The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) subsists on bamboo, but lacks gastrointestinal modifications for fiber digestion. Pandas display dietary selectivity for certain plant parts; however, cues for selection are unknown, and few have examined panda feeding behavior and bamboo nutrient composition simultaneously. Bamboos are clonal plants, with seasonal cycles of nutrient accumulation related to peak photosynthesis and recruitment. These cycles can be destabilized by aboveground disturbance; however, effects of disturbance on nutritional quality and sustainability of bamboo for primary consumers have not been studied. I examined 4 factors that may contribute to bamboo nutritional quality or sustainable harvest: season, ramet maturity and age, and disturbance. I conducted a 3-year study with Phyllostachys aureosulcata (PLLAU), P. glauca (PLLGL), and P. rubromarginata (PLLRU), at the Shelby County AgriCenter, Memphis TN, applying 3 disturbance treatments in a replicated split-plot design: control, 3% and 20% annual removal of biomass. Bamboo was sampled 8 times/year and divided into shoot, leaf, and culm (central stem) for analysis of crude protein (CP), neutral- and acid-detergent fiber (NDF and ADF), ash, lipid, minerals, and acid-insoluble ash (AIA). I quantified bamboo-stand production, maturity, recruitment and mortality. Biomass removed from PLLAU was used in diet-selection trials with 2 giant pandas, observing consumption of plant parts and bamboo from different disturbance treatments, and sampling bamboo for allelochemical and starch analysis. Disturbance effects were evident only for branch and culm dry mass in PLLRU. In Year 2, drought conditions and peak roosting blackbird populations confounded results. Defoliation and guano deposition preceded changes to soil chemistry, bamboo composition, and stand structure; recruitment increased for PLLRU. After accounting for confounding factors, less-mature bamboo had greater concentrations of most nutrients, but less NDF, ADF, and K. Two-year-old ramets had greater CP, NDF, lipid, P, K, S, and Cu, but less Ca and Fe, than 1-year-old ramets. I confirmed seasonal plant-part selection by pandas, but found no correlation between leaf consumption and AIA concentration. Culm starch analyses were insufficient to establish a clear pattern. I recommend further investigation of non-structural carbohydrates in bamboo, and palatability testing of undisturbed versus disturbed bamboo, which I was unable to examine.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / K C Olson / The objective of this series of studies was to examine select factors that affect behavior of beef cattle grazing native-tallgrass rangelands. Mineral supplements with divergent palatability characteristics were delivered to beef cows grazing native tallgrass range during various seasons of the year in order to measure mineral intake, frequency of supplement use, and duration of supplement use. We concluded that molasses-based mineral supplements influenced the activities of grazing cows more strongly than salt-based mineral supplements. These influences extended to the amount of supplement consumed as well as to the frequency, duration, and timing of use. Diet selection preferences of experienced, multiparous beef cows and naïve, primiparous beef cows grazing dormant, native tallgrass pastures were examined also during a short-term winter grazing bout. Naïve, primiparous cows selected more forbs and fewer grasses than experienced, multiparous cows. Previous research indicated that preference for broadleaf plants generally increased with grazing experience; however, these conclusions were based on research with greater-quality forages than those evaluated in our study. The differences in diet selection patterns between experienced, multiparous cows and naïve, primiparous cows during a short-term winter grazing period could be indicative of differences in long-term foraging strategies. In addition, the botanical composition of diets grazed by lactating beef cows with suckling calves and non-pregnant, non-lactating beef cows grazing either burned or unburned native tallgrass prairie during summer were evaluated. There were no differences in botanical diet composition between lactating cows suckling calves and non-lactating cows. In contrast, total graminoid selection was greater on burned (74.2%) than unburned pastures (71.8%) and total forb selection was greater on unburned (28.2%) than burned pastures (25.8%). We interpreted these data to suggest that forage selection preferences of beef cows can be altered with spring burning of native tallgrass pastures. Effects of large, round hay bale feeding method on intake of smooth bromegrass hay and eating behavior by beef cows were examined on dormant tallgrass prairie pastures during winter. Three large, round hay bale-feeding systems were evaluated: bales fed in a ring feeder, bales unrolled on the ground, and bales chopped with a flail-type hay processor (20-cm particle length) and deposited on the ground. Hay intake, hay refusal, frequency of use, and duration of use were not influenced by hay-feeding method. Foraging behaviors of beef cows in our studies were influenced by supplement type, cow age, and prescribed burning of rangeland. Conversely, foraging behaviors of beef cows were not influenced by lactation or by hay-feeding method.

