tests of palatability confrontation were made among the four products, in other words, A x B, C x B, x C, D x B, D x C and D x A. At the end of the experiment can be verified that in palatability terms the results indicated the following superiority of the diets (%): 76 x 24, 91 x 09, 33 x 67, 59 x 41, 07 x 93 and 10 x 90 or be: (C > A > D > B).

O aumento da adiposidade corpórea pode gerar diversos mediadores inflamatórios com capacidade de influenciar a proliferação e a diferenciação hematopoética e, consequentemente, a complexa regulação da hematopoese. Por isso, propusemo-nos, neste trabalho, avaliar a influência do aumento da adiposidade corpórea sobre a proliferação e a diferenciação de células hematopoéticas, bem como sua capacidade em sintetizar citocinas. Ratos Wistar, machos foram alimentados com uma dieta rica em lipídios durante 14 semanas. Após esse período foram avaliados hemograma, mielograma, perfil lipídico, concentrações séricas de leptina, insulina e adiponectina. Citômetria de fluxo foi utilizada para avaliação da porcentagem de células CD34+/CD133+, bem como o ciclo celular de células medulares. Células medulares foram utilizadas para avaliar a atividade proliferativa in vitro e a capacidade de diferenciação, in vitro, na presença de IL-3, EPO, GM-CSF e G-CSF. Animais, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, apresentaram maiores concentrações de leptina circulante, com aumento de gordura corporal, aumento da concetração de proteína C reativa, colesterol total, LDL, VLDL e triacilglicerol. O hemograma apresentou neutrofilia absoluta e a medula óssea apresentou-se hipercelular com aumento do número de granulócitos maduros e da população celular CD133-/CD34+. Os resultados dos testes in vitro demonstraram aumento da capacidade de síntese de IL-3 e aumento de G-CSF, com aumento do potencial proliferativo, também evidenciado pelo maior número de células medulares na fase S/G2/M, bem como o aumento da diferenciação granulocítica. Esses resultados sugerem que a leucocitose e neutrofilia observadas em situações de aumento da adiposidade corpórea são decorrentes de uma complexa modulação do sistema hematopoético. / The body fat increase can generate various inflammatory mediators, that are capable to influence the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells and consequently modulate the complex regulation of the hematopoiesis. In this study we have proposed to evaluate the effect of increase body fat on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, as well as its ability to synthesize cytokines. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a high fat diet during a period of 14 weeks. After that period were evaluated hemogram, mielogram, lipid profile and the serum concentrations of leptin, insulin and adiponectin. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the percentage of CD34+/CD133+, as well as the cell cycle of bone marrow cells. Bone marrow cells were used to perform the proliferation and differentiation capacity in vitro in the presence of IL-3, EPO, GM-CSF and G-CSF. Animals fed high-fat diet had higher concentrations of circulating leptin with increase body fat, and increase of C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and triacylglycerol concentrations. The hemogram showed absolute neutrophilia and a hypercellular bone marrow with increase of granulocytic mature population and CD133-/CD34+ cells. The results in vitro, showed an increase of IL-3 and G-CSF production, and higher proliferative potential with an increase in S/G2/M bone marrow cell cycle phases, as well as an increase of the granulocytic differentiation. The results suggest that leukocytosis and neutrophilia observed in this model of body fat increase are in fact a result of a complex modulation of the hematopoietic system.

The concept of sustainable diets has received increasing attention as it is recognised that several global challenges, such as malnutrition and mitigating pressures on global land resources, might be tackled together through changes in diets. This thesis has used the UK as a case study to analyse the implications of achieving healthy and environmentally sustainable diets for future land use. This thesis shows the total agricultural footprint of UK's food supply has decreased slightly over the last decades due to a lower ruminant livestock product supply. However, the total cropland footprint and its associated greenhouse gas emissions have increased, and these impacts are increasingly displaced overseas. Land use efficiency of the food supply was evaluated by combining agricultural and nutritional data. While a focus on calories and protein reflects favourably on cereals and oil crops, assessing a wider range of nutrients shows that roots & tubers and vegetables are important to “feed the UK” efficiently. Reducing land use associated with UK's food supply is possible while still meeting dietary requirements and this generally also lowers greenhouse gas emissions. Discretionary foods, such as coffee, tea and wine, and animal products should be reduced for a lower impact, but trade-offs were also identified. Four insights relevant for the wider literature were identified: a) the complexity of international trade complicates the assessment of sustainability due to difficulties linking production and consumption, b) there are different types of agricultural land, each with their own opportunity costs, c) new metrics for agricultural yield are needed, moving from “tonnes per hectare” to “people fed per hectare”, and d) the trade-offs between different environmental indicators are important. With an uncertain policy environment and a lack of willing among the population to make significant changes in their diets, the future of UK land use and diets is unclear.

