Patologiškas nutukimas apibrėžiamas kaip lėtinė daugiaveiksnė liga, susijusi su fizinėmis ir psichikos komplikacijomis, bloginančiomis gyvenimo kokybę ir sutrumpinančiomis gyvenimą. Nutukimo chirurgija yra ekonomiškai efektyviausia sunkaus nutukimo gydymo priemonė. Sėkminga nutukimo operacija yra laikoma, jei sumažėja 50 proc. viršnorminės kūno masės per pirmuosius dvejus pooperacinius metus arba jei pagerėja, arba išnyksta gretutinės ligos, susijusios su padidėjusiu kūno svoriu, sumažėja mirtingumo rizika, pagerėja gyvenimo kokybė ir atsiranda teigiami psichosocialiniai pokyčiai. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti mitybos ir virškinimo sistemos simptomų pokyčius bei veiksnius, turinčius įtakos svorio mažėjimui po nutukimo operacijų ir įvertinti galimas priežastis pakartotiniam svorio didėjimui. Lietuvoje – tai pirmasis tyrimas, kuris nustatė, kaip keičiasi mitybos įpročiai po skrandžio ir tuščiosios žarnos apylankos operacijos ir kokie veiksniai lemia didžiausiąjį svorio mažėjimą ir grįžimą po operacijos. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje ištyrėme nutukusių pacientų kelių genų nukleotidų polimorfizmą po nutukimo operacijų ir jų įtaka svorio mažėjimui ir grįžimui. Įrodėme, kad mitybos įpročių pasikeitimas yra svarbus svorio grįžimo veiksnys po nutukimo operacijos. / Morbid obesity is defined as a chronic, multifactorial disease associated with physical and psychological complications, which worsen the quality of life and shortens life expectancy. Bariatric surgery is the most economically effective surgical approach in the treatment of severe obesity. Bariatric surgery is considered successful when a 50% reduction in excess body weight during the first 2 postoperative years, or when concomitant diseases associated with overweight improve or disappear, mortality risk decreases, quality of life improves, and positive psychosocial changes occur. The aim of this study – to determine nutritional and other factors having an impact on weight loss after bariatric surgery and to assess the possible causes of weight regain. It is the first Lithuanian study that revealed how dietary habits change after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and what factors cause maximal weight loss and regain after surgery. For the first time in Lithuania, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of several genes and their influence on weight loss and regain among obese patients after bariatric surgery have been analyzed. This study has shown that changes in dietary habits are an important factor for weight regain after bariatric surgery.

Introduction: Obesity has become a major world-wide health issue. Social-economic status, physical activity levels and dietary intake may influence the weight status in children. However, these issues have not been examined together in studies of young girls in Saudi Arabia. Aim: This study aimed to investigate energy and nutrient intakes, physical activity and social economic status of girls aged 8-11 years in western Saudi Arabia according to their BMI. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases, phase one was a pilot study where 32 girls were selected to assess the suitability of body composition, dietary intake (food diary, food frequency questionnaire) and physical activity measurement tools (pedometer, physical activity questionnaire). The findings of this phase were employed in phase 2; the diet diary and accelerometer were nominated as assessment tools. In phase two, girls (n= 234) participated from different schools. Waist circumference, height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Girls were classified according to BMI centile charts (CDC). Dietary intake was measured via a 4-day food diary and accelerometers were used to assess the intensity and time spent in physical activity. Results: A total of 30% of the sample were classified obese or overweight. There was a significant difference in the mean daily energy intake between the BMI groups with the obese group having the highest energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake (obese group: 2677 ± 804 kcal/d; healthy weight group: 1806 ± 403 kcal/d, p< 0.001), but the percentage contribution of the macronutrients to energy intake remained the same across the BMI groups. Carbohydrate intake was shown to be the main contributor to predict obesity levels. VI There were no differences in number of steps taken per day or time spent in moderate/ vigorous intensity exercise according to BMI category. Most of the girls did not meet daily physical activity guidelines (5969 to 6773 steps per day and 18.5 - 22.5 mins per day of moderate- vigorous activity). Intake of sweets and sugary drinks, and total energy intake were significantly higher in the high income group compared to the low income group. However, family income was not associated with BMI status. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that obesity in girls aged 8-11 years is linked to excessive energy intake from all macronutrients and the majority of girls in all weight categories are inactive. Research should be conducted to develop interventions to promote dietary change and activity that is culturally acceptable for girls in Saudi Arabia.