Thesis (MSc. (Pasture Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / An experiment was conducted at the University of Limpopo to determine the diet selection of cattle in the Petersburg Plateau Bushveld, the aim being to identify important and palatable grass species during four seasons of the year and to determine their above-ground biomass production. For diet selection data, five permanently marked transects were randomly laid out per camp, each 100 m long. On each transect, grass tufts were identified and permanently marked at 1 m intervals (100 tufts per transect). Turfs were surveyed on a weekly basis to determine frequency, intensity of utilization and tuft height. A palatability index was determined for each species. Diet selection data were analysed, using descriptive statistics. For biomass production, five permanent 20 m x 20 m plots were randomly laid out per camp, in which biomass of grass were measured. Within each plot, five 1 x 1 m quadrates were randomly harvested. The biomass data was analysed using the General Linear Mixed Model. Means were compared, using a Tukey test at the 5% significance level. Digitaria eriantha, Eragrostis rigidior and Heteropogon contortus were the dominant grass species. On average, Brachiaria nigropedata, Panicum maximum and Digitaria eriantha were utilized at higher frequencies and intensities. Brachiaria nigropedata, P. maximum, Urochloa mosambicensis, Themeda triandra, D. eriantha, Schmidtia pappophoroides and H. contortus were regarded as the most palatable species. The circumference of the tuft of S. pappophoroides, E. rigidior and D. eriantha decreased highly significantly (P<0.01). The height of utilizable leaves of B. nigropedata, D. eriantha, P. maximum and S. pappophoroides decreased highly significantly, while the height of highest leaves of B. nigropedata, D. eriantha, P. maximum, S. pappophoroides, H. contortus and T. triandra also decreased highly significantly. Total biomass production was significantly higher (P<0.05) during autumn, while total biomass production during winter was low, compared to other seasons. Total biomass production did not differ significantly between spring and summer. Panicum maximum, x B. nigropedata, D. eriantha, T. triandra, H. contortus, S. pappophoroides and U. mosambicensis were regarded as “key species” in the diet selected by cattle. Farmers in the Pietersburg Plateau Bushveld should graze their camps to assure the maintenance or improvement of perennial palatable grasses with high biomass production, which will result in overall improvement of veld condition.

Introdução: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a alterações no metabolismo proteico e energético. Objetivos: Investigar a preferência alimentar durante o desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica em ratas com artrite induzida por colágeno. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram alocadas em dois grupos: controle (CO, n=10) e artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA; n=11) e expostas simultaneamente a quatro diferentes dietas (padrão, hipercalórica, hiperlipidica e hiperproteica). Durante o período experimental foi observado dados clínicos da doença, consumo alimentar, peso corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como, peso muscular esquelético ao final do experimento. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram ANOVA de duas vias e test-t e nível de significância estabelecido para estes testes foi de 95%. Resultados: Os animais com artrite induzida demostram redução voluntária da ingestão total de alimento, redução do peso corporal e redução da relação sarcossomática quando comparados aos animais controles. Ainda, o grupo artrite aumentou o relativo consumo de dieta hiperproteíca, diminuiu as concentrações séricas de creatinina, triglicerídeos e glicose. Conclusão: Condições inflamatórias crônicas como a artrite reumatoide causam alterações no metabolismo energético e proteíco e estas alterações fisiológicas podem induzir a uma mudança na escolha alimentar. / Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with changes in energy and protein metabolism. Objective: To investigate food preferences during the development of chronic inflammation in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Female Wistar rats were separated into two groups, control (CO, n=10) and CIA (n=11), and were simultaneously exposed to four different diets (standard, hypercaloric, hyperlipidic and hyperproteic). During the experimental period was observed clinical evidence of disease, food intake, body weight and biochemical parameters, as well as skeletal muscle weight at the end of the experiment. Statistical tests were two-away ANOVA and t-test and significance level for these tests was 95%. Results: CIA animals demonstrate voluntary reduction in total food intake, reduced body weight and reduced relative muscle weight compared to CO animals. In addition, CIA animals increased relative comsuption of high protein diet, decreased serum concentrations creatinine, triglycerides and glucose. Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis cause changes in protein and energy metabolism, and these physiological alterations may induce a change in food choice.

