Introduction: Excessive consumption of high fat, high sugar foods may precipitate cognitive decline. This effect may be more pronounced during cognitive development. The present single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to examine the effect of a moderate fat, low added sugar (MF/LS) dietary intervention on cognitive function in 8-11 yr old preadolescents with a pre-established high fat, high sugar (HF/HS) dietary pattern. Participants included 17 non-obese (BMI Percentile: 25.4 - 91.3) low to middle income preadolescents randomized to 2 weeks of their usual HF/HS diet (control) or a MF/LS intervention diet. Method: The MF/LS intervention diet was restricted to 25% of calories/day from total fat and <10% of calories from added sugar while the HF/HS control diet was maintained at > 40% of calories/day from total fat and >15.9% of calories from added sugar. All food served was measured to the tenth of a gram. Any uneaten portion of food was weighed to obtain accurate measures of actual intake. NDSR dietary analysis software was used to assess macronutrient, micronutrient and added sugar intakes. Participants were weighed weekly to ensure they remained in energy balance throughout the duration of the study. Pre-post cognitive assessment served as the primary outcome measure. A battery of age appropriate tests from the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) as well as the widely used and a previously validated Trail Making task were selected to assess executive function, speed of processing, working memory, attention and spatial ability. Results: Both ANCOVA and a repeated measures approach were used to evaluate the mean difference of post-intervention scores between conditions, controlling for pre-intervention scores and other covariates including age, gender, sleep and mood. For each statistical approach, 10 tests were run, encompassing each of the cognitive assessments given and, for some, their delayed counterpart. Based on the ANCOVA analysis, participants randomized to the MF/LS intervention had a faster median response time (RT) for correct responses on 2 of the 10 tests analyzed, including the initial facial recognition task and its delayed counterpart. Compared to controls, the intervention group displayed 1) a faster total correct RT while controlling for gender (p = 0.02), 2) a faster true negative RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.012), and 3) a faster delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). No significant differences between groups were detected for the other assessments. Based on a repeated measures approach, none of the 10 tests analyzed reached statistical significance. Multiple regression analyses revealed a dose response effect on face recognition RT based on % intake of daily calories from total sugar, added sugar, total fat and saturated fat such that a 10% increase in % calories from total sugar, added sugar and saturated fat decreased processing speed for total correct responses on the initial facial recognition task by 0.58 seconds whereas a 10% increase in % total fat decreased processing speed on the same task by 0.44 seconds. The multivariate regression analyses controlled for gender and pretest scores. Conclusions: A 2-week MF/LS dietary intervention may improve delayed face recognition in low to middle income preadolescents with a pre-established HF/HS dietary pattern. Although the intervention appeared to demonstrate a positive effect on 2 measures of cognitive function (initial and delayed facial recognition), after Bonferroni correction, these results only remained significant for the delayed task median total correct RT when controlling for gender and age (p = 0.005). Thus, study results must be interpreted with caution as they may simply be an artifact of chance finding in the ANCOVA statistical analysis. Further investigation of benefits proffered by decreasing % total sugar, % added sugar, % total fat and % saturated fat intake to preadolescent cognition is warranted. Future work should focus on replicating the present study in a larger sample, using hippocampal-dependent specific tasks.