Introdução: A metaplasia intestinal (MI) do estômago é uma lesão onde ocorre a metaplasia das células epiteliais gástricas para um fenótipo intestinal. A MI gástrica é considerada uma lesão preneoplásica associada a um aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de carcinoma gástrico. Estudos epidemiológicos indicam uma relação entre hábitos alimentares e o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer de estômago: tanto podendo ter um efeito carcinogênico gástrico, como um fator protetor, sugerindo que os antioxidantes como as vitaminas A, C e E, diminuem o risco desse tipo de câncer Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, observacional, para o qual foram avaliados 320 pacientes portadores de dispepsia funcional, que separados em dois grupos, um grupo de casos I (indivíduos com metaplasia intestinal) tiveram seus hábitos alimentares comparado aos do grupo de casos controle (sem metaplasia intestinal), através de um questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar (QFCA). Resultados: Ao analisarmos o padrão alimentar dos pacientes dispépticos funcionais portadores de metaplasia intestinal e compará-lo com o padrão daqueles que não possuem MI constatou-se que os pacientes portadores de MI consomem mais alimentos como os enlatados e defumados, enquanto que os pacientes sem metaplasia intestinal apresentam um consumo expressivamente maior de frutas em geral e vegetais. Diferença no padrão de consumo de sal não foi identificada. Conclusões: Através dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo podemos supor que a modificação da dieta, por meio de uma diminuição na ingestão de alimentos como defumados e enlatados e um acréscimo na ingestão de frutas e vegetais, pode levar a uma diminuição de casos de metaplasia intestinal. / Introduction: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the stomach is a lesion in which metaplasia of gastric epithelial cells occurs for an intestinal phenotype. Gastric IM is considered a preneoplastic lesion associated with an increase in the risk of gastric carcinoma development. Epidemiologic studies indicate a relation between dietary habits and stomach cancer development, some habits increasing the risk for it, and others have a protective effect, suggesting that antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E, decrease the risk of this type of cancer. Materials and methods: It is a case-control, observational study in which 320 patients with functional dyspepsia, divided in two groups, were assessed. The case I group (individuals with intestinal metaplasia) had their dietary pattern compared to that of the control group, constituted of individuals similar to those in the case group but without intestinal metaplasia, through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The analysis of the dietary pattern of functional dyspeptic patients with intestinal metaplasia, and its comparison with those without IM, showed a higher frequency of canned and smoked foods consumption in the first group, and, on the other hand, a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables in patients without IM. No effect of salt consumption was detected. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest changes in the diet, with a decrease in the consumption of smoked and canned foods, and an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, can lead to a diminution of intestinal metaplasia cases.

Apesar da importância da alimentação saudável, já nos primeiros anos de vida, tem-se observado durante a infância baixo consumo de dieta saudável diversificada, e consumo elevado de alimentos processados, ricos em gordura, sal e açúcar. Entre os determinantes que influenciam os hábitos alimentares das crianças incluem-se a idade materna e a coabitação com as avós maternas. Por isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar o efeito de intervenção para a promoção do aleitamento materno e da alimentação complementar saudável, junto a mães adolescentes e avós maternas, realizada nos primeiros 4 meses de vida da criança, sobre o cumprimento dos Dez Passos para uma Alimentação Saudável para Crianças Menores de 2 Anos, recomendados pelo Ministério da Saúde, no primeiro ano de vida; e como objetivo secundário avaliar a influência da duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo sobre a qualidade da alimentação da criança aos 12 meses de vida. Para isso, foi realizado ensaio clínico randomizado com 320 mães adolescentes e seus filhos, mais 169 avós maternas quando em coabitação, recrutados na maternidade do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e randomicamente alocados para o grupo intervenção ou controle. A intervenção consistiu de seis sessões de aconselhamento em aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável, a primeira na maternidade e as demais no domicílio, aos 7, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias de vida da criança, por uma equipe composta por um pediatra, duas enfermeiras e uma nutricionista. Em todas as sessões abordou-se a importância da amamentação exclusiva nos primeiros 6 meses de vida e, na última, aos 120 dias, a ênfase foi na alimentação complementar saudável a ser introduzida na idade de 6 meses, com distribuição de livreto com conteúdo baseado nos Dez Passos para a Alimentação Saudável para Crianças Menores de 2 anos. As informações relativas à alimentação da criança foram obtidas mensalmente nos primeiros 6 meses de idade e, depois, a cada 2 meses até a criança completar 12 meses, mediante registro de frequência alimentar semanal, por entrevistadores cegos aos grupos aos quais as mães pertenciam. Para avaliar o cumprimento dos Dez Passos elaborou-se um sistema de escore que pontuou o cumprimento de cada passo: os passos cumpridos integralmente receberam dois pontos, os parcialmente cumpridos um ponto, e os não cumpridos não pontuaram (zero pontos). Considerou-se dieta saudável diversificada o consumo de frutas/hortaliças, carnes, feijões e cereais/tubérculos pelo menos 4 vezes na semana, além de baixo consumo (no máximo 1 vez por semana) de alimentos ricos em gordura, sal e açucares. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as médias dos escores dos grupos controle e intervenção, e o modelo de regressão multivariada de Poisson com estimação robusta foi utilizado para estimar o efeito da intervenção sobre o cumprimento dos passos. Para medir a associação entre duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a qualidade da alimentação da criança aos 12 meses, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão multivariada de Poisson com estimação robusta, adotando-se como ponto de corte a mediana do escore de toda a população estudada. A média dos escores obtidos no grupo intervenção foi maior que no grupo controle (12,4 ± 2,5 versus 10,5 ± 2,3, respectivamente; p = 0,00), sendo que a intervenção dobrou a chance de o escore ser maior ou igual à mediana (RR = 1,93; IC95% 1,44-2,58), e não houve influência da coabitação com a avó materna. Além disso, a intervenção aumentou em mais de 10 pontos percentuais o cumprimento de 6 dos 10 passos (passos 2 a 7), relativos à época de introdução, frequência, consistência e variedade dos alimentos complementares, além da flexibilidade de quem alimenta a criança quanto a horários e atitude frente à recusa dos alimentos. No entanto, a intervenção não afetou um dos passos mais importantes, a saber, o passo 8, que recomenda evitar açúcar, café, enlatados, frituras, refrigerantes, balas, salgadinhos e outras guloseimas. Houve associação entre duração da amamentação exclusiva e dieta diversificada saudável. A probabilidade de a criança consumir dieta mais saudável aos 12 meses de idade aumentou em 28% para cada mês de aleitamento materno exclusivo (RR 1,28; IC 95% 1,19 -1,38). / Despite the importance of healthy eating already in the early years of life, a pattern of low intake of healthy diverse diet and high consumption of processed foods and foods rich in fat, salt, and sugar has been observed during childhood. Maternal age and cohabitation with maternal grandmother are known to be among the factors that influence the dietary habits of children. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of an intervention designed to promote breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding, directed at adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, and performed during the first 4 months of life, on compliance, during the first year of life, with the Ten Steps to Healthy Feeding for Children under Two Years, recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. A secondary objective was to assess the influence of exclusive breastfeeding duration on the quality of the infant's diet at 12 months. In order to do that, a randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 320 adolescent mothers and their infants, plus 169 maternal grandmothers when cohabiting. Participants were recruited at the maternity ward of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention consisted of six counseling sessions on breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding, the first one held at the maternity ward and the others at the mothers’ homes at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days of life, by a team comprising a pediatrician, two nurses, and a nutritionist. All sessions addressed the importance of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life; the last session, at 120 days, emphasized healthy complementary feeding, to be introduced as of 6 months of life. A booklet based on the Ten Steps was given to each mother at this session. Infant feeding information was collected monthly over the first 6 months of life and then every 2 months until 12 months, by recording weekly frequency of consumption of different foods. Interviewers were blind to group allocation. Compliance with the Ten Steps was assessed using a scoring system as follows: full compliance with a step received 2 points per step; partial compliance received 1 point; and noncompliance received 0 points (no score). Healthy diverse diet was defined as the intake of fruit/vegetables, meat, beans, and cereals/tubers at least 4 times weekly, and a low intake (maximum once weekly) of foods rich in fat, salt, and sugar. Student's t test was used to compare mean scores obtained in the intervention and control groups, and Poisson's multivariate regression model with robust estimation was used to estimate the effect of the intervention on compliance with the Ten Steps. The association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and quality of the infant's diet at 12 months was also assessed using Poisson's multivariate regression model with robust estimation, using the median score obtained in the whole sample as cut-off point. Mean scores obtained in the intervention group were higher than those obtained in the control group (12.4 ± 2.5 versus 10.5 ± 2.3, respectively; p = 0.00), and the intervention doubled the chance of the score being greater than or equal to the median (RR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.44-2.58). No influence of cohabitation with maternal grandmother was detected. The intervention increased compliance, by over 10 percentage points, with six of the Ten Steps (Steps 2 to 7), related to the time of introduction, frequency, consistency and variety of complementary foods, in addition to caretaker flexibility with regard to feeding times and attitude towards food refusal. Nevertheless, the intervention did not affect one of the most important steps, namely, Step 8, which recommends avoiding the intake of sugar, coffee, canned foods, fried foods, candies, processed snacks and other unhealthy foods. There was an association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and healthy diverse diet. The likelihood of the infant being on a healthy diet at 12 months of age increased by 28% for each additional month of exclusive breastfeeding (RR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.19-1.38).