Introdução: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a alterações no metabolismo proteico e energético. Objetivos: Investigar a preferência alimentar durante o desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica em ratas com artrite induzida por colágeno. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram alocadas em dois grupos: controle (CO, n=10) e artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA; n=11) e expostas simultaneamente a quatro diferentes dietas (padrão, hipercalórica, hiperlipidica e hiperproteica). Durante o período experimental foi observado dados clínicos da doença, consumo alimentar, peso corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como, peso muscular esquelético ao final do experimento. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram ANOVA de duas vias e test-t e nível de significância estabelecido para estes testes foi de 95%. Resultados: Os animais com artrite induzida demostram redução voluntária da ingestão total de alimento, redução do peso corporal e redução da relação sarcossomática quando comparados aos animais controles. Ainda, o grupo artrite aumentou o relativo consumo de dieta hiperproteíca, diminuiu as concentrações séricas de creatinina, triglicerídeos e glicose. Conclusão: Condições inflamatórias crônicas como a artrite reumatoide causam alterações no metabolismo energético e proteíco e estas alterações fisiológicas podem induzir a uma mudança na escolha alimentar. / Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with changes in energy and protein metabolism. Objective: To investigate food preferences during the development of chronic inflammation in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Female Wistar rats were separated into two groups, control (CO, n=10) and CIA (n=11), and were simultaneously exposed to four different diets (standard, hypercaloric, hyperlipidic and hyperproteic). During the experimental period was observed clinical evidence of disease, food intake, body weight and biochemical parameters, as well as skeletal muscle weight at the end of the experiment. Statistical tests were two-away ANOVA and t-test and significance level for these tests was 95%. Results: CIA animals demonstrate voluntary reduction in total food intake, reduced body weight and reduced relative muscle weight compared to CO animals. In addition, CIA animals increased relative comsuption of high protein diet, decreased serum concentrations creatinine, triglycerides and glucose. Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis cause changes in protein and energy metabolism, and these physiological alterations may induce a change in food choice.

Introdução: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a alterações no metabolismo proteico e energético. Objetivos: Investigar a preferência alimentar durante o desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica em ratas com artrite induzida por colágeno. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram alocadas em dois grupos: controle (CO, n=10) e artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA; n=11) e expostas simultaneamente a quatro diferentes dietas (padrão, hipercalórica, hiperlipidica e hiperproteica). Durante o período experimental foi observado dados clínicos da doença, consumo alimentar, peso corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como, peso muscular esquelético ao final do experimento. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram ANOVA de duas vias e test-t e nível de significância estabelecido para estes testes foi de 95%. Resultados: Os animais com artrite induzida demostram redução voluntária da ingestão total de alimento, redução do peso corporal e redução da relação sarcossomática quando comparados aos animais controles. Ainda, o grupo artrite aumentou o relativo consumo de dieta hiperproteíca, diminuiu as concentrações séricas de creatinina, triglicerídeos e glicose. Conclusão: Condições inflamatórias crônicas como a artrite reumatoide causam alterações no metabolismo energético e proteíco e estas alterações fisiológicas podem induzir a uma mudança na escolha alimentar. / Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with changes in energy and protein metabolism. Objective: To investigate food preferences during the development of chronic inflammation in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Female Wistar rats were separated into two groups, control (CO, n=10) and CIA (n=11), and were simultaneously exposed to four different diets (standard, hypercaloric, hyperlipidic and hyperproteic). During the experimental period was observed clinical evidence of disease, food intake, body weight and biochemical parameters, as well as skeletal muscle weight at the end of the experiment. Statistical tests were two-away ANOVA and t-test and significance level for these tests was 95%. Results: CIA animals demonstrate voluntary reduction in total food intake, reduced body weight and reduced relative muscle weight compared to CO animals. In addition, CIA animals increased relative comsuption of high protein diet, decreased serum concentrations creatinine, triglycerides and glucose. Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis cause changes in protein and energy metabolism, and these physiological alterations may induce a change in food choice.

