While the relationship between elevated total serum cholesterol levels and the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) has been evident for a number of years, relatively few studies attempting to attain reductions in total serum cholesterol have utilized specific behavioral protocols. This study was conducted with 16 middle aged men (mean age = 46.4 years) with elevated total serum cholesterol (TSC) levels (x = 233 mg/dl). Multiple measures of TSC were taken. After an extended baseline phase, participants were randomly assigned to treatment conditions. One group ("Simple") received a cholesterol reduction class only (designed to stress the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) Step One Diet) and the other group ("Intensive’) received the cholesterol reduction class in addition to weekly cholesterol feedback, specific dietary feedback (shown graphically) and individually tailored goals. Dietary information was collected by individual food diaries. The results indicated that both groups reduced their TSC level (9.60% Intensive and 5.52% Simple) with no statistically significant difference between the groups. Both groups made changes in their diet yet, neither group completely met the guidelines set by the NCEP. However, there was some evidence for greater dietary adherence to the Step One diet and reaching risk (categorization) reduction goals for men in the intensive condition. Additional research has shown more intensive interventions led to substantially greater reductions (14%-16%) in TSC and dietary change. These results and prior research suggest that modest reductions in TSC can be achieved by less intensive programs that follow and/or slightly enhance the NCEP program, but that greater reductions in TSC (and reductions in CHD risk) may require programs with more intensive procedures. / Master of Science

The effectiveness of biweekly feedback regarding blood total cholesterol (TCH) to assist dietary adherence and lower blood TCH levels was assessed in a mixed population of healthy and cardiac diseased subjects (S) engaging in an unsupervised mall walking program. Based upon screening with a portable lipid analyzer (and with their physician's permission) 36 S’s (x age=63, 83% females) with TCH levels between 200-300 mg/dl were randomized to control (CG) or experimental groups (EG). The CG received instruction regarding the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step 1 low-fat, low-cholesterol diet at 0, 2, 4, 6 weeks and completed 3-day food records at 0, 4, 8 weeks. In addition to this instruction, the EG received graphic feedback regarding their TCH at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Both groups had a goal of a 10% reduction in TCH. By 8 weeks, the CG increased TCH by 2.2 mg/dl (1%) from 240.2 ± 24.8 to 242.4 ± 40.0 mg/dl while the EG decreased TCH by 11.8 mg/dl (5%) from 239.9 ± 22.6 to 228.1 ± 26.8 mg/dl. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a trend toward a lowering of TCH in the EG (time*group) [FC1,34)=3.39, p=.07]. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA for TCH within the EG between 0 and 8 weeks was significant [F(4,64)=3.14, p=.02]. Goal attainment was statistically greater in the experimental group [z=2.12: p=.0017]). Food record two-way ANOVAS revealed no significant differences between groups over time on dietary intake of fats or dietary cholesterol. Using one-way ANOVAs the experimental group demonstrated a significant pattern of initial decreases from food record 1 to food record 2 which Was maintained at food record 3. A recently reported study conducted in a structured cardiovascular exercise program (Burkett, Southard, Herbert, & Walberg, 1990) showed statistical significance over a 16 week trial period using this feedback technique. The results of the present study suggest that the findings of Burkett, et al. may be generalizable to populations participating in an unsupervised mall walking program. / Master of Science

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Given the numerous benefits of a healthy diet and exercise for cancer survivors, there has been an increase in the number of lifestyle intervention trials for this population in recent years. However, the extent to which adherence to a diet and exercise intervention predicts health-related outcomes among cancer survivors is currently unknown. To address this question, data from the Reach out to ENhancE Wellness in Older Cancer Survivors (RENEW) diet and exercise intervention trial were analyzed. RENEW was a yearlong telephone and mailed print intervention for 641 older (>65 years of age), overweight (body mass index: 25.0-39.9), long-term (>5 years post-diagnosis) survivors of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. Participants were randomized to the diet and exercise intervention or a delayed-intervention control condition. The RENEW telephone counseling sessions were based on determinants of behavior derived from Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (e.g., building social support, enhancing self-efficacy). These factors have been hypothesized to improve health behaviors, which in turn should improve health outcomes. Thus, drawing on SCT and prior diet and exercise research with cancer survivors, I hypothesized that telephone counseling session attendance would be indirectly related to health-related outcomes (i.e., physical function, basic and advanced lower extremity function, mental health, and body mass index) through intervention-period strength and endurance exercise and dietary behavior (i.e., fruit and vegetable intake, saturated fat intake). The proposed model showed good fit to the data; however, not all of the hypothesized relationships were supported. Specifically, increased telephone counseling session attendance was related to engagement in all of the health behaviors over the intervention period. In turn, (a) increased endurance exercise was related to improvement in all of the health-related outcomes with the exception of mental health; (b) increased strength exercise was solely related to improved mental health; (c) increased fruit and vegetable intake was only related to improved basic lower extremity function; and (d) saturated fat intake was not related to any of the health-related outcomes. Taken together, these findings suggest that SCT determinants of behavior and the importance of session attendance should continue to be emphasized in diet and exercise interventions. Continued exploration of the relationship between adherence to a diet and exercise intervention and health-related outcomes will inform the development of more cost-effective and efficacious interventions for cancer and other medical populations.