Guan, Lei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-145). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.I / ABSTRACT --- p.II / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.VII / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.IIX / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Distribution and Origins --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- History of Use --- p.2 / Chapter 1.4 --- Chemical Structure --- p.3 / Chapter 1.5 --- Physiologic Properties --- p.5 / Chapter 1.6 --- Absorption and Metabolism --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Concentration of Isoflavones in Plasma --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Urinary Excretion --- p.10 / Chapter 1.7 --- Healthy Effects --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Menopausal Symptom --- p.11 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Cardiovascular Disease --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Osteoporosis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7.4 --- Tumors --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7.4.1 --- Breast Cancer --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7.4.2 --- Prostate Cancer --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.5 --- Alcohol Addiction --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7.6 --- Potential Adverse Effects --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8 --- Summary --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Determination of Isoflavones in Soybean and Gegen --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Classification and Structure of Phytoestrogens --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Isoflavones in Soybeans and Gegen --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Methods of Determination --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Isolation and Purification of Isoflavones --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Analytical Methods for Isoflavones in Soybeans and Gegen --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objective --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Extraction and Isolation of Soybean and Gegen Isoflavone Extracts --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- HPLC Analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Sample Preparation for the HPLC Analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- HPLC Analysis --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Qualitative Analysis of the Isoflavones and Their Glycosides in Soybean and Gegen --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Isoflavone Identification of Soybean Extract --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Isoflavone Identification of Gegen Extract --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Soybean and Gegen Isoflavone Extracts in Ovariectomized，Intact Male and Castrated Golden Syrian Hamsters --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objective --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preparation of Soybean and Gegen Isoflavone Extracts --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Animals and Diets --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Determinations --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Determination of Cholesterol Concentration in the Organs --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Statistics --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Food Intake and Body and Relative Organ Weights --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects of Soybean and Gegen Isoflavone Extracts on Serum and Organ Cholesterol in Ovariectomized and Intact Male and Castrated Hamsters --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Possible Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Soybean Isoflavones on SD Rats --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objective --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Diet --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Animals --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Study Design --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Measurement of Reproductive Hormones --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Measurement of Sperm Number --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Statistics --- p.75 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Food Intake and Food Efficiency Ratio --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Growth Trend --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Organ Weight --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Absolute Organ Weight --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Relative Organ Weight --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Reproductive Hormone Levels --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Epididymis Parameters of Male Rats --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Possible Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Gegen Isoflavones on SD Rats --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2 --- Objective --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Animals and Diets --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Study Design --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Statistics --- p.101 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.103 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Food Consumption and Food Efficiency Ratio --- p.103 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Growth Trend --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Organ Weights --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Absolute Organ Weights --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- Relative Organ Weight --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Reproductive Hormone Levels --- p.112 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Epididymis Parameters of Male Rats --- p.114 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.116 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.121 / References --- p.123

Acne is prevalent amongst youth in Hong Kong and has considerable psychological effects. The application of a TCM approach led to the detection of significant associations between diet and the occurence of acne. TCM-syndrome-tailored dietary manipulation was effective in reducing the clinical severity of acne for patients with imbalance of chong-ren subtype. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / In (1), 1068 Chinese subjects were sampled from the general health evaluation and eight governmental secondary schools in Hong Kong were assessed for their clinical severity of acne. Over 93% of the subjects had a certain degree of acne and the prevalence of clinical acne was of 40.4% and coexisted with a high frequency of acne disability. Assessment of the clinical severity of acne did not correlate strongly with the effect on QOL (gammas= 0.445, P &lt; 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that female gender (P = 0.002), higher GAGS score (P &lt; 0.001), higher perceived stress (P = 0.01) and willingness to pay Hong Kong $15,000 for a hypothetical permanent cure (P = 0.03) were positive predictors for acne disability. / In (2), 322 university entrants completed a dietary questionnaire capturing 11 categories of food intake and were examined for body constitutions of yin-predominance or yang-predominance with a published TCM diagnostic assessment procedure/method. There were 155 (48.1%) participants in the yin-predominant group and 167 (51.9%) in the yang-predominant group. No association of diet and acne was found when the participants were considered as a whole group. In yin-predominant group, intake of foods from street stalls (P = 0.04) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of acne occurence. In yang-PG, the intake of desserts (P = 0.04) and fresh fruit juices (P = 0.02) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of acne occurence, whereas the intake of dairy and soy products (P = 0.04) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of acne occurence. / In (3), 233 students with clinical acne as assessed by GAGS were diagnosed for his or her TCM syndrome subtype, namely wind-heat subtype, damp-heat subtype, stagnant blood or phlegm subtype, and imbalance of chong-ren subtype. They were then randomly assigned to either intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). There were respectively 60 students belonged to each of the wind-heat, damp-heat, and stagnant blood or phelgm subtypes, and 53 students belonged to imbalanced of chong-ren subtype. With the use of a computer generated randomisation list using blocks of six, 30 (50%) students were assigned to either IG or CG for wind-heat, damp-heat, and stagnant blood or phelgm subtypes accordingly, whilst 26 (49%) and 27 (51%) students were assigned to either IG or CG for imbalance of chongren subtype. TCM-syndrome-tailored diet advice plus standard medical advice were given to IG whilst standard medical advice alone was given to CG over 12-week study period. The primary analysis was to compare the percentage change of GAGS from baseline to 12 weeks between the groups using univariate analysis for each TCM syndrome, controlling for the variation in the dependent variables due to gender, age, BMI, schools, physical exercise, and female contraceptive use. Within the imbalance of chong-ren subtype, there was a significant reduction of acne severity in IG compared with that in CG (-11.8% vs 2.1%; p=0.046), after adjusting for gender, age, body mass index, schools, physical exercise, and female contraceptive use. In the other three subtypes, there were no significant differences of acne severity between IG and CG / This research was composed of three major parts: (1) a cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of acne and the acne disability amongst adolescents and young adults from August 2006 to March 2008 in Hong Kong; (2) a cross sectional study investigate the diet-acne connection from a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) perspective performed amongst young adults in August 2006; and (3) a randomised controlled trial on the effectivenss of TCM-syndrome-tailored dietary advice for adolescents implemented between November 2007 and March 2008 in Hong Kong. / Law, Pui Man. / Adviser: Albert Lee. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-154). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix 2-3 in Chinese.