Les animaux sont constamment soumis à des variations de leur environnement auxquelles ils doivent s’adapter. Au sein des systèmes d’élevage qui reposent sur la stimulation de processus naturels réduisant les intrants requis pour la production, et dans une perspective agro-écologique, l’autonomie et les capacités d’adaptation des animaux apparaissent particulièrement importantes. Au pâturage, les petits ruminants sont confrontés au parasitisme par les nématodes gastro-intestinaux, qui représente une menace majeure notamment du fait du développement de résistance aux traitements anthelminthiques chimiques, et une alternative à ces traitements est l’utilisation de fourrages bioactifs contenant des composés secondaires tels que les tannins condensés. Dans ce contexte, nous avons exploré les capacités d’automédication des ovins et des caprins via l’utilisation d’aliments riches en tannins lorsque ceux-ci sont confrontés au parasitisme gastro-intestinal, en proposant plusieurs scénarios pour lesquels nous avons fait varier la complexité de l'environnement alimentaire et la charge parasitaire.Ainsi, nous avons dans un premier temps évalué les capacités des moutons à apprendre les bénéfices associés à l’ingestion d’un fourrage riche en tannins, le sainfoin, à l’aide d’une période de conditionnement, et à adapter leur sélection alimentaire suivant un changement de statut parasitaire. Dans un second temps, nous avons examiné les différences entre chèvres et moutons dans leur propension à sélectionner du sainfoin lorsque ceux-ci sont parasités, en supposant que les chèvres montreraient de meilleures capacités d’automédication. Enfin, dans une troisième expérimentation, nous nous sommes intéressés aux priorités qu’accordaient les ovins dans leur sélection alimentaire aux nutriments (énergie, protéines) et aux tannins selon leur statut parasitaire.Nos expérimentations s’accordent sur l’absence d’automédication curative. En effet, nous n’avons observé ni de sélection plus importante de l’aliment riche en tannins par les animaux parasités par rapport à ceux non parasités, ni d’augmentation de la sélection après infection. Comme nous nous y attendions, les chèvres ont montré une propension plus importante à consommer l’aliment riche en tannins que les moutons, mais n’ont néanmoins pas manifesté de meilleures capacités d’automédication. Enfin, les agneaux n’ont pas priorisé l’apport en composés bioactifs par rapport aux nutriments, mais ont considérablement augmenté leur apport en énergie après infestation. Il apparait que les niveaux de tannins que nous avons volontairement choisis modérés pour les aliments expérimentaux ont induit des bénéfices nutritionnels ayant potentiellement surpassé les effets anthelminthiques, qui étaient eux-mêmes modérés, et expliquant ainsi que les animaux parasités et les animaux sains ont sélectionné les tannins de façon similaire. Par ailleurs, des difficultés d’apprentissage peuvent également expliquer cette sélection, comme en témoigne la claire inversion de préférences pour l’aliment riche en tannins observée après que les animaux ont appris à associer l’aliment riche en tannins à ses conséquences post-ingestives, après la période de conditionnement. En ce qui concerne la flexibilité de la sélection alimentaire, les préférences alimentaires sont restées inchangées après déparasitage, probablement du fait de l’absence d’effets antinutritionnels des tannins, et du statut sécuritaire accordé aux aliments riches en tannins.Nous pensons que l’évaluation des capacités d’automédication des ruminants mérite des travaux complémentaires, notamment en explorant d’autres modèles que celui du parasitisme gastro-intestinal et des fourrages bioactifs. L’analyse de l’étiologie du comportement d’automédication, en s’intéressant à l’influence du modèle social par exemple, apparait également importante afin de favoriser un tel comportement au sein de pratiques d’élevage adaptées. / Animals are constantly facing variations in their environment to which they have to adapt. In breeding systems that rely on the stimulation of natural processes to reduce the inputs needed for production, under an agroecology perspective, animal's autonomy and adaptive abilities are particularly important. In grazing systems of small ruminants, parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes is a major threat notably due to worms' resistance to chemical anthelminthic, and one alternative is the use of bioactive forages containing secondary compounds such as condensed tannins. Within this context, we explored the abilities of sheep and goats to self-medicate through the selection of tannin-rich feeds while facing gastrointestinal parasitism, by proposing different scenarios in which we varied the complexity of the feeding environment.We assessed the abilities of sheep to learn about the benefits of the tannin-rich sainfoin, by carrying out a conditioning period, and to adapt their diet selection according to changes in parasitic load. Secondly, we evaluated the differences between sheep and goats in their willingness to select sainfoin when parasitized, assuming that goats would show greater self-medication abilities. Thirdly, we studied the interactions between nutrients and medicines on diet selection by analyzing the way sheep selected proteins, energy and condensed tannins depending on their parasitic status.Our experiments did not support evidence for curative self-medication as we did not observe a greater selection of the tannin-rich feeds in parasitized than non-parasitized animals, nor an increase in selection following infection. As expected, kids were more willing than lambs to consume the tannin-rich feed, but they did not show greater abilities to self-medicate. Lastly, lambs did not prioritize medicine over nutrients, but greatly increased their energy intake following infection. It appears that the levels of tannins we voluntarily chose moderate for the experimental feeds, induced nutritional benefits that may have outweighed the anthelminthic ones, which were moderate, making both parasitized and non-parasitized animals select tannins in a similar way. Furthermore, learning impairment may be involved as well, as indicated by the striking reversal of preferences for the tannin-rich feed we observed once animals were helped to associate the tannin-rich feed with its consequences via conditioning. Regarding diet selection flexibility, feed preferences remained unchanged after deworming, likely because of the absence of anti-nutritional effects of tannins, and the safe status attributed the tannin-rich feeds.We think that the investigation of self-medication abilities in ruminants deserves further work, notably by exploring other models than gastrointestinal parasitism and bioactive forages. The analysis of the etiology of self-medication, by investigating the influence of the social model for example, appears also important in order to favour such behaviour by adapted farming practices.

Durante o rebaixamento ocorrem modificações muito rápidas na estrutura do dossel forrageiro, fato que afeta os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem, os padrões de desfolhação e seletividade e a composição da dieta consumida. Contudo, essas variações podem ser manipuladas por meio de ajustes na frequência e severidade de pastejo, resultantes de variações nas metas pré e pós-pastejo utilizadas. O objetivo com este trabalho foi mensurar e descrever a influência de estratégias de pastejo rotativo sobre a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem, padrões de desfolhação e seletividade e composição da dieta consumida por bovinos em pastos de capim-mulato ao longo do processo de rebaixamento. O experimento foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP, de outubro de 2008 a abril de 2009. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre duas condições pós- (alturas pós-pastejo de 15 e 20 cm) e duas condições pré-pastejo (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel forrageiro - IL) e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1200 m2) segundo arranjo fatorial 2x2 e delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (outubro a dezembro de 2008); e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2009). Foram avaliados os seguintes grupos de variáveis-resposta: (1) modificações na estrutura do dossel e dinâmica do rebaixamento - relação folha:colmo, distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem; (2) padrões de deslocamento e procura por forragem - número de estações alimentares, número de passos entre estações alimentares, número de bocados por estação alimentar, taxa de