The purpose of this study was to develop a support programme for facilitating the integration of nutrition and food security with HIV prevention, treatment and care. The study was organised in three phases. Phase one was a quantitative cross-sectional survey that employed a structured interview with people living with HIV among selected two public hospitals and three health centres. The second phase employed focus group discussion with senior health experts to explore their perspective and experience in integrating nutrition and food security with HIV prevention, treatment, and care. The findings indicated that malnutrition and food insecurity were highly prevalent and significantly affected the treatment outcome and quality of life of PLWHA in the region. Socio-economic, clinical features and structural factors, such as educational status, place of residence, household income, source of drinking water, kind of toilet facility, inadequate dietary diversity, poor asset possession, opportunistic infections, duration on ART, CD4 cell count, and health system-related factors such as lack of viral and CD4 analysis laboratories and inconsistent antiretroviral medication supply were found as predictors of malnutrition and food insecurity. To cope up with the dire impact of malnutrition and food insecurity, short term, erosive and unsustainable food consumption coping strategies were employed. Based on the findings, the researcher developed a support programme for facilitating the integration of nutrition and food security with HIV prevention, treatment and care as phase three of the study. The developed programme is holistic and focuses on multi- and intersectoral collaboration to improve the treatment outcome, quality of life and overall wellbeing people living with HIV. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Trata-se de pesquisa realizada em hospital da rede pública estadual de São Paulo, especializado em cardiologia com pacientes obesos em acompanhamento ambulatorial pelo Serviço de Nutrição e Dietética (SND) dessa instituição. As formas de intervenção nutricional investigadas foram: atendimento individual, em grupo (controle) e grupo multiprofissional (com nutricionista e psicóloga). Na fase preliminar do estudo, realizou-se pesquisa de opinião que possibilitou o embasamento das variáveis analisadas. Na fase principal, os participantes foram divididos em grupos, sendo realizadas duas entrevistas individuais no intervalo de seis meses. Foram investigados apenas os pacientes de alta. Compararam-se os resultados obtidos quanto ao peso corporal, índice de massa corpórea, circunferência do abdome; o acompanhamento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertensão arterial, diabetes melito, dislipidemias) foi feito através da variação das medidas de pressão arterial e níveis sanguíneos de glicose, triglicérides, colesterol total e frações. Analisaram-se as opiniões sobre as facilidades e dificuldades para seguir as orientações recebidas por meio de instrumento próprio, não validado. No atendimento em grupo, foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios, porém não ideais, e verificou-se que os participantes passaram a valorizar o apoio familiar. No atendimento individual, os participantes conseguiram maior redução da glicemia e triglicérides, porém isso não pode ser atribuído exclusivamente à dieta. No atendimento em grupo multiprofissional, houve mudança de comportamento com valorização desse tipo de atendimento. / The study was performed in a cardiology specialty hospital of Sao Paulo state public system with obese outpatients followed up by the Sector of Nutrition and Dietetics of the institution. Nutritional intervention actions that were assessed include: individual visit, group approach (control) and multiprofessional group (including dietitian and psychologist). In the preliminary phase of the study, an opinion survey was performed, which supported many of the studied variables. In the main phase of the study, the participants were divided into groups, and 2 individual interviews were conducted within a 6-month interval. Only patients who had been discharged were assessed. The results concerning body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, and follow up of cardiovascular risks (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia) were compared using variation of blood pressure measures and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and total and fractioned cholesterol. We also checked whether patients found it easy or difficult to follow the received instructions, using our own non-validated instrument. In the group activities, results were satisfactory but not optimal and participants started to value family support. In the individual approach, participants reached higher reduction of glucose and triglyceride levels, but they could not be explained exclusively by the diet. In the multiprofessional group, there was change in behavior and recognition of multiprofessional approach.