Apesar da importância da alimentação saudável, já nos primeiros anos de vida, tem-se observado durante a infância baixo consumo de dieta saudável diversificada, e consumo elevado de alimentos processados, ricos em gordura, sal e açúcar. Entre os determinantes que influenciam os hábitos alimentares das crianças incluem-se a idade materna e a coabitação com as avós maternas. Por isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar o efeito de intervenção para a promoção do aleitamento materno e da alimentação complementar saudável, junto a mães adolescentes e avós maternas, realizada nos primeiros 4 meses de vida da criança, sobre o cumprimento dos Dez Passos para uma Alimentação Saudável para Crianças Menores de 2 Anos, recomendados pelo Ministério da Saúde, no primeiro ano de vida; e como objetivo secundário avaliar a influência da duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo sobre a qualidade da alimentação da criança aos 12 meses de vida. Para isso, foi realizado ensaio clínico randomizado com 320 mães adolescentes e seus filhos, mais 169 avós maternas quando em coabitação, recrutados na maternidade do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e randomicamente alocados para o grupo intervenção ou controle. A intervenção consistiu de seis sessões de aconselhamento em aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável, a primeira na maternidade e as demais no domicílio, aos 7, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias de vida da criança, por uma equipe composta por um pediatra, duas enfermeiras e uma nutricionista. Em todas as sessões abordou-se a importância da amamentação exclusiva nos primeiros 6 meses de vida e, na última, aos 120 dias, a ênfase foi na alimentação complementar saudável a ser introduzida na idade de 6 meses, com distribuição de livreto com conteúdo baseado nos Dez Passos para a Alimentação Saudável para Crianças Menores de 2 anos. As informações relativas à alimentação da criança foram obtidas mensalmente nos primeiros 6 meses de idade e, depois, a cada 2 meses até a criança completar 12 meses, mediante registro de frequência alimentar semanal, por entrevistadores cegos aos grupos aos quais as mães pertenciam. Para avaliar o cumprimento dos Dez Passos elaborou-se um sistema de escore que pontuou o cumprimento de cada passo: os passos cumpridos integralmente receberam dois pontos, os parcialmente cumpridos um ponto, e os não cumpridos não pontuaram (zero pontos). Considerou-se dieta saudável diversificada o consumo de frutas/hortaliças, carnes, feijões e cereais/tubérculos pelo menos 4 vezes na semana, além de baixo consumo (no máximo 1 vez por semana) de alimentos ricos em gordura, sal e açucares. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as médias dos escores dos grupos controle e intervenção, e o modelo de regressão multivariada de Poisson com estimação robusta foi utilizado para estimar o efeito da intervenção sobre o cumprimento dos passos. Para medir a associação entre duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a qualidade da alimentação da criança aos 12 meses, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão multivariada de Poisson com estimação robusta, adotando-se como ponto de corte a mediana do escore de toda a população estudada. A média dos escores obtidos no grupo intervenção foi maior que no grupo controle (12,4 ± 2,5 versus 10,5 ± 2,3, respectivamente; p = 0,00), sendo que a intervenção dobrou a chance de o escore ser maior ou igual à mediana (RR = 1,93; IC95% 1,44-2,58), e não houve influência da coabitação com a avó materna. Além disso, a intervenção aumentou em mais de 10 pontos percentuais o cumprimento de 6 dos 10 passos (passos 2 a 7), relativos à época de introdução, frequência, consistência e variedade dos alimentos complementares, além da flexibilidade de quem alimenta a criança quanto a horários e atitude frente à recusa dos alimentos. No entanto, a intervenção não afetou um dos passos mais importantes, a saber, o passo 8, que recomenda evitar açúcar, café, enlatados, frituras, refrigerantes, balas, salgadinhos e outras guloseimas. Houve associação entre duração da amamentação exclusiva e dieta diversificada saudável. A probabilidade de a criança consumir dieta mais saudável aos 12 meses de idade aumentou em 28% para cada mês de aleitamento materno exclusivo (RR 1,28; IC 95% 1,19 -1,38). / Despite the importance of healthy eating already in the early years of life, a pattern of low intake of healthy diverse diet and high consumption of processed foods and foods rich in fat, salt, and sugar has been observed during childhood. Maternal age and cohabitation with maternal grandmother are known to be among the factors that influence the dietary habits of children. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of an intervention designed to promote breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding, directed at adolescent mothers and maternal grandmothers, and performed during the first 4 months of life, on compliance, during the first year of life, with the Ten Steps to Healthy Feeding for Children under Two Years, recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. A secondary objective was to assess the influence of exclusive breastfeeding duration on the quality of the infant's diet at 12 months. In order to do that, a randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 320 adolescent mothers and their infants, plus 169 maternal grandmothers when cohabiting. Participants were recruited at the maternity ward of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention consisted of six counseling sessions on breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding, the first one held at the maternity ward and the others at the mothers’ homes at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days of life, by a team comprising a pediatrician, two nurses, and a nutritionist. All sessions addressed the importance of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life; the last session, at 120 days, emphasized healthy complementary feeding, to be introduced as of 6 months of life. A booklet based on the Ten Steps was given to each mother at this session. Infant feeding information was collected monthly over the first 6 months of life and then every 2 months until 12 months, by recording weekly frequency of consumption of different foods. Interviewers were blind to group allocation. Compliance with the Ten Steps was assessed using a scoring system as follows: full compliance with a step received 2 points per step; partial compliance received 1 point; and noncompliance received 0 points (no score). Healthy diverse diet was defined as the intake of fruit/vegetables, meat, beans, and cereals/tubers at least 4 times weekly, and a low intake (maximum once weekly) of foods rich in fat, salt, and sugar. Student's t test was used to compare mean scores obtained in the intervention and control groups, and Poisson's multivariate regression model with robust estimation was used to estimate the effect of the intervention on compliance with the Ten Steps. The association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and quality of the infant's diet at 12 months was also assessed using Poisson's multivariate regression model with robust estimation, using the median score obtained in the whole sample as cut-off point. Mean scores obtained in the intervention group were higher than those obtained in the control group (12.4 ± 2.5 versus 10.5 ± 2.3, respectively; p = 0.00), and the intervention doubled the chance of the score being greater than or equal to the median (RR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.44-2.58). No influence of cohabitation with maternal grandmother was detected. The intervention increased compliance, by over 10 percentage points, with six of the Ten Steps (Steps 2 to 7), related to the time of introduction, frequency, consistency and variety of complementary foods, in addition to caretaker flexibility with regard to feeding times and attitude towards food refusal. Nevertheless, the intervention did not affect one of the most important steps, namely, Step 8, which recommends avoiding the intake of sugar, coffee, canned foods, fried foods, candies, processed snacks and other unhealthy foods. There was an association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and healthy diverse diet. The likelihood of the infant being on a healthy diet at 12 months of age increased by 28% for each additional month of exclusive breastfeeding (RR = 1.28; 95%CI 1.19-1.38).