Ageing is accompanied by numerous metabolic changes and age-related diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) is a well-established non-invasive method that reduces the rate of ageing and increases lifespan in a wide range of taxa. Previous studies have highlighted a relationship between the extent of restriction and the extent to which lifespan is increased. However, the mechanisms by which CR mediates its beneficial effects on ageing are yet to be fully understood. I therefore tested three hypotheses which examined the role of metabolic changes in the hypothalamus, the epididymal white adipose tissue and liver on the beneficial effects of CR. A three month graded CR study was performed on 5 month old male C57BL/6 mice. Six different treatments were used: 24 hours ad libitum (AL) feeding, 12 hours AL feeding, 10% CR, 20% CR, 30% CR and 40% CR. Behavioural, physiological and molecular information from each tissue of individual mice were collected. Using this comprehensive data set, I analysed the changes in the transcriptome when exposed to graded CR at both the individual gene level and also using network inferential approaches in the three tissues. My results suggest that CR leads to an overall reduction in the state of inflammation in adipose tissue which may be signalled via secreted cytokines leading to a corresponding reduction in signalling to other tissues. Signal molecules, including those from the adipose tissue, activated the hunger signalling pathway via receptors in the hypothalamus during CR. Responses to CR in the liver were consistent with several current theories reported in the literature and are likely to reflect the combined role of multiple ageing related processes. By constructing multitissue, multi-gene networks I was able to identify potential mechanisms underpinning CR. In conclusion, CR affected multiple biological processes across several different organs in a way consistent with increased healthspan.

Foram caracterizadas e comparadas a morfologia, a dieta, a utilização do substrato, a atividade sazonal e a biologia reprodutiva de Tropidodryas serra e T. striaticeps ao longo de toda sua distribuição na Mata Atlântica. Há segregação altitudinal na maior parte da distribuição geográfica das duas espécies-irmãs, T. serra habita predominantemente áreas de baixada e T. striaticeps ocupa as porções mais elevadas. Em localidades onde ocorrem em simpatria, há diferenciações na morfologia, na utilização do hábitat, nos tipos de presas consumidas e na extensão dos ciclos reprodutivos, possibilitando a partilha de recursos entre as duas espécies afins. As fêmeas das duas espécies foram maiores que os machos, indicando que não há combate ritual. Os machos em ambas as espécies apresentaram maiores comprimentos relativos da cauda, da cabeça e do olho que as fêmeas conspecíficas. Nas duas espécies as fêmeas foram mais robustas que os machos. Com relação às diferenças interespecíficas, T. serra é maior e mais pesada e T. striaticeps tem cauda, cabeça e olhos maiores. Nas duas espécies, os juvenis apresentaram a ponta da cauda branca. Os adultos de T. serra alteraram a coloração da ponta da cauda com a mudança nos tipos de presas ingeridas, ao passo que os adultos de T. striaticeps mantiveram a ponta da cauda branca mesmo com a variação na dieta. Poucos foram os indivíduos, em ambas as espécies, com mutilações na ponta da cauda. As duas espécies são diurnas, procuram ativamente por suas presas no solo e sobre a vegetação. Parecem utilizar mais a vegetação para repousar. Tropidodryas serra utiliza a vegetação com maior freqüência que T. striaticeps. Alimentam-se principalmente de mamíferos, mas incluem também aves, lagartos, anuros e serpentes na sua dieta. Tropidodryas serra apresentou maior equitabilidade na freqüência de captura de diferentes itens alimentares. Tropidodryas striaticeps apresentou maior freqüência de indivíduos com alimento no trato digestivo. Há variação ontogenética na dieta: juvenis se alimentam de presas ectotérmicas e adultos, em sua maioria, de endotérmicas. As fêmeas de T. serra foram coletadas com mais freqüência durante os meses mais quentes e chuvosos e os machos tiveram um pico de atividade entre fevereiro e abril. Os machos e as fêmeas de T. striaticeps não apresentaram diferenças na abundância ao longo do ano. Em T. serra as fêmeas atingiram a maturidade sexual antes que os machos coespecíficos, já em T. striaticeps ocorreu o contrário, os machos maturaram antes que as fêmeas. As fêmeas das duas espécies apresentam ciclos sazonais, com vitelogênese secundária e ovos durante a estação chuvosa. Nas fêmeas de T. serra o ciclo reprodutivo é mais restrito, as ninhadas são menores, os recém-nascidos maiores e a freqüência reprodutiva é maior que nas fêmeas de T. striaticeps. O ciclo espermatogênico é contínuo em ambas as espécies. O volume dos testículos e o diâmetro dos ductos deferentes se mantiveram elevados durante todo o ano nas duas espécies congêneres. Portanto, o ciclo sazonal nas fêmeas é pós-nupcial (a produção de ovos é dissociada da época de cópula) e o ciclo contínuo nos machos é pré-nupcial (a cópula ocorre simultaneamente com a produção de espermatozóides). / Morphology, diet, habitat use, seasonal activity and reproductive biology were analyzed and compared between Tropidodryas serra and T. striaticeps along their geographical distribution in the Atlantic Forest. The distribution of these sister species do not overlap in most of their range, T. serra have its distribution in lower altitude areas\' while T. striaticeps occurs in higher ones. In some localities where both species occur in sympatry they develop differences in body size, habitat preferences, food items and extension of reproductive cycles allowing them to share the resources. Mature females attained larger body sizes than mature males in T. striaticeps and T. serra, such differences in body length suggest that the ritual combat is absent. Males attained larger lengths of tail, head and eye than did females. In both species females have stouter body than males. Interespecific