Trata-se de pesquisa realizada em hospital da rede pública estadual de São Paulo, especializado em cardiologia com pacientes obesos em acompanhamento ambulatorial pelo Serviço de Nutrição e Dietética (SND) dessa instituição. As formas de intervenção nutricional investigadas foram: atendimento individual, em grupo (controle) e grupo multiprofissional (com nutricionista e psicóloga). Na fase preliminar do estudo, realizou-se pesquisa de opinião que possibilitou o embasamento das variáveis analisadas. Na fase principal, os participantes foram divididos em grupos, sendo realizadas duas entrevistas individuais no intervalo de seis meses. Foram investigados apenas os pacientes de alta. Compararam-se os resultados obtidos quanto ao peso corporal, índice de massa corpórea, circunferência do abdome; o acompanhamento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertensão arterial, diabetes melito, dislipidemias) foi feito através da variação das medidas de pressão arterial e níveis sanguíneos de glicose, triglicérides, colesterol total e frações. Analisaram-se as opiniões sobre as facilidades e dificuldades para seguir as orientações recebidas por meio de instrumento próprio, não validado. No atendimento em grupo, foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios, porém não ideais, e verificou-se que os participantes passaram a valorizar o apoio familiar. No atendimento individual, os participantes conseguiram maior redução da glicemia e triglicérides, porém isso não pode ser atribuído exclusivamente à dieta. No atendimento em grupo multiprofissional, houve mudança de comportamento com valorização desse tipo de atendimento. / The study was performed in a cardiology specialty hospital of Sao Paulo state public system with obese outpatients followed up by the Sector of Nutrition and Dietetics of the institution. Nutritional intervention actions that were assessed include: individual visit, group approach (control) and multiprofessional group (including dietitian and psychologist). In the preliminary phase of the study, an opinion survey was performed, which supported many of the studied variables. In the main phase of the study, the participants were divided into groups, and 2 individual interviews were conducted within a 6-month interval. Only patients who had been discharged were assessed. The results concerning body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, and follow up of cardiovascular risks (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia) were compared using variation of blood pressure measures and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and total and fractioned cholesterol. We also checked whether patients found it easy or difficult to follow the received instructions, using our own non-validated instrument. In the group activities, results were satisfactory but not optimal and participants started to value family support. In the individual approach, participants reached higher reduction of glucose and triglyceride levels, but they could not be explained exclusively by the diet. In the multiprofessional group, there was change in behavior and recognition of multiprofessional approach.