deslocamento e tempo de permanência por estação alimentar; (3) características do processo de ingestão e comportamento animal - massa do bocado, taxa de bocados, taxa de consumo, tempo dedicado às atividades de pastejo, ruminação e outras; (4) Padrões de desfolhação e seletividade - profundidade dos bocados, frequência e severidade de desfolhação de folhas e perfilhos, índices de seletividade de folhas e perfilhos; (5) composição morfológica da forragem consumida - porcentagem de folhas, colmos e material morto. Maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 99/20 e 95/20 na primavera e 95/20 no verão logo no início do período de ocupação dos pastos. O tratamento 95/20 apresentou menor proporção do tempo gasto em atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Os tratamentos 95/20 e 95/15 resultaram em maiores valores de bocados por estação alimentar, com cerca de 10 a 11 na primavera e no verão, respectivamente. Os padrões de desfolhação de folhas expandidas e em expansão variaram ao longo do rebaixamento. Durante o rebaixamento do dossel, pastejos mais frequentes e menos severos permitem otimizar o processo de pastejo, oportunizando a seleção de dietas com elevada proporção de folhas mesmo em condições controladas de pastejo rotativo, sendo as metas de manejo pré- e pós-pastejo de 95% de IL (equivalente a 30 cm de altura) e 20 cm, respectivamente, as que propiciaram as melhores condições de pastejo. / During grazing of rotationally stocked pastures changes in sward structure happen quickly and interfere with patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition. However, these changes can be manipulated by adjustments in frequency and severity of grazing related to the management targets used. The objective with this experiment was to measure and describe the influence of rotational grazing strategies on sward structure, patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition of cattle on mulato grass throughout the occupation period of paddocks. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, ESALQ/USP, from October 2008 to April 2009. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two post-grazing (post-grazing heights of 15 and 20 cm) and two pre-grazing (95% and maximum light interception by sward canopy LI) conditions, and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement and a completely randomised design, with three replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (October to December, 2008); and summer (January to April, 2009). Response variables corresponded the following groups: (1) Modifications in sward structure and dynamics of the grazing down process leaf-to-stem ratio, vertical distribution of morphological components in sward herbage mass; (2) Patterns of movement and search for herbage number of feeding stations, number of steps between feeding stations, number of bites per feeding station, rate of movement (steps/min) and time spent per feeding station; (3) Characteristics of the herbage intake process and animal behaviour bite mass, bite rate, intake rate, time spent grazing, ruminating and with other activities; (4) Patterns of defoliation and selectivity bite depth, frequency and severity of defoliation of leaves and tillers, selectivity indexes for leaves and tillers; (5) Morphological composition of the consumed herbage percentage of leaf, stem and dead material. Larger rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 99/20 and 95/20 in spring and 95/20 in summer right at the outset of the occupation period. Treatment 95/20 resulted in the smallest proportion of time spent on grazing and in the highest rate of herbage intake, suggesting a larger daily herbage intake. Treatments 95/20 and 95/15 resulted in the largest number of bites per feeding station, around 10 and 11 in spring and summer, respectively. Patterns of defoliation of expanding and expanded leaves varied throughout the occupation period. Overall, during grazing, more frequent and less severe defoliation allowed optimisation of the grazing process, favouring the selection of diets with high proportion of leaves even under the controlled conditions of rotational stocking management, being the pre- and post-grazing targets of 95% LI (equivalent to 30 cm) and 20 cm, respectively, the ones that provided the best grazing conditions.