comparison shows that T. serra has the largest body size and is stouter whereas T. striaticeps has the largest tail, head and eye and is more slender. The juveniles present the tip of the tail white. Tail tip of adults T. serra is suffused with cryptic colors but in T. striaticeps the whitish tail tip remains until adult stage although the ontogenetic dietary changes take place. There were few individuals with tail injures. Both species are diurnal and forage actively on the ground and upon the vegetation. They may use the vegetation to rest. Tropidodryas serra seems to inhabit more frequently the lower branches of the vegetation instead T. striaticeps may use the canopy trees. They feed mainly on mammals, but also prey birds, lizards, anurans and snakes. Tropidodryas serra has a more equitable frequency of capture of food items whereas T. striaticeps shows a higher frequency of individuals with preys in their gut. The ontogenetic shift in diet is present, juveniles prey upon ectothermics and adults feed on endothermic preys. Females of T. serra show a peak of abundance during the warmest and rainy periods of the year and males show a peak of activity in February and April. Both sexes in T. striaticeps were equally distributed among seasons, showing no differences between rainy and dry one. Females attained sexual maturity before males in T. serra, the converse occur to T. striaticeps where males where mature before the co-specific females. Both females of these two closely related species present seasonal reproductive cycles with vitellogenesis and egg-laying occurring at the rainy season. In T. serra females the reproductive cycle is more restrict, the clutch size is smaller, the newborns are bigger and the frequency of reproduction higher than T. striaticeps. The spermatogenic cycle is continuous, testes volume and deferent ducts diameter did not vary throughout the year for both species. The seasonal cycle in females is postnuptial (mating seems to be dissociated from vitellogenesis and egg production) and the continuous cycle in males is prenuptial (the produced sperm is used immediately during the mating).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 luvizotto_ram_dr_botfm.pdf: 1198793 bytes, checksum: 382632d84e62659b419cf0c7556d0905 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Obesidade, uma alteração do estado nutricional, é definida como um acúmulo excessivo ou anormal de tecido adiposo que pode deteriorar a saúde. O tecido adiposo participa ativamente na regulação de energia corporal. As células adiposas produzem várias substâncias biologicamente ativas, as adipocinas, com diferentes funções fisiológicas. A disfunção dos adipócitos, como ocorre na obesidade, pode alterar a liberação de adipocinas, como leptina, resistina e adiponectina. A restrição calórica afeta a regulação da expressão gênica do tecido adiposo, normalizando as alterações das adipocinas causadas pela obesidade; entretanto, este mecanismo ainda é pouco conhecido. Sabe-se que resistina, adiponectina, leptina e hormônios tireoidianos estão envolvidos na regulação do balanço energético. Entretanto, não é bem estabelecido os efeitos do hipertireoidismo sobre as adipocinas em ratos obesos e obesos submetidos à restrição calórica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência de diferentes doses de triiodotironina (T3) sobre a concentração sérica e expressão gênica de leptina, resistina e adiponectina em animais obesos e obesos submetidos à restrição calórica. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos separados inicialmente em controle (C) e obeso (OB). Os animais C receberam dieta padrão e os OB receberam dieta hipercalórica por 20 semanas. Após o período de indução de obesidade, os animais OB foram randomizados em grupo obeso (OB), obeso com dose de 5 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (OS1), obeso com dose de 25 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (OS2), obeso submetido à restrição calórica (RC), RC com dose de 5 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (RS1) e RC com dose de 25 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (RS2). Os grupos restritos receberam 75% do... / Obesity, an alteration of the nutritional state, is defined as an excessive or abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue that can cause health to deteriorate. Adipose tissue actively participates in the regulation of bodily energy. Adipose cells produce several biologically active substances, including adipokines, with different physiological functions. Dysfunction of adipocytes, as occurs in obesity, can alter the release of adipokines such as leptin, resistin and adiponectin. Calorie restriction affects the regulation of gene expression of adipose tissue, normalizing the alterations of adipokines caused by obesity; however, this mechanism remains poorly understood. It is known that resistin, adiponectin, leptin and thyroidal hormones are involved in the regulation of energetic balance. However, the effects of hyperthyroidism on adipokines in obese rats, submitted and not submitted to calorie restriction, are not well established. The present study aimed to analyze the influence of different doses of triiodothyronine (T3) on the serum concentration and gene expression of leptin, resistin and adiponectin in obese animals, submitted and not submitted to calorie restriction. Were used male Wistar rats initially separated into control (C) and obese (OB) groups. The C animals received control diet while OB received hypercaloric diet for 20 weeks. After the obesity-induction period the OB animals were randomly divided into obese (OB), obese with 5 μg dose of T3/100g animal body weight (OS1), obese with 25 μg dose of T3/100g body weight (OS2), obese submitted to calorie restriction (CR), CR with 5 μg dose of T3/100g body weight (RS1) and CR with 25 μg does of T3/100g body weight (RS2). The restricted groups received 75% of control group food consumption for 8 weeks. After this period, animals OS1, OS2, RS1 and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)