The relationship between health beliefs, based on the Health Beliefs Model, and compliance with a sodium-restricted diet was investigated. Significant predictors of compliance and the relationships among compliance measures were also investigated. The Health Beliefs Questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 30 hypertensive elderly subjects. Overnight urine chloride, questionnaire (added salt and salty foods), blood pressure, and dietary recall operationalized compliance. No significant relationship was found between a total health beliefs score, perceived resusceptibility to hypertension, and perceived severity of hypertension and compliance. Perceived benefits of antihypertension treatment had significant relationships with urine chloride (r = 0.41) and blood pressure (r = 0.35). Age, a significant predictor, accounted for 12% of compliance. Urine chloride significantly correlated with added salt (r = 0.44), salty foods (r = 0.44), and blood pressure (r = 0.45). Barriers to a sodium-restricted diet were categorized as no control of salt in prepared foods, desire for salt, addictive behavior, and beliefs about salt.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Formation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with several pathological conditions, and contributes to ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Antioxidants can be added to the diet in an attempt to decrease the prevalence of cardiovascular disease by decreasing the harmful effects of ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Red Palm Oil (RPO) consists of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and is rich in antioxidants such as -carotene, tocopherols and tocotrienols. It has previously been shown that RPO-supplementation improved reperfusion mechanical function. In these studies it was found that RPO might exert its beneficial effects during reperfusion through increased PKB/Akt pathway activity, which may lead to inhibition of apoptosis and improved mechanical function. Aims The aims of this study were: 1) to determine whether RPO-supplementation protected against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart, 2) to confirm RPO-supplementation’s effect on the PKB/Akt pathway activity and, 3) to elucidate the regulators in the PKB/Akt pathway that RPOsupplementation influenced. Methods Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, 2 control groups and 2 experimental groups. The 2 control groups were fed a standard rat chow (SRC) for 4 weeks. The two experimental groups received SRC and RPOsupplementation for 4 weeks. Hearts were excised and transferred to a Langendorff perfusion apparatus and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Mechanical functional recovery was measured after 25 min of total global noflow ischaemia. The following parameters were also measured during various time points in the protocol: left ventricular develop pressure, heart rate, coronary flow, rate pressure product. Hearts were also freeze-clamped for biochemical analysis at 10 min during reperfusion. The biochemical analysis was aimed at determining PKB/Akt involvement. In a second protocol, hearts were subjected to the same perfusion protocol, but wortmannin was also added to the perfusion fluid, in order to inhibit PI3- kinase. Results Hearts from the RPO-supplemented rats showed an improved RPP recovery (92.26 ± 5.89 % vs 63.86 ± 7.74 %) after 10 min of reperfusion. This finding corroborated the findings of previous studies. Hearts of the RPOsupplemented rats perfused with wortmannin, showed increased RPP recoveries at several time points. Biochemical results showed that wortmannin did indeed inhibit PI3-K phosphorylation in the RPO-supplemented group, as was expected. The RPO-supplemented group that was perfused with wortmannin had an increased PKB/Akt (Ser473) phosphoyrylation, when compared to the wortmannin control group. It was also found that the combination of RPO and wortmannin had prosurvival effects. Discussion This study showed that RPO-supplementation offered protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff-perfusion apparatus at 10 min into reperfusion. Thereafter the significance of the protection was lost. This protection has been confirmed in several previous studies and several mechanisms have been proposed for this protection. Since no conclusive evidence exists on the precise mechanism of protection, our investigation focused on the regulators of the pro-survival PKB/Akt pathway. An improved functional recovery was also seen in the RPO-supplemented group that was perfused with wortmannin. This was an unexpected finding, because Wortmannin is a known PI3-kinase inhibitor (as was confirmed by our biochemical data). PI3-kinase phosphorylation leads to PKB/Akt phosphorylation and therefore, activation of a pro-survival pathway. It would be expected that wortmannin would inhibit PKB/Akt and thus decrease the survival of the cells. The RPO-supplementation thus reversed wortmannin’s detrimental effect to such an extent that the functional recovery was far better than RPO-supplementation alone. In the RPO + wortmannin group, PKB/Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation was increased, contrary to previous findings. This is an indication that RPO may have the ability to override wortmannin’s inhibitory effect on PI3-kinase, or that PKB/Akt (Ser473) may be phosphorylated independently of PI3-kinase. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding Kardiovaskulêre siektes is een van die hoof oorsake van sterftes in die wêreld. Die vorming van skadelike reaktiewe suurstof spesies word geassosieer met verskeie patologiese kondisies en dra ook by tot isgemie/reperfusie skade. ‘n Moontlike manier om die voorkoms van isgemie/herperfusie skade asook kardiovaskulêre siektes te voorkom, is om antioksidante by die dieet te voeg. Rooi Palm Olie (RPO) bevat versadigde, mono-onversadigde en polionversadigde vetsure. RPO bevat ook ‘n oorvloed van antioksidante soos β- karoteen en tokoferole en tokotriënole. Dit is bewys in vorige studies dat RPO-aanvulling verbeter funksionele herstel. Hierdie voordelige effekte mag dalk wees agv verhoogde PKB/Akt pad aktiwiteit. Die PKB/Akt pad word geassosieer met die inhibisie van apoptose en verhoogde meganiese funksie. Doelwitte Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of 1) RPO-aanvulling beskermende effekte teen isgemie/herperfusie skade in die geisoleerde rotharte het, 2) Bevestig of RPO-aanvulling wel die PKB/Akt pad beïnvloed 3). om die effekte wat RPO-aanvulling het op die reguleerders van die PKB/Akt pad te onthul. Metodes Manlike Wistar rotte is in 4 groepe verdeel. 2 Groepe kontrole rotte is ‘n standaard rotkosmengsel gevoer vir 4 weke. Die 2 eksperimentele groepe het ook ‘n standaard rotkosmengsel gekry plus ‘n RPO-aanvulling vir 4 weke. Harte is uitgesny en op ‘n Langendorff perfusie sisteem gemonteer en met Krebs-Henseleit buffer geperfuseer. Meganiese funksie herstel is gemeet na 25 min totale globale geen-vloei isgemie. Linker ventrikulêre ontwikkelde druk, harttempo, koronêre vloei en tempo druk produk is gemeet by verskillende tydpunte. Sommige harte is na 10 min herperfusie vir biochemiese analiese gevriesklamp. Die biochemiese analisiese was beoog om die PKB/Akt pad betrokkenheid te bepaal. ‘n Tweede stel harte is aan dieselfde perfusie protokol blootgestel, maar wortmannin (PI3-kinase inhibitor) is ook bygevoeg by die perfusie vloeistof. Resultate Die groep wat met RPO aangevul is, het na 10 min herperfusie, ‘n verbeterde tempo druk produk herstel getoon (92.26 ± 5.89 % vs 63.86 ± 7.74. Hierdie bevinding is ook met ander studies bevestig. ‘n Interessante bevinding was dat die groep wat met RPO aangevul is en met wortmannin geperfuseer is, ‘n verbeterde meganiese funksionele herstel getoon het. Biochemiese resultate het getoon dat wortmannin wel PI3-K fosforilering geinhibeer het. Die harte van die rotte in die groep wat aangevul is met RPO en daarna met wortmannin geperfuseer is, het ‘n toename in PKB/Akt (Ser473) fosforilering getoon, relatief tot die wortmannin geperfuseerde harte van die rotte in die kontrole groep. Hierdie groep (RPO-aanvulling en wortmannin perfusie) het beskermende effekte getoon. Bespreking Hierdie studie het getoon dat RPO-aanvulling beskerming gebied het teen isgemie/herperfusie skade in die Langendorff geperfuseerde rothart na 10 min herperfusie. Daarna is die beduidenheid van die beskerming verloor. Hierdie bevindings ondersteun die resultate van vorige studies. Verskeie moontlike meganismes is voorgestel vir die beskerming, maar die presiese meganisme is nog nie duidelik nie. In hierdie studie is daar gekyk na die reguleerders van die PKB/Akt pad. Geen vorige studies het al gefokus op RPO-aanvulling en sy effek op die reguleerders van die PKB/Akt pad nie. ‘n Onverwagte bevinding is dat harte van die rotte in die RPO + wortmannin groep ‘n verbeterde funksionele herstel getoon het. Wortmannin is ‘n PI3- kinase inhibitor. PI3-K fosforilering lei tot PKB/Akt fosforilering, wat tot sel beskerming lei. Dus, aangesien wortmannin PI3-K inhibeer, sou dit verwag word dat wortmannin sel beskerming sal verminder. Die RPO het egter die wortmannin se nadelige effekte tot so ‘n mate oorskrei dat die funksionele herstel baie beter was as die RPO-aanvulling alleen. Die verhoogde PKB/Akt (Ser473) fosforilering, wat gesien is in die RPO + wortmannin groep kan toegeskryf word aan RPO se vermoë om wortmannin se nadelige effekte te oorskrei. ‘n Moontlike verduideliking vir hierdie bevinding mag wees dat rooi palm olie PKB/Akt (Ser473) op ‘n PI3-K onafhanklike manier fosforileer.