Durante o rebaixamento ocorrem modificações muito rápidas na estrutura do dossel forrageiro, fato que afeta os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem, os padrões de desfolhação e seletividade e a composição da dieta consumida. Contudo, essas variações podem ser manipuladas por meio de ajustes na frequência e severidade de pastejo, resultantes de variações nas metas pré e pós-pastejo utilizadas. O objetivo com este trabalho foi mensurar e descrever a influência de estratégias de pastejo rotativo sobre a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem, padrões de desfolhação e seletividade e composição da dieta consumida por bovinos em pastos de capim-mulato ao longo do processo de rebaixamento. O experimento foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP, de outubro de 2008 a abril de 2009. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre duas condições pós- (alturas pós-pastejo de 15 e 20 cm) e duas condições pré-pastejo (95% e máxima interceptação de luz pelo dossel forrageiro - IL) e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1200 m2) segundo arranjo fatorial 2x2 e delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (outubro a dezembro de 2008); e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2009). Foram avaliados os seguintes grupos de variáveis-resposta: (1) modificações na estrutura do dossel e dinâmica do rebaixamento - relação folha:colmo, distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem; (2) padrões de deslocamento e procura por forragem - número de estações alimentares, número de passos entre estações alimentares, número de bocados por estação alimentar, taxa de deslocamento e tempo de permanência por estação alimentar; (3) características do processo de ingestão e comportamento animal - massa do bocado, taxa de bocados, taxa de consumo, tempo dedicado às atividades de pastejo, ruminação e outras; (4) Padrões de desfolhação e seletividade - profundidade dos bocados, frequência e severidade de desfolhação de folhas e perfilhos, índices de seletividade de folhas e perfilhos; (5) composição morfológica da forragem consumida - porcentagem de folhas, colmos e material morto. Maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 99/20 e 95/20 na primavera e 95/20 no verão logo no início do período de ocupação dos pastos. O tratamento 95/20 apresentou menor proporção do tempo gasto em atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Os tratamentos 95/20 e 95/15 resultaram em maiores valores de bocados por estação alimentar, com cerca de 10 a 11 na primavera e no verão, respectivamente. Os padrões de desfolhação de folhas expandidas e em expansão variaram ao longo do rebaixamento. Durante o rebaixamento do dossel, pastejos mais frequentes e menos severos permitem otimizar o processo de pastejo, oportunizando a seleção de dietas com elevada proporção de folhas mesmo em condições controladas de pastejo rotativo, sendo as metas de manejo pré- e pós-pastejo de 95% de IL (equivalente a 30 cm de altura) e 20 cm, respectivamente, as que propiciaram as melhores condições de pastejo. / During grazing of rotationally stocked pastures changes in sward structure happen quickly and interfere with patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition. However, these changes can be manipulated by adjustments in frequency and severity of grazing related to the management targets used. The objective with this experiment was to measure and describe the influence of rotational grazing strategies on sward structure, patterns of movement, search and intake of herbage, patterns of defoliation and selectivity and diet composition of cattle on mulato grass throughout the occupation period of paddocks. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, ESALQ/USP, from October 2008 to April 2009. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two post-grazing (post-grazing heights of 15 and 20 cm) and two pre-grazing (95% and maximum light interception by sward canopy LI) conditions, and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement and a completely randomised design, with three replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (October to December, 2008); and summer (January to April, 2009). Response variables corresponded the following groups: (1) Modifications in sward structure and dynamics of the grazing down process leaf-to-stem ratio, vertical distribution of morphological components in sward herbage mass; (2) Patterns of movement and search for herbage number of feeding stations, number of steps between feeding stations, number of bites per feeding station, rate of movement (steps/min) and time spent per feeding station; (3) Characteristics of the herbage intake process and animal behaviour bite mass, bite rate, intake rate, time spent grazing, ruminating and with other activities; (4) Patterns of defoliation and selectivity bite depth, frequency and severity of defoliation of leaves and tillers, selectivity indexes for leaves and tillers; (5) Morphological composition of the consumed herbage percentage of leaf, stem and dead material. Larger rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 99/20 and 95/20 in spring and 95/20 in summer right at the outset of the occupation period. Treatment 95/20 resulted in the smallest proportion of time spent on grazing and in the highest rate of herbage intake, suggesting a larger daily herbage intake. Treatments 95/20 and 95/15 resulted in the largest number of bites per feeding station, around 10 and 11 in spring and summer, respectively. Patterns of defoliation of expanding and expanded leaves varied throughout the occupation period. Overall, during grazing, more frequent and less severe defoliation allowed optimisation of the grazing process, favouring the selection of diets with high proportion of leaves even under the controlled conditions of rotational stocking management, being the pre- and post-grazing targets of 95% LI (equivalent to 30 cm) and 20 cm, respectively, the ones that provided the best grazing conditions.