Introdução: A metaplasia intestinal (MI) do estômago é uma lesão onde ocorre a metaplasia das células epiteliais gástricas para um fenótipo intestinal. A MI gástrica é considerada uma lesão preneoplásica associada a um aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de carcinoma gástrico. Estudos epidemiológicos indicam uma relação entre hábitos alimentares e o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer de estômago: tanto podendo ter um efeito carcinogênico gástrico, como um fator protetor, sugerindo que os antioxidantes como as vitaminas A, C e E, diminuem o risco desse tipo de câncer Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, observacional, para o qual foram avaliados 320 pacientes portadores de dispepsia funcional, que separados em dois grupos, um grupo de casos I (indivíduos com metaplasia intestinal) tiveram seus hábitos alimentares comparado aos do grupo de casos controle (sem metaplasia intestinal), através de um questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar (QFCA). Resultados: Ao analisarmos o padrão alimentar dos pacientes dispépticos funcionais portadores de metaplasia intestinal e compará-lo com o padrão daqueles que não possuem MI constatou-se que os pacientes portadores de MI consomem mais alimentos como os enlatados e defumados, enquanto que os pacientes sem metaplasia intestinal apresentam um consumo expressivamente maior de frutas em geral e vegetais. Diferença no padrão de consumo de sal não foi identificada. Conclusões: Através dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo podemos supor que a modificação da dieta, por meio de uma diminuição na ingestão de alimentos como defumados e enlatados e um acréscimo na ingestão de frutas e vegetais, pode levar a uma diminuição de casos de metaplasia intestinal. / Introduction: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the stomach is a lesion in which metaplasia of gastric epithelial cells occurs for an intestinal phenotype. Gastric IM is considered a preneoplastic lesion associated with an increase in the risk of gastric carcinoma development. Epidemiologic studies indicate a relation between dietary habits and stomach cancer development, some habits increasing the risk for it, and others have a protective effect, suggesting that antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E, decrease the risk of this type of cancer. Materials and methods: It is a case-control, observational study in which 320 patients with functional dyspepsia, divided in two groups, were assessed. The case I group (individuals with intestinal metaplasia) had their dietary pattern compared to that of the control group, constituted of individuals similar to those in the case group but without intestinal metaplasia, through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The analysis of the dietary pattern of functional dyspeptic patients with intestinal metaplasia, and its comparison with those without IM, showed a higher frequency of canned and smoked foods consumption in the first group, and, on the other hand, a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables in patients without IM. No effect of salt consumption was detected. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest changes in the diet, with a decrease in the consumption of smoked and canned foods, and an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, can lead to a diminution of intestinal metaplasia cases.

Introdução: A metaplasia intestinal (MI) do estômago é uma lesão onde ocorre a metaplasia das células epiteliais gástricas para um fenótipo intestinal. A MI gástrica é considerada uma lesão preneoplásica associada a um aumento do risco de desenvolvimento de carcinoma gástrico. Estudos epidemiológicos indicam uma relação entre hábitos alimentares e o risco de desenvolvimento de câncer de estômago: tanto podendo ter um efeito carcinogênico gástrico, como um fator protetor, sugerindo que os antioxidantes como as vitaminas A, C e E, diminuem o risco desse tipo de câncer Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, observacional, para o qual foram avaliados 320 pacientes portadores de dispepsia funcional, que separados em dois grupos, um grupo de casos I (indivíduos com metaplasia intestinal) tiveram seus hábitos alimentares comparado aos do grupo de casos controle (sem metaplasia intestinal), através de um questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar (QFCA). Resultados: Ao analisarmos o padrão alimentar dos pacientes dispépticos funcionais portadores de metaplasia intestinal e compará-lo com o padrão daqueles que não possuem MI constatou-se que os pacientes portadores de MI consomem mais alimentos como os enlatados e defumados, enquanto que os pacientes sem metaplasia intestinal apresentam um consumo expressivamente maior de frutas em geral e vegetais. Diferença no padrão de consumo de sal não foi identificada. Conclusões: Através dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo podemos supor que a modificação da dieta, por meio de uma diminuição na ingestão de alimentos como defumados e enlatados e um acréscimo na ingestão de frutas e vegetais, pode levar a uma diminuição de casos de metaplasia intestinal. / Introduction: Intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the stomach is a lesion in which metaplasia of gastric epithelial cells occurs for an intestinal phenotype. Gastric IM is considered a preneoplastic lesion associated with an increase in the risk of gastric carcinoma development. Epidemiologic studies indicate a relation between dietary habits and stomach cancer development, some habits increasing the risk for it, and others have a protective effect, suggesting that antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E, decrease the risk of this type of cancer. Materials and methods: It is a case-control, observational study in which 320 patients with functional dyspepsia, divided in two groups, were assessed. The case I group (individuals with intestinal metaplasia) had their dietary pattern compared to that of the control group, constituted of individuals similar to those in the case group but without intestinal metaplasia, through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The analysis of the dietary pattern of functional dyspeptic patients with intestinal metaplasia, and its comparison with those without IM, showed a higher frequency of canned and smoked foods consumption in the first group, and, on the other hand, a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables in patients without IM. No effect of salt consumption was detected. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest changes in the diet, with a decrease in the consumption of smoked and canned foods, and an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, can lead to a diminution of intestinal metaplasia cases.