This thesis consists of a brief description on cancer, carcinogenesis, the changes in the type and level of dietary fat available in our diets over time and association with the development of certain diseases. The main focus of this research was on omega 6 and omega 3 essential fatty acids (EFA) and their interaction with regards to carcinogenesis.

Submitted in complete fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Colon cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Therapies are less effective during metastasis, therefore prevention and earlier detection is key to reducing the risk of colon cancer. Increased dietary fibre and probiotic intake is known to lower the risk of colon cancer. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which when administered orally in an adequate amount confer a health benefit on the host”. The International Dairy Federation recommends a viable minimum level of 6–7 log10cfu/g in a probiotic product being consumed. Different biopolymer matrices have been used for encapsulation of probiotics; however, loss of viability is still a major challenge. Citrus pectin is a dietary fibre polysaccharide broken down into smaller fragments to form modified citrus pectin (MCP). The unique bioactivity of MCP against carcinogenesisis is linked to its sugar β-galactose inhibiting the cell signalling protein marker, galectin-3 (gal-3), which is intimately involved in endothelial cell morphogenesis. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling, which invariably drives angiogenesis can be activated when gal-3 binds to integrins. The bioactivity and uptake of MCP may be improved through a novel approach if conjoined with a supplement for example probiotic. Therefore, the synergistic inhibitory effect of modified citrus pectin alginate (MCPA) probiotic microbeads on gal-3 and VEGF in an azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon carcinogenesis Balb/c mouse model was investigated. A microencapsulation process was used to produce a MCPA microbead containing probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Efficiency of the microbead was evaluated in vitro (simulated conditions) and in vivo (Balb/c mouse model). Genomic identification of faecal lactobacilli samples from the treated mice was analyzed. Optimization of AOM dose-time with 10 and 15 mg/kg AOM intraperitoneal (ip) administered to Balb/c mice for 2 and 4 weeks were performed. The optimal AOM dose was initiated prior to intake of MCPA, AP (alginate calcium) probiotic microbeads and MCP in Balb/c mice for 16 weeks; samples were analyzed for colon histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The MCPA probiotic microbeads significantly enhanced the viability of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 compared to the AP microbeads in vitro (p< 0.05). Exposure of the MCPA probiotic microbeads to 3 h of simulated gastric juice (SGJ) resulted in 82.7% survival of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Also, the faecal lactobacilli count in the MCPA probiotic treated mice significantly increased after 28 days by 10.2% compared to the AP probiotic, MCP treated and control mice (p< 0.0001). A total of 4DNA encoding 16S rRNA gene closest to the genera namely Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium were identified from faecal samples of the colon cancer-induced Balb/c mice. Azoxymethane at 15 mg/kg for 4 weeks induced optimal gal-3 and VEGF immunoexpression. Furthermore, MCPA probiotic treatment significantly reduced gal-3 immunoexpression in the colon of AOM induced cancer Balb/c mice compared to the control mice (p< 0.0001). The immunoexpresion of VEGF in the MCPA and AP probiotic treated groups was weakly positive and significantly reduced when compared to the control group (p<0.05), while the MCP treated group was barely positive (p< 0.001). Modified citrus pectin alginate is a novel effective means of oral delivery of bacterial cells and bioactive compounds. It has a good biodegradability, inexpensive, non-toxic, proven efficiency, and stability at low temperatures warranting its use as a drug carrier by pharmaceuticals. Modified citrus pectin alginate probiotic microbeads increase bioactivity and chemoprevention against colon pre-cancerous lesions and adenocarcinoma through inhibition of gal-3 and VEGF in the mouse model. Modified citrus pectin alginate can be used in probiotic therapy, which may improve the prevention of colon cancer. / D