L’érosion de la biodiversité prairiale est devenue une préoccupation majeure à l’échelle Européenne. Le pâturage ovin est supposé avoir un impact négatif sur la diversité prairiale, en raison de leur forte sélectivité pour les dicotylédones, indispensables aux insectes pollinisateurs. Comparés aux bovins, les ovins structurent peu les couverts et créent également moins de niches écologiques contrastées. L’objectif de cette thèse était de tester la faisabilité, et les bénéfices en pâturage ovin, d’une conduite en rotation dans laquelle une sous-parcelle est temporairement exclue du pâturage au moment du pic de floraison. Les effets de cette conduite ont été comparés à ceux d’un pâturage continu au même chargement. Au delà des indicateurs directs de performances zootechniques et de biodiversité (plantes, papillons, bourdons et carabes), nous avons analysé la sélection alimentaire des brebis dans les deux modes de conduite. Nous avons aussi cherché à appréhender comment la race et la fertilité du milieu pouvaient moduler la faisabilité d’un tel pâturage tournant et son intérêt vis-à-vis de la préservation de la biodiversité. Indépendamment de leur race, les brebis ont présenté une sélection alimentaire accrue vis-à-vis des dicotylédones dans les parcelles pâturées en rotation, qui a rapidement entraîné une diminution de leur richesse floristique en comparaison des parcelles pâturées en continu. L’augmentation de l’intensité de floraison des sous parcelles temporairement exclues de la rotation a favorisé les bourdons, probablement en raison de l’augmentation de la ressource en pollen et en nectar. En revanche, ce mode de gestion n’a pas permis d’augmenter la densité ni la richesse spécifique des papillons et des carabes. Le bénéfice d’une mise en défens temporaire d’une partie des parcelles semble donc moindre qu’en pâturage bovin. Définir les dates de mises en défens par rapport à la floraison d’espèces indicatrices, moduler la durée de la mise en défens en fonction de la pousse de printemps, et prolonger l’exclusion de certaines parcelles en automne et en hiver sont autant de pistes qu’il nous reste à explorer, afin de déterminer les conditions d’application optimale d’une telle conduite. / Biodiversity loss in grasslands is a major concern across Europe. Sheep grazing is rarely considered the best method for delivering conservation objectives, as the result of their strong diet selection on forbs and legumes, which in turn negatively impacts nectar-dependent insect groups. Compared with cattle, sheep also produce a strong homogeneization effect and reduce habitat diversity. The objective of this thesis was to analyze the feasibility and environmental benefits of a rotational grazing management, in which sheep were temporarily excluded from a sub-plot at flowering peak. It was compared with continuous grazing in the same stocking rate. In addition, to measurements of animal performances and biodiversity indicators (plants, butterflies, bumblebees and ground beetles), we analyzed diet selection by ewes in the two grazing managements, and how sheep breed and soil fertility could modulate biodiversity outputs in the rotational management. Independently of sheep breed, the ewes increased their selection of forbs and legumes in rotationally-grazed plots. This rapidly decreased plant species richness in rotationally compared with continuously-grazed plots. However, an increase of flowering intensity in temporarily ungrazed sub-plots benefited bumblebee density and species richness, as predicted by the ‘trophic level’ hypothesis. Rotational grazing management did not increase butterfly and ground beetle densities, which stresses that its benefits would be lesser than in cattle-grazed systems. Defining the exclusion period based on the flowering of indicator plant species, modulating its duration based on spring grass growth, and keeping some sub-plots ungrazed until the end of the grazing season are options that still need to be tested in order to define the optimal conditions for such a rotational grazing management.