Belize has been identified as an important location for Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus), harboring the highest known population density of this subspecies. Information about their dietary habit is important in determining habitat requirements and aiding in conservation efforts. The main objective of this study was to identify the key plant species consumed by manatees in Belize and to establish differences in diet based on location, sex, size classification, and season. Samples were collected from two different locations within Belize where manatees are known to aggregate: Southern Lagoon and the Drowned Cayes off of Belize City. The contents of thirteen mouth, six digestive tract (stomach, duodenum and colon), and 124 fecal samples were analyzed. Five species of seagrasses (Halodule wrightii, Thalassia testudinum, Ruppia maritima, Syringodium filiforme, and Halophila sp.) made up the highest percentage of plants consumed; undigested rhizome was most prevalent. A vascular plant, the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), was identified as an important food item of manatees in Belize. Algae (Chara sp., Lyngbia sp., and Ulvasp.) and invertebrates (diatoms and sponges) were represented as well. These items are comparable to other reports of manatee diets in areas near Belize and areas with similar habitat. Variation in the percentage of seagrass, mangrove, and algae consumption was analyzed as a 4-factor factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with main effects and interactions for locality (Southern Lagoon and the Drowned Cayes), sex, size classification (>245 cm & ˂245 cm), and season (December – May and June – November). Sex and season did not influence diet composition; differences for locality and size classification were observed. Seagrass was more often consumed in Southern Lagoon (P = 0.03), whereas mangroves and algae were more prevalent in the Drowned Cayes (P = 0.03). No differences among size classifications in consumption of seagrasses or mangroves were observed. A significantly higher number of samples from adults (>245 cm) than juveniles (˂245 cm) contained algae (P = 0.04). This is most likely attributed to inexperience in foraging. Findings from these results suggest that diet composition analysis can be used to interpret Antillean manatee habitat and resource utilization and can aid in the conservation of this endangered species.

Title: Basal metabolism and nutritional intervention for people with spinal cord injuries Objectives: The main objective of this work was empirical research of case evaluation studies (n = 3), where we analyzed: the relationship between energy expenditure (basal metabolism) and energy intake for people diagnosed with spinal cord injury (SCI). The secondary objective was to determine whether the changes in macronutrient distribution and daily energy intake would result in a decrease in body weight and body fat for individual probands. The pilot study in our work was focused on the overview of variable basal metabolism (BM) values for people with SCI. Methods: In our work, we used the method of indirect calorimetry to measure BM and together with the value of working metabolism we determined in the nutritional intervention (n. i.) the ideal energy intake for our probands. We observed primarily measurable changes in the amount of fat and muscle tissue. Results: We have found that, in keeping with the prescribed n. i. rules, all probands achieved to reduce their body weight. The average body weight loss for probands was 0.29 ± 0.02 kg per week. BM values in our pilot study were 15 to 61% lower for our probands (n = 15) and did not correlate with the height of SCI. Key words: spinal cord injury (SCI),...

The basis of dietary habits is linked to an individuals’ nutrition knowledge; for collegiate athletes this is the difference between optimal performance and falling short. To understand how nutrition information is disseminated to student-athletes, this research surveyed the athletes themselves and their sports staff (coaches, athletic trainers, and strength and conditioning specialists) on their current knowledge. Sport staff and student-athletes at East Tennessee State University were given the opportunity to participate in a 52-question online survey that tested both their general and sports-related nutrition knowledge. While the study sample size did not allow for statistical analyses required to address all three research questions, findings did indicate some variation between teams on measures of nutrition knowledge, and there was a statistically significant difference between sport staff and athletes’ general and sport nutrition knowledge. This study aimed to understand if nutrition knowledge of sport staff directly affects that of their corresponding athletes.