Bibliography: leaves 253-286 / vi, 299 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Faculty of Medicine, 1988

Graduation date: 1998

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-111).

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) currently affects more than three million African American adults with double the number expected by 2025. The most effective and safest treatment for T2DM is lifestyle change therapy, including healthful eating, monitoring of blood glucose, and physical activity. However, current lifestyle change interventions are limited in their scope to alter the behaviors of individuals to more healthful ones. These limitations may be attributed, in part, to a lack of attention given to enhancing an individual’s psychosocial process variables, such as resilience, coping skills, selfleadership, and empowerment. Incorporating resilience education into lifestyle change therapies is a novel approach that addresses the behavior modification limitations of current interventions by aiming to enhance psychosocial process variables. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to conduct a six-month pilot study to determine the feasibility of our resilience and diabetes self-management intervention, The Diabetes Coaching Program: Transforming Lives Through Resilience Education, in a convenience sample of African American adults (n=16) with T2DM. The intervention included four weekly resilience and diabetes education classes and eight bi-weekly support group sessions. Survey data and blood samples were collected at baseline and at six months. Twelve participants completed the study (75% retention). Results indicated that higher perceived stress scores were associated with less resilience, fewer adaptive coping skills, lower selfleadership, lower diabetes empowerment and greater depressive symptoms. However, diabetes empowerment was the only psychosocial process variable to be significantly enhanced by the intervention at six months. Weight, BMI, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, and IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased at six months, whereas, lymphocyte proliferation and physical activity were significantly increased. These data indicate that our intervention has the potential to improve diabetes selfmanagement among African Americans with T2DM and increase positive health outcomes, though further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Additionally, several lessons were learned from conducting the pilot study that may be useful for improving the intervention for future studies, including: recruitment and retention strategies; cultural competency issues; the use of complementary and alternative medicine practices by African Americans with T2DM; and approaches for increasing participant self-assessment and goal-setting. / text

Localised accumulation of body fat significantly influences the development of obesity related co-morbidities and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) have been suggested to modulate body fat distribution. Phytosterols (PS) have demonstrated unequivocal cholesterol-lowering effects. A healthy dietary solution combining MCT and PS could thus become first-line obesity and CVD prevention. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of a functional oil (FctO) rich in MCT and PS on blood lipid levels and body adiposity, compared to olive oil. Twenty-three hypercholesterolemic, overweight men, were randomly assigned, in a single-blind crossover study, to consume a FctO, or olive oil, incorporated into a 40% fat diet for 6 wks. Blood lipid levels were measured and body composition was assessed. Total and LDL cholesterol were significantly reduced in subjects consuming the FctO versus the control oil. No significant differences for weight or adiposity loss of subjects were observed between the two oils. Results support the cardio-protective role of this FctO.

Previous studies reported that noncompliance to diabetes treatment may result in a series of health complications. To further understand patients’ noncompliance to meal plans, a study on meal planning strategy was developed. Through a survey Certified Diabetes Educators determined which meal planning strategies were the most effective in encouraging patients’ compliance to meal plan according to age groups (18 and under, 19 to 49, 50 to 70, and 71 and above) and recency of diagnosis (newly- and non-newly diagnosed) with Type 2 diabetes. Results identified that nutrition labels had the greatest mean rating for effectiveness in age groups 18 and under, 19 to 49, and 50 to 70; and healthy food choices had the greatest mean rating for effectiveness with age group 71 and above. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

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